港口物流外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯--非洲中西部的港口物流一個全球化背景下的戰(zhàn)略性發(fā)展（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　中文3030字,1600單詞，9000英文字符</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)出處：Fouda R A N, Romeo N D, Azizi M, et al. Port Logistics in West and Central Africa: A Strategic Development under Globalization [J]. Open Journal of Applied Sc

2、iences, 2014, 76-84.</p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　Port Logistics in West and Central Africa: </p><p>　　A Strategic Development under Globalization</p><p>　　R

3、egine；Nana； Aziz；Rick</p><p><b>　　ABSTRACT</b></p><p>　　The main idea of this study is to provide help to West and Central Africa port logistics authorities in making, evaluating and

4、 realizing their decisions on port development/management, all in an effort to guaranty port efficiency and operational brilliance to profit the different ports, their hinterlands and their related clients. Consequently,

5、 an examination is made as far as port sector is concerned, with an ever more demanding enhancement in operational efficiency. Moreover, a past research o</p><p>　　Keywords: Port Logistics; West & Centra

6、l Africa; Multiple Regression Analysis; Strategy Development</p><p>　　1 Introduction</p><p>　　In general, African shipping has been largely deregulated. Therefore, many African countries are tra

7、pped in a vicious circle of high tariffs discouraging traffic and further increasing costs. Poor inland links (the lack of an integrated land distribution system, particularly for transit, impedes container traffic) and

8、a wasteful and costly port administration/management accentuate this problematic situation. Several ports suffer from low capacity, particularly in terminal storage, maintenance an</p><p>　　The Problematic S

9、tatement (Problems and Requirements</p><p>　　A tactical development is therefore needed which could likely have an impact on West and Central Africa’s economy as well as its foreign traders (Allies and Clien

10、ts). This as a whole could boost the entire African nation’s economy and eradicate poverty and unemployment raging most countries . Moreover, most West and Central African countries have been experiencing ramshackle in c

11、ommodity stocks of some of their key export commodities (cocoa, coffee, rubber, oil etc.) from the entire region (UNCT</p><p>　　1) What is the impact of West and Central Africa port modernization under globa

12、lization to the development of their economy?</p><p>　　2) Which port logistics disproportional factors are the most influential on West and Central Africa ports?</p><p>　　3) Which among them are

13、 the most significant or critical and what is the effect of tackling these problems of the critical factors of port logistics?</p><p>　　4) Does the elimination of these critical factors improve port logistic

14、s under the influence of globalization?</p><p>　　2. Literature Review: A Synopsis of the Past Research in West and Central Africa (Strategic Development)</p><p>　　The ports in West and Central A

15、frica long-term strategic development can be defined as those ports that can “open the new world, open the gate to the future” with unparalleled locations as the gateway to the entire Africa boost (port website), these p

16、orts do not only serve landlocked countries around their neighborhood, but also the coastal countries of other parts of Africa (north, East, south) and the Global economy in general.</p><p>　　The mission (wh

17、ich is the strength) of the ports of West and Central Africa can be determined as: We assist carriers to deliver their cargo to the place of destination. This elaborates the four operational functions associated with the

18、 port, which are: ship operation, transfer operation, storage operation and gate operation.</p><p>　　To maintain the continuous growth and development, maximum short-term and long-term decision-making are re

19、quired for the survival of the business.</p><p>　　Once a strategy is set-up and adopted, still, an effective and efficient management is still required for its implementation because, a more generally accept

20、ed strategy does not necessary mean a successful one. To know if such a strategy is indeed the correct and best strategy, the following characteristics can be observed.</p><p>　　1) It’s been base on precise,

21、 accurate and reliable data with clear real-time benefits.</p><p>　　2) The strategy should guarantee little/negligible uncertainty.</p><p>　　3) It’s available and suitable for application under

22、different conditions, and unforeseen circumstances should have a rescue and a backup measure.</p><p>　　4) There should be a Possibility of implementing the strategy within the resources available to the orga

23、nization.</p><p>　　5) Profitability is guaranteed (through good hinterland connection for the ports).</p><p>　　6) Competitiveness: looking into the companies weaknesses and making them the compa

24、ny’s strength (in other words, building on the company’s strength); as well as converting threats into opportunities .</p><p>　　7) Forecasting the future and being dynamic enough to adapt to the change in ma

25、nagement (Peter Drucker).</p><p>　　3. Methodology: The Evaluation of West and Central Africa Ports (EWCA)</p><p>　　There are a number of types of evaluation, varying in form, the data they yield

26、, and the situation to which they can be effectively applied. The various approaches in common use can be categorized as either empirical or statistical. The latter involves collecting and analyzing numerical data from w

27、hich predictions are drawn and usually involve measuring a representative sample of the entire target group. Whereas, an empirical approach requires the collection of data derived from experience, obse</p><p&g

28、t;　　1) Which port logistic disproportional factors are the most influential on West and Central Africa ports?</p><p>　　2) Which among them is most significant or critical?</p><p>　　3) What is th

29、e effect of tackling these problems of the critical factors of port logistics?</p><p>　　4) Does the elimination of these critical factors improve port logistics under the influence of globalization?</p>

30、;<p>　　3.1. An Introduction of Multiple Regression Evaluation Model </p><p>　　To answer the general questions of WCA port logistics, we are required firstly to apply the multiple regression model. The

31、 multiple regression techniques helped in performing correlation analysis of the relationship between the WCA port logistic determinants and the WCA port logistic values. In other words, the different technique looked at

32、 the WCA port logistic causative factors at a disaggregate level. Multiple Regression technique believes that there are critical causative factors that determ</p><p>　　In the multiple regression analysis, th

33、e coefficients of each port logistics ineffectiveness variablesX1, X2 ,…Xn determine the weight or influence of each causative factor. Consequently [10], a partial analysison each causative factor is conducted to determi

34、ne a change in Y, the dependent variable relative to X1 when X2,…，Xn are held constant. A partial analysis is also conducted to determine the values of a, b1, b2 etc., which represent the coefficients of the independent

35、variable (causative f</p><p>　　Its Basic Model</p><p>　　One of major output expected from the study is the overall West and Central Africa port logistics model. Respondent showed the perception

36、of port logistic causative factor, relative to the level of ineffectiveness observed. This was modeled using a multivariate regression analysis that links port logistics to their causative factors. This is a very useful

37、tool in dealing with variable relative to many explanatory variables to establish the relationship between each explanatory variable and the p</p><p>　　The basic model will look like this;</p><p&g

38、t;　　where: p = is a given port;</p><p>　　e = error;</p><p>　　i = port logistic ineffectiveness;</p><p>　　xi = are causative factors.</p><p>　　3.2. An Evaluation Using t

39、he Multivariate Regression Analysis Model</p><p>　　3.2.1. Analysis on Multiple Regression Model Level</p><p>　　The assessment of the degree of influence each causative factor has on port logisti

40、cs involves the determination of the probability distribution of the cumulative rankings of the respondents on each port logistic causative variable. In other words, using the regression model to establish the relationsh

41、ip or indeed the correlation between each identified causative factor (the independent variable) and the dependent variable (port logistics ineffectiveness). This therefore calls for the calculatio</p><p>&l

42、t;b>　　.</b></p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　非洲中西部的港口物流：一個全球化背景下的戰(zhàn)略性發(fā)展</p><p>　　雷吉娜；娜娜；阿齊茲；里克</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　本研究的主

43、旨是為非洲西部和中部的港口物流部門提供幫助，幫助他們制定、評估和實現(xiàn)他們關(guān)于港口物流發(fā)展和管理的決定。所有的努力都是為了保證港口的效率，保證不同的港口都能夠獲得贏利。因此，我們對港口行業(yè)做了一項檢查，以提高操作效率。此外，之前的專家學(xué)者們也對西部和中部非洲港口以及港口物流的發(fā)展概述作了一些相關(guān)的研究，從而使我們能夠確定哪方面的研究已經(jīng)是完成的(前景)，以及以后仍然還需要做哪些研究(比如：港口物流的效率)，未來的改革和高效的港口的打造。這

44、篇文章的原則之一就是改善和發(fā)展非洲西部和中部的港口物流運營的所有方面；因此使用的評價模型稱為EWCA(評估非洲西部和中部港口)，并且對港口物流的現(xiàn)狀給出了一個描述性的分析，包括借助多元回歸模型來確定一個解釋變量的影響。本文運用戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展的方法來進(jìn)行研究，用來處理非洲西部和中部的典型問題和港口發(fā)展中的困惑。研究成果可以用來闡述如何反擊或克服物流發(fā)展受到的束縛和約束，使非洲西方和中部的港口物流達(dá)到他們的期望的戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展目標(biāo)。做出了巨大的努力,努

45、力提升非洲的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，盡管仍有很多事情要做，數(shù)據(jù)和變量表明港口物流發(fā)展的增加和下降經(jīng)常沒有一個長期的穩(wěn)定性。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵字：港口物流；非洲西部和中部；多元回歸分析；戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展</p><p><b>　　1引言</b></p><p>　　一般來說，非洲已經(jīng)在很大程度上對海運解除了管制。因此，許多非洲國家被困在高關(guān)稅阻礙交通的惡性循

46、環(huán)中，進(jìn)一步增加了成本。內(nèi)陸運輸銜接不好(缺少一個整合的內(nèi)陸分配運輸系統(tǒng)，尤其是交通，阻礙了集裝箱運輸?shù)陌l(fā)展)以及浪費和昂貴的港口行政/管理問題尤其嚴(yán)重。許多港口遭受到低容量，尤其是在終端存儲、維護(hù)和疏浚能力的困境。此外，許多港口裝備不足以及運作效率低下。集裝箱裝卸率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。集裝箱和雜貨的港口費用都遠(yuǎn)大于其他地區(qū)。安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仍然是極其多變的。因此，一個很明智的做法就是在非洲中西部建立一個協(xié)調(diào)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，特別是在港口，它是一個重要的合作

47、、信息共享和實踐/知識交換的平臺，以及有著相同的目標(biāo)來改進(jìn)/提髙和發(fā)展港口物流部門管理。</p><p>　　不確定性問問題和需求</p><p>　　非洲的中西部港口需要一個發(fā)展策略，從而影響本地經(jīng)濟(jì)和對外貿(mào)易(盟友和客戶）的發(fā)展。這作為一個整體可能會提高整個非洲的國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平，對于消除大多數(shù)國家的貧困和失業(yè)率同樣也有很大的作用。此外，大多數(shù)西方和中部非洲國家一直都在經(jīng)歷著搖搖欲墜的

48、困境，他們整個地區(qū)的一些主要出口商品(可可、咖啡、橡膠、石油等)庫存量很大（2010年聯(lián)合國貿(mào)發(fā)會議)。此外，商品在港口停留時間長的問題(產(chǎn)生貨物港口指定的時間)是對非洲中西部港口來說，是另一個巨大的約束，這一問題嚴(yán)重阻礙了非洲的西部和中部港口物流的發(fā)展，并且對供應(yīng)鏈和物流服務(wù)也產(chǎn)生了消極的負(fù)面影響?；谶@些動機，本文想要找出以下有關(guān)非洲西部和中部港口的發(fā)展，以及港口物流和運輸擔(dān)心的幾個問題。</p><p>　

49、　全球化背景下，非洲西部和中部的港口現(xiàn)代化對它們經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的影響是什么？</p><p>　　哪一種港口物流的不相稱的因素對非洲西部和中部港口的發(fā)展是最具影響力的？</p><p>　　其中，解決港口物流這些問題的最重要或關(guān)鍵因素是什么？^</p><p>　　改善全球化背景下的港口物流發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因素是什么？</p><p>　　2文獻(xiàn)綜述：之

50、前的非洲西部和中部港口（發(fā)展敁略)研究簡介</p><p>　　非洲西部和中部港口的長期發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略可以被定義為那些可以“打開新的世界，敞開通向未來大門”的港口，有著無與倫比的位置，通過這些港口，可以通往整個非洲，這些端口不只是能夠服務(wù)在他們附近的內(nèi)陸國家，同時也能夠服務(wù)非洲其他地區(qū)的沿海國家（北、東、南)和全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。</p><p>　　西部和中部非洲的港口的任務(wù)可以被確定為：我們幫助

51、航空公司交付貨物到指定的目的地。這個定義也闡述了與港口相關(guān)的四個操作功能，它們分別是：船舶運行、傳送操作、存儲操作和門操作。</p><p>　　保持持續(xù)的增長和發(fā)展，對于企業(yè)的生存來說，需要短期和長期的決策。</p><p>　　一旦指定好了企業(yè)的長期和短期戰(zhàn)略，盡管如此，仍然需要一個有效的和高效的實施管理水平，因為更昔遍接受的策略并不必要意味著該戰(zhàn)略就是成功的。知道這種策略確實是正確的

52、和最佳策略，可以觀察到，它主要有以下幾個特點：</p><p>　　它是基于精確的、準(zhǔn)確的和可靠的實時數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上的。</p><p>　　戰(zhàn)略應(yīng)盡量保證小的或微不足道的不確定性。</p><p>　　它是可用的，適合應(yīng)用在不同的條件下，以及對于無法預(yù)見的情況，應(yīng)該有一個救援和備份措施。</p><p>　　應(yīng)該有一個使用組織內(nèi)的可用資源實現(xiàn)

53、的可能性策略。</p><p>　　保證盈利能力(通過良好的腹地連接到港口)。</p><p>　　競爭力:調(diào)查公司的弱點，并努力提升，將之變?yōu)楣镜膶嵙?換句話說，建筑公司的實力），以及將威脅轉(zhuǎn)化為機會。</p><p>　　預(yù)測未來，以及能夠動態(tài)的適應(yīng)管理的變化性（彼得?德魯克）。</p><p>　　3 方法:非洲西部和中部港口(EWC

54、A)的評估</p><p>　　有許多類型的評價，有許多不同的形式，并且他們產(chǎn)生的數(shù)據(jù)，也可以有效地應(yīng)用于不同的情況。綜合各種常用的方法，主要可以分為：經(jīng)驗方法或統(tǒng)計方法。后者的方法主要包括收集和分析數(shù)值數(shù)據(jù)，從而進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的預(yù)測，它通常涉及到測量整個目標(biāo)群體的代表性樣本。然而，這一實證方法則需要根據(jù)經(jīng)驗，觀察和實驗來收集數(shù)據(jù)。在本例中，我們將制定一個關(guān)于西部和中部非洲港口的評估模型。文章中的之前內(nèi)容說，西部和中

55、部非洲的港口表現(xiàn)出了無可置否的港口物流無效和不公平現(xiàn)象，盡管有幾次努力提升港口能力的措施。但是為了完成這個分析，我們需要使用多元回歸模型規(guī)定非洲中西部港口物流的評價。本文的問題形式即是基于這樣的一個數(shù)據(jù)分析工具的基礎(chǔ)之上的。</p><p>　　對于非洲西部和中部港口來說，哪一種港口物流的不相稱因素是最具影響力的因素？</p><p>　　在這其中，是最重要的還是最關(guān)鍵的？</p&g

56、t;<p>　　解決港口物流的這些問題的關(guān)鍵因素的影響是什么？^</p><p>　　物流全球化的影響下，消除這些關(guān)鍵因素能否提髙港口物流的效率等？</p><p>　　3.1多元回歸評估模型的介紹</p><p>　　為了回答非洲中西部港口物流的一般問題，我們首先需要應(yīng)用多元回歸模型。多元回歸模型技術(shù)可以幫助我們執(zhí)行相關(guān)分析非洲中西部港口物流和非洲中

57、西部港口物流價值之間的關(guān)系的決定因素。換句話說，不同的非洲中西部港口物流分析技術(shù)誘發(fā)不同的水平。多元回歸技術(shù)認(rèn)為，有重要的誘發(fā)因素，決定著全球化背景下的非洲中西部的港口物流發(fā)展。</p><p>　　在多元回歸模型分析中，每一個港口物流無效變量的系數(shù)X1，X2,…，Xn決定著每一個誘發(fā)因素的影響程度。因此，對每一個誘發(fā)因素的部分分析，這一分析行為的實施都是為了確定Y的變化，因變量相對于X1，當(dāng)X2,…，Xn是保持

58、不變的時候。還有一個分析也被實施來確定a,b1，b2等的值，這些都代表獨立變量的系數(shù)(誘發(fā)因素)。因此，需要3元回歸方程來解決這些問題。</p><p><b>　　它的基本模型</b></p><p>　　研究的主要預(yù)期輸出結(jié)果之一就是整個非洲西部和中部港口的物流模式。研究表明，對于港口物流的誘發(fā)因素，相對來說，基本是屬于無效率的水平。這是使用多元回歸建模對港口物流

59、鏈接到的誘發(fā)因素進(jìn)行的分析。這是一個非常有用的工具，用來處理相對于許多解釋變量，在每個解釋變量以及港口物流之間的關(guān)系。</p><p>　　基本模型將會是以下的形式：</p><p>　　當(dāng)P是一個給定的港口； </p><p><b>　　那么e就是錯誤的；</b></p><p>　　那么i就是說港口物流是無效的；&

60、lt;/p><p>　　那么Xi就是誘發(fā)因素。</p><p>　　3.2使用多元回歸分析模型進(jìn)行評估</p><p>　　3.2.1多元回歸模型的分析</p><p>　　每個誘發(fā)因素對港口物流影響程度的評估涉及到累計概率分布的排名和每個港口物流誘發(fā)因素的影響。換句話說，使用回歸模型建立每個確定誘發(fā)因素（自變量)和因變量(港口物流無效性)的關(guān)系