計算機外文翻譯---計算機引論

1、<p>　　Introduction to computer</p><p>　　1 .Computer Literacy</p><p>　　The vocabulary of computing is all around you. Before the advent of computers, memory was the mental ability to recall

2、previous experiences; storage was an area where you kept out -of-season clothing; and communication was the act of exchanging opinions and information through writing, speaking, or signs. In today’s world, these words an

3、d countless others have taken on new meanings as part of the common terminology used to describe computers and their uses.</p><p>　　When you hear the word computer, initially you may think of those found in

4、the workplace—the computers used to create business letters, memos, and other correspondence; calculate payroll; track inventory; or generate invoices. In the course of a day or a week, however, you encounter many other

5、computers. Your home, for instance, may contain a myriad of electronic devices, such as cordless telephones, VCRs, handheld video games cameras, and stereo systems, which include small computers.</p><p>　　Co

6、mputers help you with your banking in the form of automatic teller machines (ATMs) used to deposit or withdraw funds. When you buy groceries, a computer tracks your purchases and calculates the amount of money you owe; a

7、nd sometimes generates coupons customized to your buying patterns.</p><p>　　Even your car is equipped with computers that operate the electrical system, control the temperature, and run sophisticated antithe

8、ft devices.</p><p>　　Computers are valuable tools. As technology advances and computers extend into every facet of daily living, it is essential you gain some level of computer literacy. To be successful in

9、today’wo4ld, you must have knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses.</p><p>　　2. What is a computer and what does it do</p><p>　　A computer is an electronic machine, operating und

10、er the control of instructions stored in its own memory, which can accept data (input), manipulate the data according to specified rules (process), produce results (output), and store the results for future use.</p>

11、;<p>　　Data is a collection of un-organized facts, which can include words, numbers, images, and sounds. Computers manipulate and process data to create information.</p><p>　　Information is data that

12、is organized, has meaning, and is useful. Examples are reports, newsletters, a receipt, a picture, an invoice, or a check. Data is processed and manipulated to create a check.</p><p>　　Data entered into a co

13、mputer is called input. The processed results are called output. Thus, a computer processes input to create output. A computer also can hold data and information for future use in an area called storage. This cycle of in

14、put, process, output, and storage is called the information processing cycle.</p><p>　　A person that communicates with a computer with a computer or uses the information it generates is called a user. The el

15、ectric, electronic, and mechanical equipment that makes up a computer is called hardware. Software is the series of instruction that tells the hardware how to perform tasks. Without software, hardware is useless; hardwar

16、e needs the instructions provided by software to process data into information.</p><p>　　3.The components of a computer</p><p>　　A computer consists of a variety of hardware components that work

17、 together with software to perform calculations, organize data, and communicate with other computer.</p><p>　　These hardware components include input devices, output devices, a system unit, storage devices,

18、and communications devices.</p><p>　　3.1 Input Devices</p><p>　　An input device allows a user to enter data and commands into the memory of a computer. Four commonly used input devices are the k

19、eyboard, the mouse, a microphone, and a PC camera.</p><p>　　A computer keyboard contains keys that allow you to type letters of the alphabet, number, spaces, punctuation marks, and other symbols. A computer

20、keyboard also contains special keys that allow you to allows you to move the pointer. You also can make choices and initiate processing on the computer by using a mouse.</p><p>　　A microphone allows you to s

21、peak to the computer in order to enter data and control the actions of the computer. A PC camera allows others to see you while communicating with you, as well as allowing you to edit videos, create a movie, and take dig

22、ital photographs.</p><p>　　3.2 Output Devices</p><p>　　A printer produces text and graphics, such as photographs, on paper or other hardcopy medium. A monitor, which looks like a television scre

23、en, is used to display text and graphics. Speakers allow you to hear music, voice, and other sounds generated by the computer.</p><p>　　3.3 System Unit</p><p>　　The system unit is a box-like cas

24、e made of metal or plastic that houses the computer electronic circuitry. The circuitry in the system unit usually is part of or is connected to a circuit board called the motherboard.</p><p>　　Two main comp

25、onents on the motherboard are the central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor, is the electronic device that interprets and carries out the instructions that operate the computer.</p><p>　　Memory

26、is a series of electronic elements that temporarily holds data and instructions while they are being processed by the CPU. Both the processor and memory are chips. A chip is an electronic device that contains many micros

27、copic pathways designed o carry electrical current. Chips(Figure1-2), which usually are no bigger than one-half inch square, are packaged so they can be connected to a motherboard or other circuit boards.</p><

28、p>　　Some computer components, such as the processor and memory resided inside the system unit; that is, they are internal. Other components, like keyboard, mouse, microphone, monitor, PC camera, and printer, are often

29、 system unit. These devices are considered external. Any external device that attaches to the system unit is called a peripheral device.</p><p>　　3.4 Storage Devices</p><p>　　Storage holds data,

30、 instructions, and information for future use. Storage differs from memory, which can hold these items permanently, whereas memory holds these items only temporarily while they are being processed. A storage medium (medi

31、a is the plural) is the physical material on which data, instructions, and information are stored. One commonly used storage medium is a disk, which is a round, flat piece of plastic or metal on which items can be encode

32、d, or written.</p><p>　　A storage device is used to record and retrieve data, instructions,, and information to and from a storage medium. Storage devices often function as a source of input because they tra

33、nsfer items from storage into memory. Four common storage devices are a floppy disk drive, a hard disk drive, a CD-ROM drive, and a DVD-ROM drive. A disk drive is a device that reads from and writes onto a disk.</p>

34、;<p>　　A floppy disk consists of a thin, circular, flexible disk enclosed in a plastic shell. A floppy disk stores data, instructions, and information using magnetic patterns and can be inserted into and removed f

35、rom a floppy disk drive. A ZIP DISK give is a higher capacity floppy disk that can store the equivalent of about 70standard floppy disks.</p><p>　　A hard disk provides much greater storage capacity than a fl

36、oppy disk. A hard disk usually consists of several circular disks on which data, instructions, and information are stored magnetically. These disks are enclosed in an airtight, sealed case, which often is housed inside t

37、he system unit. Some hard disks are removable, which means they can be inserted and removed from a hard disk drive, much like a floppy disk. Removable disks are enclosed in plastic or metal cartridges so that they can be

38、</p><p>　　Another type of disk used to store data is the compact disc. A compact disc stores data using microscopic pits, which are created or played using a CD-ROM drive, which is accessed or played using a

39、 CD-ROM drive. A variation of the standard CD-ROM, you can also erase and store data on a CD-RW. A newer type of compact disc is a FVD-ROM, which has tremendous storage capacities enough for a full-length movie. To use a

40、 DVD-ROM, you need a DVD-ROM drive.</p><p>　　3.5 Communications Devices</p><p>　　Communication devices enable computer users to communicate and to exchange items such as data, instruction, and i

41、nformation with another computer. Communication devices transmit these items over transmission media, such as cable, telephone lines, or other means, used to establish a connection between two computers. A modem is a com

42、munication device that enables computers to communicate via telephone lines or other means. Although modems are available as both external and internal devices, most a</p><p>　　4. Why is a computer a powerfu

43、l tool</p><p>　　A computer’s power is derived from its capability of performing the information processing cycle operations with speed, reliability, and accuracy; its capacity to store huge amounts of data,

44、instructions, and information; and its ability to communicate with other computers.</p><p><b>　　4.1 Speed</b></p><p>　　Inside the system unit, operation occurs through electronic cir

45、cuits. When data, instructions, and information, flow along these circuits, they travel at close to the speed of light. This allows billions of operations to be carried out in a single second.</p><p>　　4.2 R

46、eliability</p><p>　　The electronic components in modern computers are dependable because they have a low failure rate. The high reliability of components enables the computer to produce consistent results.&l

47、t;/p><p>　　4.3 Accuracy</p><p>　　Computers can process large amounts of data and generate error-free results, provided the data is entered correctly. If inaccurate data is entered, the resulting ou

48、tput will be incorrect. This computing principle known as garbage in, garbage out (GIGO), points out that the accuracy of a computer’s output depends on the accuracy of the input.</p><p>　　4.4 Storage</p&

49、gt;<p>　　Many computers can store enormous amounts of data and make this data available for processing any time it is needed. Using current storage devices, the data can be transferred quickly from storage to memo

50、ry, processed, and then stored again for future use.</p><p>　　4.5 Communications</p><p>　　Most computers today have the capability of communicating with other computers. Computers with this capa

51、bility can share any of the four information processing cycle operations—input, process, output, and storage—with another computer. For example, two computers connected by a communications device such as a modem can shar

52、e stored data, instructions, and information. When two or more computers are connected together via communications media and devices, they comprise a network is the Internet, a</p><p>　　5. Computer Software&

53、lt;/p><p>　　Software, also called a computer program or simply a program, is a series of instructions that tells the hardware of a computer what to do. For example, some instructions direct the computer to allo

54、w you to input data from the keyboard and store it in memory. Other instructions cause data stored in memory to be used in calculations such as adding a series of numbers to obtain a total. Some instructions compare two

55、values stored in memory and direct the computer to perform alternative</p><p>　　Operations based on the results of the comparison; and some instructions direct the computer to print a report, display informa

56、tion on the monitor, draw a color graph on the monitor, or store information on a disk.</p><p>　　Before a computer can perform, or execute, a program, the instructions in the program must be placed, or loade

57、d, into the memory of the computer. Usually, they are loaded into memory from storage. For example, a program might be loaded from the hard disk of a computer into memory for execution.</p><p>　　When you pur

58、chase a program, such as one that contains legal documents, you will receive one or more floppy disks, one or more CD-ROMs, or a single DVD-ROM on which the software is stored. To use this software, you may install the s

59、oftware on the computer’s hard disk.</p><p>　　Software is the key to productive use of computers. With the correct software, a computer can become a valuable tool. Software can be categorized into two types:

60、 system software and application software. The following sections describe these categories of software.</p><p><b>　　計算機引論</b></p><p><b>　　1.計算機文化</b></p><p>

61、;　　計算詞匯無處不在。計算機發(fā)明以前，“Memory”( 記憶) 是回憶先前經(jīng)歷的思維能力；“Storage”(存儲)是保存過季服裝的地方；“Communication”(交流)是通過寫、說或發(fā)送信號交流意見和信息的活動。當今世界，這些詞匯及其他詞匯已被賦予了新的的含義，用來描述計算機及其用途。</p><p>　　當你聽到“計算機”這個詞的時候，你或許會首先想到在工作場所的那些計算機——這些計算機用來制作上午

62、信件、備忘錄、計算賬單和跟蹤庫存或制作發(fā)票。然而一天活一周志忠，你會遇到許多其他的計算機。例如，你的家里也許有一些電子設備，如無繩電話，視頻相機，手持視頻游戲機，照相機和立體聲系統(tǒng)，在這些設備中都配有小型的計算機。</p><p>　　計算機幫助你在自動柜員機上存取款。當你買東西時，計算機跟蹤你的購買行為， 計算你所欠的金額，有時候還會制作適應你購買模式的贈券。</p><p>　　甚至你

63、的小轎車也裝有計算機，用你操縱電子設備，控制溫度，并運行功能強大的防盜設備。</p><p>　　計算機是寶貴的工具。隨著技術的進步，計算機滲入到日常生活的各個領域，因此，人們有必要獲取某種程度的計算機文化素養(yǎng)。為了當今世界能取得成功，你必須具備一些計算機及其使用方面的知識。</p><p>　　2. 什么是計算機，計算機能干什么</p><p>　　計算機是一種電

64、子機器，通過存儲在其內(nèi)存中的指令控制運行。計算機能夠接收數(shù)據(jù)（輸入），根據(jù)制定的規(guī)則處理數(shù)據(jù)（處理），產(chǎn)生結(jié)果（輸出），并儲存結(jié)果一遍將來使用。</p><p>　　數(shù)據(jù)是未經(jīng)組織的事實的集合，數(shù)據(jù)可以包括字符、數(shù)字、圖形和聲音。計算機管理數(shù)據(jù)，并將數(shù)據(jù)處理生成信息。</p><p>　　信息是指經(jīng)過組織的、有意義的、有用的數(shù)據(jù)。這樣的實例有報表、新聞組、收據(jù)、圖片、發(fā)票和支票。（數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)過

65、處理后制作支票）。</p><p>　　向計算機輸入的數(shù)據(jù)稱輸入，處理的結(jié)果稱輸出，因此，計算機處理輸入一遍產(chǎn)生輸出。計算機能在某一個乘坐存儲器的地方保存數(shù)據(jù)和信息以備后用。輸入、處理、輸出和存儲的整個周期成為信息處理周期。</p><p>　　與計算機交互，或使用計算機所產(chǎn)生的信息的人稱用戶。構成一臺計算機的電器、電子和機械部件稱硬件。軟件是告知硬件如何完成任務的指令序列。如果沒有軟件，

66、硬件毫無用處，硬件需要由軟件提供的指令將數(shù)據(jù)處理成信息。</p><p><b>　　3.計算機的硬件</b></p><p>　　計算機由許多硬件構成，這些硬件與軟件一起工作，以便執(zhí)行計算、組織數(shù)據(jù)及與其他計算機通信的任務。</p><p>　　硬件部件包括輸入設備、輸出設備、系統(tǒng)單元、存儲設備和通信設備。</p><p&

67、gt;<b>　　3.1 輸入設備</b></p><p>　　輸入設備讓用戶向計算機存儲器輸入數(shù)據(jù)和命令。四種常用的輸入設備是鍵盤、鼠標、麥克風和PC相機。</p><p>　　計算機鍵盤包括字母鍵，數(shù)字鍵，空格鍵，標點符號鍵和其他符號鍵。計算機鍵盤還包括在計算機上執(zhí)行特殊功能的特殊鍵。</p><p>　　鼠標時小的手持設備，騎上至少有一個

68、按鈕。鼠標控制這屏幕上光標的移動，還可以通過鼠標在計算機上進行操作選擇和初始化處理。</p><p>　　麥克風允許你對計算機講話，以便輸入數(shù)據(jù)和控制計算機的操作。PC相機是在你和其他人通信時，使他們能看到你，PC相機也允許你編輯視頻，制作影片和拍攝數(shù)碼相片。</p><p><b>　　3.2 輸出設備</b></p><p>　　打印機在紙

69、上或其他硬拷貝介質(zhì)上打印文本和圖形（如圖片）。顯示器看上去像電影屏幕 ，用來顯示文本和圖形。揚聲器播放由計算機產(chǎn)生的音樂、語音和其他聲音。</p><p><b>　　3.3 系統(tǒng)單元</b></p><p>　　系統(tǒng)單元是一個盒狀的金屬或塑料箱，內(nèi)有計算機電子電路。系統(tǒng)單元的電路通常是母版的一部分或是連接母版的電路板。</p><p>　　在

70、木板上有兩個主要的部件：中央處理器（CPU）和內(nèi)存儲器（簡稱“內(nèi)存”）。CPU也成處理器，是翻譯和執(zhí)行計算機指令的電子部件。</p><p>　　內(nèi)存是一系列的電子元件，用來臨時保存正在被CPU處理的數(shù)據(jù)或指令。CPU和內(nèi)存都是芯片，是一種電子器件，其上有許多能運載電子流的微小通道。芯片大小不到半個平方英寸，精包裝后連接到母版或其他電路板上。</p><p>　　有些計算機不見岸如處理器和

71、內(nèi)存，長駐在系統(tǒng)單元內(nèi)（亦即系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部的設備），而另外有些部件，如鍵盤、鼠標、麥克風、顯示器、PC相機和打印機，通常也作為系統(tǒng)單元，不過，這些設備被認為是外部的。任何連接系統(tǒng)單元的外部設備都稱外設。</p><p><b>　　3.4 存儲器設備</b></p><p>　　外存儲器用來保存數(shù)據(jù)、指令和信息以備后用。外存儲器與內(nèi)存儲器不同，圍村能永久保存數(shù)據(jù)而內(nèi)存僅臨時

72、保存正在被處理的數(shù)據(jù)。外村介質(zhì)是存放數(shù)據(jù)、指令和信息的物理材料。一種常用的外存介質(zhì)是磁盤，這是一種圓而扁的塑料或金屬盤片，可寫入編碼的數(shù)據(jù)項。</p><p>　　外存設備用以向存儲介質(zhì)記錄或檢索數(shù)據(jù)、指令和信息。外存設備因其傳輸數(shù)據(jù)到內(nèi)存而作為輸入數(shù)據(jù)源用。四種常用的外存設備分別是：軟盤驅(qū)動器、硬盤驅(qū)動器、CD-ROM驅(qū)動器和DVD-ROM驅(qū)動器。磁盤驅(qū)動器是一種讀寫設備。</p><p&g

73、t;　　軟磁盤是一塊薄而圓的軟盤片，被封裝在一個爐料封套內(nèi)。軟磁盤采用磁模式存儲數(shù)據(jù)、指令和信息，并可插入軟盤驅(qū)動器，或從軟盤驅(qū)動器取出。Zip 盤是一種高容量軟盤，能存儲相當于70張標準軟盤的數(shù)據(jù)量。</p><p>　　硬盤能比軟盤提供更大的存儲容量。硬盤通常由若干個圓形碟片構成，數(shù)據(jù)、指令和信息就存儲其上。這些碟片蜜蜂與一個盒內(nèi)，碟片盒則安裝在系統(tǒng)單元內(nèi)。有些硬盤是可以動的，這句是說，他們能被插入硬盤驅(qū)動器

74、或從硬盤驅(qū)動器中取出，這與軟盤很相似?？梢苿佑脖P蜜蜂在一個塑料或金屬盒內(nèi)。因此，可從驅(qū)動器中取出。軟盤和硬盤這樣的可移動介質(zhì)的優(yōu)點是能從計算機中取出以及他的良好的便攜性和安全特性。</p><p>　　另一種用于存儲數(shù)據(jù)的盤片是壓縮光盤。壓縮光盤采用微小的陷坑存儲數(shù)據(jù)，有CD-ROM 驅(qū)動器制作或播放。與標準CD-ROM 有差異的是一種可寫入的CD，亦稱CD-RW。你只可以訪問CD-ROM上的數(shù)據(jù)，而CD-RW上

75、的數(shù)據(jù)不僅可以訪問，還可以擦寫。一種較新的壓縮光盤是DVD-ROM,它有足以存放整部電影的巨大存儲容量。要使用DVD-ROM,就得有一臺DVD驅(qū)動器。</p><p><b>　　3.5 通信設備</b></p><p>　　通信設備使得計算機用戶與其他計算機通信和交換數(shù)據(jù)、指令和信息。通信設備通過用以建立兩臺計算機之間連接的傳輸介質(zhì)傳輸數(shù)據(jù)，常用的通信介質(zhì)有電纜、電

76、話線等。調(diào)制解調(diào)器是一種能使計算機通過電話線或其他手段實現(xiàn)通信的設備。雖然調(diào)制解調(diào)器有內(nèi)部外部之分，但大多是內(nèi)部的，即裝在系統(tǒng)單元內(nèi)部。</p><p>　　4.為什么說計算機是一種強大的工具</p><p>　　計算機具有以下能力：以一定的速度、可靠性、精確性執(zhí)行信息處理周期的操作，能存儲海量數(shù)據(jù)、指令和信息，能與其他計算機通信。</p><p><b>

77、;　　4.1 速度</b></p><p>　　計算機的操作時通過在系統(tǒng)單元內(nèi)的電子電路進行的。當數(shù)據(jù)、指令及信息沿著這些電路流動時，實際他們正以接近光速的速度在傳輸。這就使得數(shù)十億此操作在1秒內(nèi)被執(zhí)行。</p><p><b>　　4.2 可靠性</b></p><p>　　哎有調(diào)制解調(diào)器的計算機中，其電子器件隱差錯率低而顯得較可

78、靠。電子部件的高可靠性使計算機總是產(chǎn)生一致的計算結(jié)果。</p><p><b>　　4.3 精確性</b></p><p>　　計算機能夠處理大量的數(shù)據(jù)，并產(chǎn)生毫無差錯的結(jié)果，當然，其前提是輸入的數(shù)據(jù)必須是正確的。如果輸入數(shù)據(jù)不精確，輸出結(jié)果就不準確。這種計算原理稱為“輸入垃圾，輸出的也是垃圾”（GIGO）,它指出了一臺計算機輸出的精確性取決于輸入的精確性。</

79、p><p><b>　　4.4 外部存儲器</b></p><p>　　許多計算機能夠存儲大量大數(shù)據(jù)，并且一旦需要的時候就可處理這些數(shù)據(jù)。采用當前的外存儲設備，數(shù)據(jù)可迅速地從外存?zhèn)鲃拥絻?nèi)存，經(jīng)處理再存儲到外存以備用。</p><p><b>　　4.5 通信</b></p><p>　　當今大多數(shù)計算機

80、都具有與其他計算機通信的能力。具有此能力的計算機就能與別的計算機共享信息周期的四種操作——輸入、處理、輸出和存儲。例如，由諸如調(diào)制解調(diào)器這樣的通信設備連接的兩臺或多臺計算機由通信介質(zhì)和設備連接在一起以后，就構成了一個網(wǎng)絡。最知名的網(wǎng)絡是因特網(wǎng)，這是一個聯(lián)結(jié)千千萬萬企業(yè)、政府相關、教育機構和個人的世界范圍的網(wǎng)絡。</p><p><b>　　5 計算機軟件</b></p><

81、;p>　　軟件，也叫計算機程序或程序，是高職計算機硬件做什么的一系列指令。例如，有些指令陰道計算機讓你從鍵盤輸入數(shù)據(jù)并存入內(nèi)從，而另外有些指令使儲存在內(nèi)存的數(shù)據(jù)用于作諸如將一系列書籍想加求和這樣的運算。有些指令將儲存在內(nèi)存中的兩個值進行比較，并引導計算機根據(jù)比價結(jié)果執(zhí)行選擇操作。有些指令引導計算機打印報表，在屏幕上顯示信息，在顯示器上畫一個彩圖或?qū)⑿畔⒋鎯Φ酱疟P。</p><p>　　在計算機執(zhí)行程序以前，

82、程序的指令必須裝入計算機內(nèi)存，通常是從外存裝入內(nèi)存。例如，將程序從計算機硬盤裝入內(nèi)存，然后再執(zhí)行。</p><p>　　當你購買一個程序，如包含一個合法文檔的程序的時候，你會收到一個或多個軟盤或CD-ROM，或者是單個DVD-ROM，軟件就存儲在上面。要使用這個軟件，就要將軟件安裝在計算機的硬盤上。</p><p>　　軟件是有效使用計算機的關鍵，有了合適的軟件，計算機就成了有用的工具。軟