網(wǎng)絡(luò)嗅探器的設(shè)計與實現(xiàn)中英文翻譯外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文2515字</b></p><p>　　網(wǎng)絡(luò)嗅探器的設(shè)計與實現(xiàn)中英文翻</p><p><b>　　譯外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　外文參考文獻譯文及原文</p><p>　　專 業(yè) 　　　網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程　　　　 </p><p>

2、　?。ňW(wǎng)絡(luò)與信息化方向)　 </p><p>　　在線診斷的移動空間坐標測量系統(tǒng)（ MScMS ）</p><p>　　Fiorenzo Franceschini?, Maurizio Galetto, Domenico Maisano, Luca Mastrogiacom</p><p>　　(都靈理工大學，部的生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)和經(jīng)濟學（DISPEA），高碌街公爵教堂阿布

3、拉茲24 ，10129-都靈，意大利)</p><p>　　摘　要：移動空間坐標測量系統(tǒng)(MScMS)是一個由意大利都靈大學生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)與商務(wù)經(jīng)濟系的工業(yè)測量與質(zhì)量工程實驗室的實驗基礎(chǔ)之上發(fā)展起來的無線傳感器主導網(wǎng)絡(luò)。它的功能是用來實現(xiàn)簡單和快速地進行大規(guī)模室內(nèi)三維測量。</p><p>　　該系統(tǒng)由三個基本部分組成：一個無線傳感器設(shè)備群(稱為“蟋蟀”)，一個移動的嗅探器和一臺用于儲存和計算數(shù)

4、據(jù)的PC機。蟋蟀和移動嗅探器利用了超聲波收發(fā)器(US)以計算相互之間的距離。</p><p>　　這個系統(tǒng)以空間坐標的方式使位置計算成為了可能，這種方式是通過物體的尖端與嗅探器的“接觸”實現(xiàn)的。</p><p>　　為了避免這個系統(tǒng)發(fā)生錯誤，如超聲波的衍射和發(fā)射、外界因素（例如鑰匙碰撞產(chǎn)生的響聲、氖光閃爍等）對超聲波的干擾、軟件不兼容的解決方案等，MScMS系統(tǒng)運用了統(tǒng)計學試驗來進行在線診

5、斷。這篇文章對 “基于模型的能源診斷學”、“基于模型的距離診斷學”、和“傳感器物理診斷學” 這三個問題進行了詳細的論述。對于每個測量，如果所有這些試驗都通過了，則測量的結(jié)果會被認為是一個確實可信的特定系數(shù)，否則，測量結(jié)果會被拒絕。</p><p>　　本文對MSCcMC系統(tǒng)進行總體的介紹之后將會著重介紹這三個三線診斷工具和一些由該系統(tǒng)原型獲得的初步結(jié)果。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：移動測

6、量系統(tǒng)，坐標測量，三維測量，大規(guī)模測量，無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)，定位算法，在線診斷</p><p><b>　?。?引言：</b></p><p>　　在許多工業(yè)領(lǐng)域（如汽車工業(yè)和航空工業(yè)）里面，對大型物體的三維測量需要很方便和快捷地實現(xiàn)。現(xiàn)在，這些問題可以利用許多基于不同技術(shù)（如光學技術(shù)、機械技術(shù)、電磁技術(shù)等）的測量系統(tǒng)來解決。根據(jù)測量條件、用戶經(jīng)驗和技術(shù)、費用、精確度和可

7、移植性等的不同，這些系統(tǒng)用于測量或多或少都是足夠的。通常情況下，對測量中到大型物體而言，可移植系統(tǒng)比固定系統(tǒng)好。由測量系統(tǒng)向被測量物體傳輸數(shù)據(jù)通常會比反向傳輸更實際。</p><p>　　這篇文章分析的是由意大利都靈大學生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)與商務(wù)經(jīng)濟系的工業(yè)測量與質(zhì)量工程實驗室的實驗基礎(chǔ)之上發(fā)展起來的移動空間坐標測量系統(tǒng)（MScMS）。</p><p>　　MScMS是一個用于對中到大型物體（如鐵路交

8、通工具的縱梁和飛機翼）進行三維測量的無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ)系統(tǒng)。用傳統(tǒng)的坐標測量系統(tǒng)如坐標測量機器（CMMs）等是幾乎不可能用來測量這些物體的，因為這些系統(tǒng)的工作容量有限。</p><p>　　MScMS系統(tǒng)的工作原來與著名的NAVSTAR GPS(衛(wèi)星計時導航和全球定位測距系統(tǒng))十分相似。他們的主要區(qū)別在于MScMS運用超聲波技術(shù)而不是射頻技術(shù)來估算空間距離。它非常容易適應(yīng)不同的測量環(huán)境，而且不需要很復(fù)雜的安裝、啟

9、動和校驗過程。</p><p>　　為了達到連續(xù)監(jiān)測測量的可靠性的目的，本文詳細介紹了應(yīng)用于該系統(tǒng)的在線診斷工具。</p><p>　　２.“測量的可靠性”的概念</p><p>　　如果涉及到CMMs的領(lǐng)域的話，“在線測量性能驗證”的概念與“在線自我診斷”的概念嚴格相關(guān)的。在同樣的意義層面上，這種方法是對它的估算不確定性的一種“補充”。通常情況下，在線測量驗證是保

10、留一個系統(tǒng)特征（包括精確度、可靠性和可再現(xiàn)性）的一種保證。一個測量系統(tǒng)的性能下降的影響是導致“不可靠測量”的產(chǎn)生。</p><p>　　一般來說，我們可以定義“測量的可靠性”的概念如下：對于每個可測量的值X，我們可以定義一個可接受的區(qū)間[LAL,UAL]（其中LAL代表較低的接受限度，而UAL則表示較高的接受限度）LAL ≤x≤UAL，從測量系統(tǒng)的角度來看，一階和二階的系統(tǒng)誤差率分別對應(yīng)于：</p>

11、<p>　　通常LAL和UAL事先知道的。</p><p>　　接受區(qū)間在定義的時候會考慮到測量結(jié)果所要求的質(zhì)量等級和測量系統(tǒng)的測量特征（精確度、可復(fù)制性、可再現(xiàn)性等）。</p><p>　　系統(tǒng)“在線自我診斷”的問題并不是個新問題，在許多領(lǐng)域中，人們已經(jīng)提出了很多的解決策略。在許多關(guān)鍵的部門，就如航空和原子能部門，它們對即時探測系統(tǒng)的故障有絕對的要求，這些地方典型的解決方案是

12、基于“物理冗余”實現(xiàn)的。它主要由使用儀表和系統(tǒng)控制設(shè)備復(fù)制組成。雖然這種方法實現(xiàn)起來效率高，但是會對系統(tǒng)的造價和復(fù)雜度造成一定的影響。</p><p>　?。? MScMS技術(shù)和操作特性</p><p>　　MScMS原型是由三個主要組成部分（見圖.1）</p><p>　　* 星座（網(wǎng)絡(luò)）的無線設(shè)備（蟋蟀） ，適時安排在工作區(qū)</p><p&g

13、t;　　* 測量探頭，通過超聲波收發(fā)溝通（美國）與星座設(shè)備，以便獲得的坐標觸及點; * 一種計算和控制系統(tǒng)（電腦） ，接收和處理數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送的移動探針，以評估對象幾何特征。</p><p>　　測量探頭是一個移動系統(tǒng)托管兩個無線設(shè)備，小費觸摸表面點的測量物體和觸發(fā)激活數(shù)據(jù)采集（見圖.2）。 　　鑒于幾何特征的移動探頭，冰山坐標可以單一的方式確定的空間坐標，這兩個探針蟋蟀。</p><p>

14、　　4. MScMS診斷系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　圖.5 .一個例子二維質(zhì)量彈簧系統(tǒng). 三個參考節(jié)點（ _x1 ， _x2 ， _x3 ）與眾所周知的立場聯(lián)系在一起的泉水點進行本地化（ _xP ）</p><p>　　以超聲波技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)，MScMS是明智的許多影響因素。超聲波的信號可衍射和反映了兩國之間的障礙插嘴設(shè)備，不加控制的外部事件可以成為不受歡迎的美國波來源，甚至定位算法可導致不接　

15、　　　　　　　受的解決辦法。這些和其他潛在原因意外測量錯誤必須采取的控制，以確保適當水平的精度。</p><p>　　目的是保護系統(tǒng)， MScMS實施了一系列的統(tǒng)計測試，在線診斷。其中三人分析了以下幾個部分： --- “能源基于模型的診斷方法” ; --- “距離基于模型的診斷方法” ; --- “傳感器物理診斷學” 。</p><p><b>　　

16、5.結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　MScMSis一個對CMMs的創(chuàng)新性的無線測量系統(tǒng)的補充。一個這樣的系統(tǒng)原型已經(jīng)被開發(fā)出來用在工業(yè)計量和都靈理工大學質(zhì)量工程實驗室里。它是便攜式的設(shè)備，價錢不算昂貴，適合大規(guī)模計量（常規(guī)CMMs在大規(guī)模測量中會出現(xiàn)不穩(wěn)定的情況）。</p><p>　　系統(tǒng)的一些創(chuàng)新方面就是它在其在線診斷工具上作出了深入的研究。當處理測量系統(tǒng)時，保證測量結(jié)果

17、良好的重要性對于那些只要很小的錯誤都會造成嚴重后果的應(yīng)用來說是至關(guān)重要的。</p><p>　　本文介紹的所有概念都是基于“可靠性的測量” 的基礎(chǔ)上進行的 ，它使MScMS用戶可以拒絕對于給定的置信系數(shù)，不滿足一系列數(shù)據(jù)驗收測試結(jié)果的測量。 　　對于每次測量 ，如果所有這些試驗是滿意的，則實測結(jié)果是可以接受的。否則，測量將被拒絕。</p><p>　　測量被拒絕后，操作人員要重新進行測量

18、，改變探頭的方向或者定位，如果有必要的話需要重新安排系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的信號源的位置。</p><p>　　有些時候，系統(tǒng)可能會被迫重復(fù)測量多次，造成了測量時間延長太長，這個問題可以通過改變星座的配置來解決。</p><p>　　今后的工作，也包括增強現(xiàn)有的工具的功能，將致力于在測量過程中通過應(yīng)用可以引導操作人員的額外工具以豐富MScMS控制系統(tǒng)的功能。例如，可以向操作人員建議在測量空間中的探針位

19、置，或提出網(wǎng)絡(luò)信標的擴展，或自動過濾或糾正發(fā)生沖突的測量操作。</p><p><b>　　參考文獻：</b></p><p>　　[ 1 ]博世茉莉.三坐標測量機和系統(tǒng).馬塞爾特德克爾公司; 1995年. ISBN 0-8247-9581-4.</p><p>　　[ 2 ] Cauchick -米格爾磷，國王噸，戴維斯學者CMM的核查：一項

20、調(diào)查.測量1996年，17（1）:1 - 16 .</p><p>　　[ 3 ]漢森的HN ，者Chiffre影響的工業(yè)比較坐標測量機器在斯堪的納維亞半島上的不確定性，重點發(fā)言. 精密工程1999 ; 23 (3) :185 - 95 .</p><p>　　[ 4 ]弗朗西男，Galetto男，樂. 管理的測量.設(shè)計關(guān)鍵指標和業(yè)績計量系統(tǒng). 柏林：施出版社; 2007年.國際書號：97

21、8-3-540-73211-2. </p><p><b>　　附英文原文：</b></p><p>　　On-line diagnostics in the Mobile Spatial coordinate Measuring System (MScMS)</p><p>　　Fiorenzo Franceschini?, Maurizio

22、 Galetto, Domenico Maisano, Luca Mastrogiacomo</p><p>　　Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Sistemi di Produzione ed Economia dell’Azienda (DISPEA), Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 - Torino, Italy <

23、/p><p>　　Keywords:Mobile measuring system,Coordinate metrology,Dimensional measurements,Large-scale metrology,</p><p>　　Wireless-sensor-networks,Localization algorithms,On-line diagnostics</p>

24、;<p>　　a b s t r a c t:</p><p>　　Mobile Spatial coordinate Measuring System (MScMS) is a wireless-sensor-network based systemdeveloped at the industrial metrology and quality engineering laboratory of

25、 DISPEA – Politecnico di Torino. It has been designed to perform simple and rapid indoor dimensional measurements of large-size volumes (large-scale metrology).</p><p>　　It is made up of three basic parts: a

26、 “constellation” of wireless devices (Crickets), a mobile probe, and a PC to store and elaborate data. Crickets and mobile probe utilize ultrasound (US) transceivers in order to evaluate mutual distances. </p><

27、;p>　　The system makes it possible to calculate the position – in terms of spatial coordinates – of the object points “touched” by the probe. Acquired data are then available for different types of elaboration (determi

28、nation of distances, curves or surfaces of measured objects).</p><p>　　In order to protect the system against causes of error such as, for example, US signal diffraction and reflection, external uncontrolled

29、 US sources (key jingling, neon blinking, etc.), or software non-acceptable solutions, MScMS implements some statistical tests for on-line diagnostics. Three of them are deeply analyzed in this paper: “energy model-based

30、 diagnostics”, “distance model-based diagnostics”, and “sensor physical diagnostics”. For each measurement, if all these tests are satisfied at </p><p>　　After a general description of the MScMS, the paper f

31、ocuses on the description of these three online</p><p>　　diagnostic tools. Some preliminary results achieved by the system prototype are also presented and discussed.</p><p>　　1. Introduction<

32、;/p><p>　　In many industrial fields (for example, automotive and aerospace) dimensional measurements of large-size objects should be easily and rapidly taken [1–5]. Nowadays, the problem can be handled using ma

33、ny metrological systems, based on different technologies (optical, mechanical, electromagnetic, etc.). These systems are more or less adequate, depending on measuring conditions, user’s experience and skill, cost, accura

34、cy, portability, etc. In general formeasuring medium–large-size objects, portabl</p><p>　　This paper analyzes the Mobile Spatial coordinate Measuring System (MScMS), which has been developed at the industria

35、l metrology and quality engineering laboratory of DISPEA – Politecnicodi Torino [6].</p><p>　　MScMS is a wireless-sensor-network based system, designed to perform dimensional measurements ofmedium–large-size

36、 objects(for example, longerons of railway vehicles, airplane wings, fuselages,etc.). These objects can hardly be measured by traditional coordinatemeasurement systems, such as, for example, Coordinate Measurement Machin

37、es (CMMs) because of their limited working volume [7,1]. MScMS working principle is very similar to that of well-known NAVSTAR GPS (NAVigation Satellite Timing And Ran</p><p>　　The aim of this paper is to de

38、scribe the on-line diagnostics tools implemented in the system in order to continuously monitor measurement reliability.</p><p>　　2. The concept of “reliability of a measurement”</p><p>　　If we

39、refer to the field of CMMs, the concept of “on-line metrological</p><p>　　performance verification” is strictly related to the notion of “on-line self-diagnostics” [5,9]. In a same sense, this approach is “c

40、omplementary” to that of uncertainty evaluation [10–15]. In general, the on-line measurement verification is a guarantee for the preservation of a measurement system characteristics (including accuracy, repeatability, an

41、d reproducibility) [16,17]. The effect of a measuring system degradation is the production of “non-reliable measurements”.</p><p>　　In general, we can define the concept of “reliability of a measurement” as

42、follows.</p><p>　　3. MScMS technological and operating features</p><p>　　MScMS prototype is made up of three main components (see Fig. 1) [6]:</p><p>　　- a constellation (network) o

43、f wireless devices (Crickets), opportunely arranged around the working area;</p><p>　　- a measuring probe, communicating via ultrasound transceivers (US) with constellation devices in order to obtain the coo

44、rdinates of the touched points;</p><p>　　- a computing and controlling system (PC), receiving and processing data sent by the mobile probe, in order to evaluate objects</p><p>　　geometrical feat

45、ures.</p><p>　　The measuring probe is a mobile system hosting two wireless devices, a tip to touch the surface points of the measured objects and a trigger to activate data acquisition (see Fig. 2) [6].</

46、p><p>　　Given the geometrical characteristics of the mobile probe, the tip coordinates can be univocally determined by means of the spatial coordinates of the two probe Crickets [6].</p><p>　　4. MS

47、cMS diagnostic system</p><p>　　Fig. 5. An example of 2D mass–spring system. Three reference nodes (_x1, _x2, _x3) with known position are linked by springs to the point to be localized (_xP ).</p>&l

48、t;p>　　Being based upon US technology, MScMS is sensible to many influencing factors. US signals may be diffracted and reflected by obstacles interposed between two devices, external uncontrolled events can become unde

49、sirable US wave sources and even positioning algorithms can lead to non-acceptable solutions. These and other potential causes of accidental measurement</p><p>　　errors must be taken under control to assure

50、proper levels of accuracy.</p><p>　　With the aim of protecting the system, MScMS implements a series of statistical tests for on-line diagnostics. Three of them are analyzed in the following sections:</p&

51、gt;<p>　　- “energy model-based diagnostics”;</p><p>　　- “distance model-based diagnostics”;</p><p>　　- “sensor physical diagnostics”.</p><p>　　5. Conclusion</p><p&

52、gt;　　MScMSis an innovative wireless measuring systemcomplementar to CMMs. A prototype of this system has been developed at the industrial metrology and quality engineering laboratory of DISPEA Politecnico di Torino. It i

53、s portable, not too much expensive, and suitable for large-scale metrology (uneasy on conventional CMMs).</p><p>　　Some innovative aspects of the system concern its on-line diagnostics tools. When dealing wi

54、th measurement systems, the importance of a good diagnostics of produced measures is crucial for applications in which errors can lead to serious consequences.</p><p>　　The diagnostics tools described in thi

55、s paper, all based on the concept of “reliability of a measurement”, enable MScMS user to reject measurements which do not satisfy a series of statistical acceptance tests with a given confidence coefficient.</p>

56、<p>　　For eachmeasurement, if all these tests are satisfied at once, the measured result is considered acceptable. Otherwise, the measurement is rejected.</p><p>　　After rejection, the operator is asked

57、 to redo the measurement, changing the orientation/positioning of the probe or, if it is necessary, beacons arrangement in the system network.</p><p>　　In same cases, the system might force to repeat a measu

58、rement too many times, causing an excessive extension of the measurement duration. This problem can be overcome by changing the configuration of the constellation.</p><p>　　Futurework, aswell as improving th

59、e power of the existing tools, will be aimed to enrich MScMS control system by implementing additional tools able to steer the operator during measurement. For example, suggesting the position of the probe in the measuri

60、ng volume, or proposing possible extensions of the network of beacons, or automatically filtering and/or correcting corrupted measurements.</p><p>　　References</p><p>　　[1] Bosch JA. Coordinate

61、measuring machines and systems. Marcel Dekker Inc.;</p><p>　　1995. ISBN 0-8247-9581-4.</p><p>　　[2] Cauchick-Miguel P, King T, Davis J. CMM verification: a survey. Measurement</p><p&g

62、t;　　1996;17(1):1–16.</p><p>　　[3] Hansen HN, De Chiffre L. An industrial comparison of coordinate measuring</p><p>　　machines in Scandinavia with focus on uncertainty statements. Precision Engin

63、eering</p><p>　　1999;23(3):185–95.</p><p>　　[4] Franceschini F, Galetto M, Maisano. Management by measurement. Designing</p><p>　　key indicators and performance measurement systems.