課程設(shè)計(jì)-基于matlab的電力系統(tǒng)短路故障仿真于分析

1、<p>　　《電力系統(tǒng)建模及仿真課程設(shè)計(jì)》</p><p><b>　　總結(jié)報(bào)告</b></p><p>　　題 目：基于MATLAB的電力系統(tǒng)短路故障仿真于分析</p><p>　　姓 名 某某某 </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)

2、 200x0417xxx </p><p>　　院 系 自 機(jī) 學(xué) 院 </p><p>　　班 級(jí) 0x級(jí)電氣x班 </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師 某某莫 </p><p&

3、gt;<b>　　摘 要</b></p><p>　　本次課程設(shè)計(jì)是結(jié)合《電力系統(tǒng)分析》的理論教學(xué)進(jìn)行的一個(gè)實(shí)踐課程。電力系統(tǒng)短路故障，故障電流中必定有零序分量存在，零序分量可以用來(lái)判斷故障的類型，故障的地點(diǎn)等，零序分量作為電力系統(tǒng)繼電保護(hù)的一個(gè)重要分析量。運(yùn)用Matlab電力系統(tǒng)仿真程序SimPowerSystems工具箱構(gòu)建設(shè)計(jì)要求所給的電力系統(tǒng)模型，并在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)電力系統(tǒng)多中故障進(jìn)行仿

4、真，仿真波形與理論分析結(jié)果相符，說(shuō)明用Matlab對(duì)電力系統(tǒng)故障分析的有效性。實(shí)際中無(wú)法對(duì)故障進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，所以進(jìn)行仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)可達(dá)到效果。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：電力系統(tǒng)；仿真；短路故障；Matlab；SimPowerSystems</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　The course design i

5、s a combination of power system analysis of the theoretical teaching, practical courses. Power system short-circuit fault, the fault current must be zero sequence component exists, and zero-sequence component can be used

6、 to determine the fault type, fault location, the zero-sequence component as a critical analysis of power system protection. SimPowerSystems Toolbox building design requirements to the power system model using Matlab pow

7、er system simulation program, and on this</p><p>　　Keywords: power system; simulation; failure; Matlab; SimPowerSystems</p><p><b>　　目 錄</b></p><p>　　一、引言- 3 -</p&g

8、t;<p>　　1、故障概述- 3 -</p><p>　　2、故障類型- 3 -</p><p>　　二、電力系統(tǒng)模型- 4 -</p><p>　　三、電力系統(tǒng)仿真模型的建立與分析- 4 -</p><p>　　3.1 電力系統(tǒng)仿真模型- 5 -</p><p>　　3.2 仿真參數(shù)設(shè)置-

9、 6 -</p><p>　　3.3 仿真結(jié)果分析- 8 -</p><p>　　3.3.1正常運(yùn)行分析- 8 -</p><p>　　3.3.2單相接地短路故障分析- 9 -</p><p>　　3.3.3兩相短路故障分析- 12 -</p><p>　　3.3.4兩相接地短路故障分析- 15 -</

10、p><p>　　3.3.5三相短路故障分析- 18 -</p><p>　　四、結(jié)論- 21 -</p><p>　　五、參考文獻(xiàn)- 21 -</p><p>　　六、心得體會(huì)- 22 -</p><p><b>　　一、引言</b></p><p><b>

11、　　1、故障概述</b></p><p>　　短路是電力系統(tǒng)的嚴(yán)重故障。所謂短路，是指一切不正常的相與相之間或相與地（對(duì)于中性點(diǎn)接地的系統(tǒng)）發(fā)生系統(tǒng)通路的情況。</p><p>　　電力系統(tǒng)在運(yùn)行中，相與相之間或相與地（或中性線）之間發(fā)生非正常連接（即短路）時(shí)流過(guò)的電流。其值可遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于額定電流，并取決于短路點(diǎn)距電源的電氣距離。例如，在發(fā)電機(jī)端發(fā)生短路時(shí)，流過(guò)發(fā)電機(jī)的短路電流最大

12、瞬時(shí)值可達(dá)額定電流的10～15倍。大容量電力系統(tǒng)中，短路電流可達(dá)數(shù)萬(wàn)安。這會(huì)對(duì)電力系統(tǒng)的正常運(yùn)行造成嚴(yán)重影響和后果。</p><p>　　供電網(wǎng)絡(luò)中發(fā)生短路時(shí),很大的短路電流會(huì)使電器設(shè)備過(guò)熱或受電動(dòng)力作用而遭到損壞,同時(shí)使網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)的電壓大大降低,因而破壞了網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)用電設(shè)備的正常工作.為了消除或減輕短路的后果,就需要計(jì)算短路電流,以正確地選擇電器設(shè)備、設(shè)計(jì)繼電保護(hù)和選用限制短路電流的元件。</p><

13、;p><b>　　2、故障類型</b></p><p>　　三相系統(tǒng)中發(fā)生的短路有 4 種基本類型：三相短路，兩相短路，單相對(duì)地短路和兩相對(duì)地短路。其中，除三相短路時(shí)，三相回路依舊對(duì)稱，因而又稱對(duì)稱短路外，其余三類均屬不對(duì)稱短路。在中性點(diǎn)接地的電力網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，以一相對(duì)地的短路故障最多，約占全部故障的90％。在中性點(diǎn)非直接接地的電力網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，短路故障主要是各種相間短路。</p>

14、<p>　　為了保證電力系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的功能和質(zhì)量，在設(shè)計(jì)、分析和研究時(shí)必須保證系統(tǒng)的靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)特性?，F(xiàn)代電力系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)超高壓、大容量和跨區(qū)域的巨大的聯(lián)合系統(tǒng)，電力系統(tǒng)事故具有突發(fā)性強(qiáng)、維持時(shí)間短、復(fù)雜程度高、破壞力大的特點(diǎn)，因而使得事后對(duì)故障原因分析、查找變得尤其困難。由于在實(shí)際系統(tǒng)上進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)和研究比較困難，因此借助各種電力系統(tǒng)動(dòng)態(tài)仿真軟件電力系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)和研究已成為有效途徑之一。</p><p>　　Mat

15、lab在電力系統(tǒng)建模和仿真的應(yīng)用主要由電力系統(tǒng)仿真模塊(Power System Blockset簡(jiǎn)稱PSB)來(lái)完成。Power System Block是由TEQSIM公司和魁北克水電站開發(fā)的。PSB是在Simulink環(huán)境下使用的模塊,采用變步長(zhǎng)積分法,可以對(duì)非線性、剛性和非連續(xù)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行精確的仿真，并精確地檢測(cè)出斷點(diǎn)和開關(guān)發(fā)生時(shí)刻。PSB程序庫(kù)涵蓋了電路、電力電子、電氣傳動(dòng)和電力系統(tǒng)等電工學(xué)科中常用的基本元件和系統(tǒng)仿真模型。通過(guò)PS

16、B可以迅速建立模型，并立即仿真。PSB程序塊程序庫(kù)中的測(cè)量程序和控制源起到電信號(hào)與Simulink程序之間連接作用。PSB程序庫(kù)含有代表電力網(wǎng)絡(luò)中一般部件和設(shè)備的Simulink程序塊，通過(guò)PSB可以迅速建立模型，并立即仿真。</p><p><b>　　二、電力系統(tǒng)模型</b></p><p>　　電力系統(tǒng)中輸送和分配電能的部分稱為電力網(wǎng),它包括升降壓變壓器和各種電

17、壓等級(jí)的輸電線路 、動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)、電力系統(tǒng)和電力網(wǎng)簡(jiǎn)單示意如圖</p><p>　　三、電力系統(tǒng)仿真模型的建立與分析</p><p>　　電力系統(tǒng)仿真主要是對(duì)短路類型中的三相短路、兩相短路和單相接地短路的電流、機(jī)端電壓波形進(jìn)行分析。利用Matlab軟件中的電力系統(tǒng)模塊庫(kù)(PSB)，建立了模型，它對(duì)電力系統(tǒng)設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)和選用有一定的參考價(jià)值。同時(shí)電壓電流波形可以直觀的了解，便于建立系統(tǒng)的觀念。&l

18、t;/p><p>　　3.1 電力系統(tǒng)仿真模型</p><p>　　題目要求：發(fā)電機(jī)G：50MW、13.8kV，保持恒定，Y連接；變壓器T-1：13.8/220kv；線路L：100km，負(fù)荷LD：5MVA 。</p><p><b>　　系統(tǒng)仿真模型如下：</b></p><p>　　3.2 仿真參數(shù)設(shè)置</p>

19、<p>　　各元件參數(shù)設(shè)置如下：</p><p>　　(1) 發(fā)電機(jī)參數(shù)設(shè)置</p><p>　　發(fā)電機(jī)額定容量為50MVA,額定電壓為13.8KV，額定頻率為60Hz，Yg連接，其它采用默認(rèn)值。</p><p>　　(2) 三相變壓器參數(shù)設(shè)置</p><p>　　額定頻率為60Hz，一次側(cè)電壓13.8KV，二次側(cè)電壓220KV

20、。其他采用默認(rèn)值。</p><p>　　(3) 三相輸電線參數(shù)設(shè)置</p><p><b>　　線路長(zhǎng)100Km。</b></p><p>　　(4) 負(fù)荷參數(shù)設(shè)置</p><p>　　額定容量為50MVA。</p><p>　　(5) 故障模塊參數(shù)設(shè)置</p><p>　

21、　短路故障是用三相故障元件來(lái)模擬的，故障時(shí)間段可通過(guò)Transition Times來(lái)設(shè)置，設(shè)置為0.01～0.05秒。其余的短路故障模型可以通過(guò)修改三相故障模塊的參數(shù)設(shè)置來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，將在以下仿真過(guò)程中進(jìn)行設(shè)置。</p><p>　?。╝）三相交流電源G （b）三相測(cè)量元件</p><p>　　（c）三相雙繞組變壓器 T-1

22、 （d）線路L</p><p>　?。╡）三相故障模塊 （f）負(fù)荷LD</p><p>　　3.3 仿真結(jié)果分析</p><p>　　3.3.1正常運(yùn)行分析</p><p>　　正常運(yùn)行時(shí)發(fā)電機(jī)輸出端電壓波形</p><p>　　正常運(yùn)行時(shí)發(fā)電機(jī)輸出端

23、電流波形</p><p>　　分析：電力系統(tǒng)未發(fā)生短路故障時(shí)，發(fā)電機(jī)端的電壓和電流均成正弦變化，三相交流電源的三相電壓和電流之間相位不同，而幅值的大小是相同的。</p><p>　　3.3.2單相接地短路故障分析</p><p>　　將三相電路短路故障發(fā)生器中的“故障相選擇”選擇A 相故障,并選擇故障相接地選項(xiàng),故障時(shí)間為0.01～0.05秒;在萬(wàn)用表元件中選擇A

24、相、B 相和C 相電流作為測(cè)量電氣量, 激活仿真按鈕。（此處以A相接地短路為例）</p><p>　　A相接地短路故障點(diǎn)三相電流：</p><p>　　A相接地短路故障點(diǎn)三相電壓：</p><p>　　分析：當(dāng)A相發(fā)生接地短路時(shí)故障點(diǎn)A相電壓降為零，、、非故障相即BC兩相電壓上升為線電壓，其夾角為60°。故障切除后各相電壓水平較原來(lái)升高，這是中性點(diǎn)電位升高

25、導(dǎo)致的。</p><p><b>　　故障點(diǎn)各相電壓：</b></p><p>　　分析: 當(dāng)輸電線路發(fā)生A 相接地短路時(shí),B 相、C 相電壓沒(méi)有變化。在正常狀態(tài)時(shí)，三相短路故障發(fā)生器處于斷開狀態(tài),A相電壓也不變,不為0. 在0. 01s 時(shí),三相短路故障發(fā)生器閉合,此時(shí)A 相接地短路,其短路電壓波形發(fā)生了劇烈的變化,電壓降為0.在0. 05s時(shí),三相短路故障發(fā)生器打

26、開,故障排除,此時(shí)故障點(diǎn)A 相電壓迅速恢復(fù)。</p><p><b>　　故障點(diǎn)各相電流：</b></p><p>　　分析：當(dāng)輸電線路發(fā)生A 相接地短路時(shí),B 相、C 相電流沒(méi)有變化,始終為0。在正常狀態(tài)時(shí)，三相短路故障發(fā)生器處于斷開狀態(tài),A相電流為0. 在0. 01s 時(shí),三相短路故障發(fā)生器閉合,此時(shí)A 相接地短路,其短路電流波形發(fā)生了劇烈的變化,但大體上仍呈正弦

27、規(guī)律變化.在0. 05s時(shí),三相短路故障發(fā)生器打開,故障排除,此時(shí)故障點(diǎn)A 相電流迅速變?yōu)?。</p><p>　　發(fā)生單相接地短路故障時(shí)發(fā)電機(jī)端電壓波形：</p><p>　　發(fā)生單相接地短路故障時(shí)發(fā)電機(jī)端電流波形：</p><p>　　分析:當(dāng)0.01秒時(shí)發(fā)生單相接地短路,發(fā)電機(jī)端故障相電壓下降,而兩個(gè)非故障相電壓未發(fā)生變化,發(fā)電機(jī)段故障相電流未發(fā)生變化,而兩個(gè)

28、故障相電流開始變化,振幅增大.0.05秒時(shí),故障解除,發(fā)生變化的電壓和電流迅速恢復(fù)到原來(lái)的幅值.</p><p>　　3.3.3兩相短路故障分析</p><p>　　將三相電路短路故障發(fā)生器中的“故障相選擇”選擇A 相和B相故障,并選擇故障相接地選項(xiàng),故障時(shí)間為0.01～0.05秒;在萬(wàn)用表元件中選擇A 相、B 相和C 相電流作為測(cè)量電氣量, 激活仿真按鈕。即發(fā)生A相和B相兩相短路故障。（

29、以AB兩相短路為例）</p><p>　　AB兩相短路故障點(diǎn)三相電流：</p><p>　　AB兩相短路故障點(diǎn)三相電壓：</p><p>　　分析：在A、B兩相發(fā)生短路故障時(shí)，非故障相C相電壓波形幅值增大。A相和B相電壓降為0V。C相未發(fā)生故障,其短路電流為零.兩相短路時(shí),短路故障點(diǎn)電流中沒(méi)有零序分量,而正序分量與負(fù)序分量大小相等但方向相反.</p>

30、<p><b>　　故障點(diǎn)各相電壓：</b></p><p>　　分析:(選故障點(diǎn)A相觀察)在穩(wěn)態(tài)時(shí)，故障點(diǎn)A相電壓由于三相電路短路故障發(fā)生器處于斷開狀態(tài)，因而電壓為正弦變化。在0.01s時(shí)，三相電路短路故障發(fā)生器閉合，此時(shí)電路發(fā)生A、B兩相短路，故障點(diǎn)A相電壓發(fā)生變化，突變?yōu)?V。在0.05s時(shí)，三相電路短路故障發(fā)生器斷開，相當(dāng)于排除故障。此時(shí)故障點(diǎn)A相電壓波動(dòng)恢復(fù)正弦波形。故障

31、點(diǎn)B相與A相近似.</p><p>　　(選故障點(diǎn)C相觀察)故障點(diǎn)C相: 在穩(wěn)態(tài)時(shí)，故障點(diǎn)C相電壓由于三相電路短路故障發(fā)生器處于斷開狀態(tài)，因而電壓為正弦變化幅值約為5000V。在0.01s時(shí)，三相電路短路故障發(fā)生器閉合，此時(shí)電路發(fā)生A、B兩相短路， C相電壓發(fā)生變化，突變?yōu)?000V。由圖形可以得出以下結(jié)論：由于C相為非故障相，其電壓波形僅在兩相短路期間波的幅值變大，但是波形不變。</p><

32、p><b>　　故障點(diǎn)各相電流：</b></p><p>　　分析：（選取故障點(diǎn)A相觀察）在穩(wěn)態(tài)時(shí)，故障點(diǎn)A相電流由于三相電路短路故障發(fā)生器處于斷開狀態(tài)，因而電流幅值為0A。在0.01s時(shí)，三相電路短路故障發(fā)生器閉合，此時(shí)電路發(fā)生A、B兩相短路，故障點(diǎn)A相電流發(fā)生變化，由于閉合時(shí)有初始輸入量和初始狀態(tài)量，因而波形下移，呈正弦波形變化。在0.05s時(shí)，三相電路短路故障發(fā)生器斷開，相當(dāng)于排

33、除了故障。此時(shí)故障點(diǎn)A相電流迅速上升為0A。</p><p>　　(選取故障點(diǎn)B相觀察)：在穩(wěn)態(tài)時(shí)，故障點(diǎn)B相電流由于三相電路短路故障發(fā)生器處于斷開狀態(tài)，因而電流為0A。在0.01s時(shí)，三相電路短路故障發(fā)生器閉合，此時(shí)電路發(fā)生A、B兩相短路，故障點(diǎn)B相電流幅值發(fā)生變化，由于閉合時(shí)有初始輸入量和初始狀態(tài)量，因而波形上移，呈正弦波形變化。在0.05s時(shí)，三相電路短路故障發(fā)生器斷開，相當(dāng)于排除故障。此時(shí)故障點(diǎn)B相電流迅

34、速下降為0A。</p><p>　　(選取故障點(diǎn)C相觀察): 在A、B 發(fā)生兩相短路時(shí)，故障點(diǎn)C相電流沒(méi)有變化，始終為0A。同時(shí)也符合理論計(jì)算如式2-14可知。</p><p>　　發(fā)生兩相短路故障時(shí)發(fā)電機(jī)端電壓：</p><p>　　發(fā)生兩相短路故障時(shí)發(fā)電機(jī)端電流：</p><p>　　分析:當(dāng)0.01秒時(shí)發(fā)生兩相短路,發(fā)電機(jī)端故障點(diǎn)兩相電

35、壓幅值下降,而非故障相電壓幅值增大一點(diǎn),但并不多,發(fā)電機(jī)段故障點(diǎn)兩相電流幅值增大,而非故障相電流幅值變化更大.0.05秒時(shí),故障解除,發(fā)生變化的電壓和電流迅速恢復(fù)到原來(lái)的幅值.</p><p>　　3.3.4兩相接地短路故障分析</p><p>　　將三相短路故障發(fā)生器中“故障相選擇”的A相和B 相選中,并選擇故障相接地選項(xiàng);在萬(wàn)用表元件中選擇A 相、B 相和C 相電流作為測(cè)量電氣量, 激

36、活仿真按鈕. （以AB兩相接地故障為例）：</p><p>　　AB兩相接地故障點(diǎn)三相電流：</p><p>　　AB兩相接地故障點(diǎn)三相電壓：</p><p><b>　　故障點(diǎn)各相電壓：</b></p><p>　　分析：在A 相、B 相發(fā)生接地短路時(shí),C 相電壓沒(méi)有變化,但不為0. 對(duì)于故障相A 相和故障相B 相電壓

37、:在穩(wěn)態(tài)時(shí),故障點(diǎn)A 相、B 相電壓由于三相短路故障發(fā)生器處于斷開狀態(tài),因而電壓不為0. 在0. 01s 時(shí),三相短路故障發(fā)生器閉合,此時(shí)電路發(fā)生A 相、B 相接地短路,故障點(diǎn)A 相和B相電壓變化,變?yōu)?. 在0. 05s 時(shí),三相短路故障發(fā)生器打開,相當(dāng)于排除故障,此時(shí)故障點(diǎn)A 相、B 相電壓有迅速恢復(fù).</p><p><b>　　故障點(diǎn)各相電流：</b></p><

38、p>　　分析：在A 相、B 相發(fā)生接地短路時(shí),C 相電流沒(méi)有變化,始終為0. 對(duì)于故障相A 相和故障相B 相電流:在穩(wěn)態(tài)時(shí),故障點(diǎn)A 相、B 相電流由于三相短路故障發(fā)生器處于斷開狀態(tài),因而電流為0. 在0. 01s 時(shí),三相短路故障發(fā)生器閉合,此時(shí)電路發(fā)生A 相、B 相接地短路,故障點(diǎn)A 相電流波形下移,故障點(diǎn)B 相電流波形上升,呈正弦規(guī)律變化. 在0. 04s 時(shí),三相短路故障發(fā)生器打開,相當(dāng)于排除故障,此時(shí)故障點(diǎn)A 相、B 相

39、電流變化為0.</p><p>　　發(fā)生兩相接地短路故障時(shí)發(fā)電機(jī)端電壓：</p><p>　　發(fā)生兩相接地短路故障時(shí)發(fā)電機(jī)端電流：</p><p>　　分析:當(dāng)0.01秒時(shí)發(fā)生兩相接地短路,發(fā)電機(jī)端故障點(diǎn)兩相電壓幅值下降,而非故障相電壓幅值增大一點(diǎn),但并不多,發(fā)電機(jī)段故障點(diǎn)兩相電流幅值增大,而非故障相電流幅值變化更大.0.05秒時(shí),故障解除,發(fā)生變化的電壓和電流迅速

40、恢復(fù)到原來(lái)的幅值.但是比較兩相短路不接地的情況,干擾更強(qiáng)一點(diǎn)</p><p>　　3.3.5三相短路故障分析</p><p>　　將三相短路故障發(fā)生器中“故障相選擇”的三相故障3個(gè)都選中;在萬(wàn)用表元件中選擇A 相、B 相和C 相電流作為測(cè)量電氣量. 激活仿真按鈕。</p><p>　　三相短路故障點(diǎn)三相電流：</p><p>　　三相短路故障

41、點(diǎn)三相電壓：</p><p><b>　　故障點(diǎn)各相電壓：</b></p><p>　　分析：在穩(wěn)態(tài)時(shí),故障相各相電壓由于三相短路故障發(fā)生器處于斷開狀態(tài),因而電壓不為0. 在0. 01s 時(shí),三相短路故障發(fā)生器閉合,此時(shí)電路發(fā)生三相短路,故障點(diǎn)各相電壓發(fā)生變化,故障點(diǎn)各相電壓都降為0. 在0. 05s 時(shí),三相短路故障發(fā)生器打開,相當(dāng)于排除故障,此時(shí)故障點(diǎn)各相電壓迅速

42、恢復(fù).</p><p><b>　　故障點(diǎn)各相電流：</b></p><p>　　分析：在穩(wěn)態(tài)時(shí),故障相各相電流由于三相短路故障發(fā)生器處于斷開狀態(tài),因而電流為0. 在0. 01s 時(shí),三相短路故障發(fā)生器閉合,此時(shí)電路發(fā)生三相短路,故障點(diǎn)各相電流發(fā)生變化,由于閉合時(shí)有初始輸入量和初始狀態(tài)量,因而故障點(diǎn)各相電流波形上升或者下降. 在0. 05s 時(shí),三相短路故障發(fā)生器打開

43、,相當(dāng)于排除故障,此時(shí)故障點(diǎn)各相電流迅速下降為0.</p><p>　　發(fā)生三相短路故障時(shí)發(fā)電機(jī)端電壓：</p><p>　　發(fā)生三相短路故障時(shí)發(fā)電機(jī)端電流：</p><p>　　分析:當(dāng)0.01秒時(shí)發(fā)生三相短路,發(fā)電機(jī)端故障點(diǎn)三相相電壓幅值下降,發(fā)電機(jī)端故障點(diǎn)三相電流幅值增大.0.05秒時(shí),故障解除,發(fā)生變化的電壓和電流迅速恢復(fù)到原來(lái)的幅值.</p>

44、<p><b>　　四、結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　在所給的電力系統(tǒng)中K處選取了不同的故障類型(三相短路、單相接地短路、兩相短路、兩相接地短路)進(jìn)行仿真，比較仿真結(jié)果，結(jié)果表明運(yùn)用Matlab對(duì)電力系統(tǒng)故障進(jìn)行分析與仿真，能夠準(zhǔn)確直觀地考察電力系統(tǒng)故障的動(dòng)態(tài)特性，驗(yàn)證了Matlab在電力系統(tǒng)仿真中的強(qiáng)大功能。 </p><p><b>　　

45、五、參考文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　[1］.于永源，楊綺雯.《電力系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)態(tài)分析》[M]．中國(guó)電力出版社，2007. </p><p>　　[2］.王晶，翁國(guó)慶，等. 《電力系統(tǒng)分析的MATLAB/SIMULINK仿真與應(yīng)用》. 西安電子科技大學(xué)出版社. 2008. </p><p>　　[3］.劉衛(wèi)國(guó). 《MATLAB程序設(shè)計(jì)與應(yīng)用》[M]. 北京

46、：高等教育出版社，2008.</p><p><b>　　六、心得體會(huì)</b></p><p>　　通過(guò)本次課程設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)訓(xùn),我對(duì)電力系統(tǒng)故障以及Matlab軟件有了更深的認(rèn)識(shí)。但由于在校期間學(xué)習(xí)不扎實(shí)，以及實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)的缺乏，在實(shí)訓(xùn)過(guò)程中有很多地方還需要好好閱讀資料以及課本.但是經(jīng)過(guò)這次實(shí)訓(xùn),讓自己的動(dòng)手能力加強(qiáng)了,并對(duì)所學(xué)習(xí)的課本知識(shí)進(jìn)行了鞏固,這對(duì)于我來(lái)說(shuō)是很好的一次

47、機(jī)會(huì),也讓我更好的學(xué)習(xí)了這種仿真軟件的使用以及特點(diǎn)和方法.</p><p>　　g an employment tribunal claim</p><p>　　Employment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees.</p><p>　　You may need to

48、make a claim to an employment tribunal if:</p><p>　　you don't agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you</p><p>　　your employer dismisses you and you think that y

49、ou have been dismissed unfairly.</p><p>　　For more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, see Dismissal.</p><p>　　You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you have

50、n't appealed against the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal

51、.</p><p>　　Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. If your application is receive

52、d after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept it.</p><p>　　If you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed under Further help.

53、</p><p>　　Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.</p><p>　　Most people find

54、making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed under Further help.<

55、;/p><p>　　If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. This is known as a damages

56、-based agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor can't charge you more than 35% of your compensation  if you win the case.</p><p>　　If you are thinking about signing up for  a damages-bas

57、ed agreement, you should make sure you're clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a Citizens Advice Bureau.  To find your nearest CAB,

58、including those that give advice by e-mail, click on nearest CAB.</p><p>　　For more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, see Employment tribunals.</p><p>　　The (

59、lack of) air up there </p><p>　　Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifa's anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association's 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend

60、City's Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.</p><p>　　"I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure," he told BBC Sport.</p><p>　　"For me it

61、's about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."</p><p>　　Uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA for the "racist behavi

62、our of their fans" during City's 2-1 win.</p><p>　　Michel Platini, president of European football's governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee's action

63、s.</p><p>　　CSKA said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toure's complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA."</p>&l

64、t;p>　　Age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. May be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; May be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird bel

65、ief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel someth

66、ing, do it.</p><p>　　一字開頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲。或許是愧疚于自己似乎把轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的很多個(gè)不同的日子過(guò)成了同一天的樣子；或許是追溯過(guò)去，對(duì)自己那些近乎偏執(zhí)的怪異信念的醒悟，這些天以來(lái)，思緒一直很凌亂，在腦海中不斷糾纏。總覺(jué)得自己自己似乎應(yīng)該去做點(diǎn)什么，或者寫點(diǎn)什么。二十年的人生軌跡深深淺淺，突然就感覺(jué)到有些事情，非做不可了。</p><p>　　The end of o

67、ur life, and can meet many things really do?</p><p>　　而窮盡我們的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？</p><p>　　During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for New Year, but as the advance of

68、 the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; Junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, s

69、uddenly found that isn't really grow up, it seems is not so important; Then in high school, think don't want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school chil</p><p>　　童年時(shí)，覺(jué)得壓歲錢和新衣服

70、是過(guò)年必備，但是隨著年齡的推進(jìn)，會(huì)越來(lái)越發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些東西根本就可有可無(wú)；初中時(shí)，以為要有一場(chǎng)暗戀才意味著真正的成長(zhǎng)，但三年過(guò)去后，自己心平氣和的寫同學(xué)錄的時(shí)候，突然就發(fā)現(xiàn)是不是真正的成長(zhǎng)了，好像并沒(méi)有那么重要了；然后到了高中，覺(jué)得非要吐露出自己的心聲才能為高中生涯里的懵懂情愫劃上一個(gè)句點(diǎn)，但畢業(yè)晚會(huì)的時(shí)候最終還是被梗塞在了咽喉，后來(lái)再次站在他曾經(jīng)揮汗如雨的球場(chǎng)，看著他投過(guò)籃球的球框時(shí)，突然間發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)想不起他的容顏。</p>

71、<p>　　Originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.</p><p>　　原來(lái)，這個(gè)世界上，對(duì)某個(gè)事件能產(chǎn)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的，除了非做不可的堅(jiān)決，還有，時(shí)間。</p><p>　　A per

72、son's time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. Dislike his co

73、wardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.&l

74、t;/p><p>　　一個(gè)人的時(shí)候，自己的想法總是特別地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明確，好像沒(méi)有什么可以撼動(dòng)自己。也曾經(jīng)好像已經(jīng)下定了決心去做某件事，但更多的時(shí)候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌惡過(guò)自己的怯懦，最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多緣分，有很多錯(cuò)過(guò)，好像冥冥之中真的已經(jīng)注定。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可，只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強(qiáng)心劑，或者說(shuō)，是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。</p><p>　　At th

75、e moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. Suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; Those were broken into various shapes of stationery; From the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; Have d

76、eclared the end of the encounter that haven't start planning... Those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.</p><p>　　此刻，天空是陰暗的，空氣里有著剛下過(guò)雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件藍(lán)格子襯衫；那些被折成各種各樣形狀的信紙；那段

77、從街角深巷伊始的友誼；還有那場(chǎng)還沒(méi)有開始就宣告了終結(jié)的邂逅計(jì)劃……那些年那些天的非做不可，終于和青春一樣，都將在我們的人生中謝幕。</p><p>　　Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions h

78、ave to be very calm -- winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our

79、 day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising al</p><p>　　The supersonic descent could happen as early as S

80、unda.</p><p>　　The weatheThe balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (</p><p>　　Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving p

81、latform.</p><p>　　Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, he'll be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like

82、diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end. </p><p>　　Skydiver preps for the big jump</p><p>　　When he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of soun

83、d -- 690 mph (1,110 kph) -- in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.</

84、p><p>　　If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes it's not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (

85、25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).</p><p>　　In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachut

86、e that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.</p><p>　　Even if everything goes as planned, it won't. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to

87、pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).</p><p>　　cause there</p><p>　　*Jg&6a*CZ7H$dq8KqqfHVZFedswSyXTy#&QA9wkxFyeQ^!djs#XuyUP2kNXpRWXmA&a

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