英語科技論文寫作(三)

1、Resultsdiscussionconclution,研究結(jié)果,一般而言，結(jié)果部分的內(nèi)容包含下列三個(gè)主要項(xiàng)目：介紹研究結(jié)果，而且往往以一個(gè)句子指出反映完整研究結(jié)果的圖表。概述最重要的研究結(jié)果。對研究結(jié)果作出評論或概括由這些結(jié)果得到的推論。以上三個(gè)項(xiàng)目可能含在幾個(gè)段落中多次出現(xiàn)。而且每個(gè)段落通常由這三個(gè)項(xiàng)目組成，段落的第一句為第一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，第二個(gè)項(xiàng)目是段落的主要部分，第三個(gè)項(xiàng)目則是由段落的最后的一、兩個(gè)句子表達(dá)。,研究結(jié)果

2、,例Results（介紹研究結(jié)果）Table 1 shows that the measured drop △Texh caused in the temperature of exhaust gases between the inlet to the heat exchanger and the exit from it is considerably more than what was predicted by mod

3、eling studies. （敘述最重要的結(jié)果）Thus, referring to Table 1, it is observed that the △Texh values measured on the actual setup are considerably above the predicted values. This occurrence is especially striking at the tower inle

4、t temperature. （推論）These observations signal that the modeling was on the conservative side.,研究結(jié)果,介紹研究結(jié)果的句子：時(shí)態(tài)的應(yīng)用：使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，而且其動(dòng)詞常用show、present、display、summarize、及illustrate。注意：當(dāng)圖表用于作某種總結(jié)時(shí)，才可使用summarize,而illustrate只有

5、在指圖形時(shí)才可使用。,研究結(jié)果,語態(tài)的使用： 可以采用被動(dòng)語態(tài)或主動(dòng)語態(tài)。前者把結(jié)果的內(nèi)容作為主語，后者則把圖表的名稱當(dāng)作主語。介紹研究結(jié)果的句子究競采用被動(dòng)語態(tài)還是主動(dòng)語態(tài)，取決于句子強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容及主語部分的長度。由于結(jié)果部分的焦點(diǎn)是結(jié)果本身，所以在介紹研究結(jié)果時(shí)，最好把名詞短語作為主語，此時(shí)句子采用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。但是，名詞短語作為主語很長時(shí)，會(huì)使整個(gè)句子出現(xiàn)不平衡、不自然的結(jié)構(gòu)，此時(shí)宜把圖表名稱作為主語，句子采用主動(dòng)語態(tài)。,研

6、究結(jié)果,第一類句型：Fig.5 shows the influences of secondary fragmentation on char loading.Data in Table 3 show that operating and capital costs of DiCTT technology are significantly lower.The effect of having higher turbine inl

7、et temperature on the cycle thermal efficiency is shown in Fig.4.,研究結(jié)果,第二類句型:直接陳述結(jié)果，并在句子中插人一個(gè)短語或括號中的說明，以告訴讀者這些結(jié)果在哪個(gè)圖表中示出。,研究結(jié)果,At night the average hourly release from storage is massive (see Fig. 3).At night the av

8、erage hourly release from storage is massive (Fig. 3).At night the average hourly release from storage is massive, as shown in Fig. 3.At night the average hourly release from storage is massive, as Fig. 3 shows.As sho

9、wn in Fig. 3, at night the average hourly release from storage is massive.As Fig. 3 shows, at night the average hourly release from storage is massive.,研究結(jié)果,敘述研究結(jié)果的句子：在敘述研究結(jié)果或?qū)Y(jié)果作總結(jié)時(shí)，因?yàn)樗龅膬?nèi)容是過去事件的事實(shí)，所以通常采用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。

10、表示研究過程中得到的具有普遍性的結(jié)果，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。由數(shù)學(xué)模型和理論推到得到的結(jié)果，往往用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。,研究結(jié)果,科技論文中，作者常常必須敘述的研究結(jié)果為：①某個(gè)參數(shù)或變量在某段時(shí)間內(nèi)的變化情況。在這種句子中，被研究的參數(shù)或變量常作為主語，而表達(dá)時(shí)間段的短語通常位于句末。,研究結(jié)果,研究結(jié)果,②不同試樣、方法或研究對象之間的比較:在進(jìn)行比較時(shí)句子中常出現(xiàn)形容詞、副詞的比較級、最高級。,研究結(jié)果,③不同參數(shù)或變量之間

11、的關(guān)系或影響。常用的句型包括含有如correlated、related等動(dòng)詞的句子以及包含描述其中一個(gè)參數(shù)或變量變化的從句的復(fù)合句。簡單句：,研究結(jié)果,復(fù)合句：,研究結(jié)果,說明或評論研究結(jié)果：作者對研究結(jié)果的評論或說明通常包含下列內(nèi)容之一:①根據(jù)本人的研究結(jié)果作出推論。如：The results suggest that …②作者解釋研究結(jié)果或說明產(chǎn)生研究結(jié)果的原因。如:These findings are

12、understandable because …③作者對此次研究結(jié)果與其他研究者曾發(fā)生的結(jié)果作比較。例如提出自己的結(jié)果是否與其他研究者的結(jié)果一致。These results agree with Gerner’s analysis, in that …,研究結(jié)果,④作者對自己的研究方法或技術(shù)的性能與其他研究者的方法或技術(shù)的性能進(jìn)行比較，這種比較常出現(xiàn)在工程類研究論文中。例如：The recognition rate of

13、our system is significantly higher than that reported for Token’s system.⑤作者指出自己的理論模型是否與實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)符合。如:The measured temperatures along the heat pipe were all highly consistent with the predictions of the theoretical model.

14、,研究結(jié)果,在對結(jié)果進(jìn)行評論或說明的句子中，正確的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該依據(jù)評論或說明的內(nèi)容而定。 當(dāng)評論的內(nèi)容為據(jù)研究結(jié)果作出的推論時(shí)，句子的主要?jiǎng)釉~通常使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，且常用appear、suggest、seem推測動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may。The contact angles may have effect on the time required for the heat pipe to reach steady state.

15、It appears that heat transfer coefficients are more dependent on heat flux in regions of lower quality.,研究結(jié)果,當(dāng)評論的內(nèi)容為對研究結(jié)果可能的證明時(shí)，句子的主要?jiǎng)釉~之前通常加上may或can這些一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。The results can be explained by a giant magnetic entropy

16、 change.The layer structural or some other mixed complex material may be the most suitable refrigerants for the Ericsson magnetic refrigerator.,研究結(jié)果,常用的句型還有：A possible explanation for this is that the Hank visual progr

17、amming language can avoid some of the syntactic problems associated with textual programming languages.This may have occurred because the calculation did not consider the initial requirements to precool the semi-trailer

18、 body and the solar radiation load.,研究結(jié)果,此外，在對結(jié)果提出可能的解釋和說明時(shí)，可使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的推測動(dòng)詞，見下表。,研究結(jié)果,在上面所示的例句中，說明的具體內(nèi)容往往出現(xiàn)在以that開頭的名詞性(主語，表語，賓語)從句或以because開始的原因狀語從句中。根據(jù)情況的不同，從句中的動(dòng)詞可能會(huì)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may加動(dòng)詞原形或一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。,,①作者認(rèn)為對結(jié)果的說明具有普遍有效性，則在從

19、句中使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。It seems that ash deposition of Coal P accelerates mainly through thermophoresis.②若作者比較不確定此說明是否具有普遍有效性時(shí)，則使用may加動(dòng)詞原形的形式；It seems that ash deposition of Coal P may accelerate mainly through thermophores

20、is.,研究結(jié)果,③若作者認(rèn)為說明的范圍只限在自己研究的特定情況，則使用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。It seems that ash deposition of Coal P accelerated mainly through thermophoresis.注意：為了使句子更加簡潔，可以將先行主語it開頭的句子改寫成簡單句。此時(shí)原復(fù)合句中從句的主語變成簡單句中的主語，而改寫句中的動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。例如，上例的句子可改寫為：The

21、ash deposition of Coal P seems to accelerate mainly through thermophoresis.,研究結(jié)果,④當(dāng)評論的內(nèi)容為比較作者的研究結(jié)果與其他學(xué)者的研究結(jié)果時(shí)，應(yīng)該使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，因?yàn)椴还軆山M結(jié)果之間是不是一致，這個(gè)比較是一種不受時(shí)間影響的邏輯上的關(guān)系。此類句子中如果存在以that引起的從句，那么，從句中的動(dòng)詞也用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。These results agree wel

22、l with the findings of Casadio, et al.These data are consistent with earlier findings showing that the best alloying addition is trivalent Ga.,研究結(jié)果,⑤當(dāng)評論的內(nèi)容是對作者自身采用的方法或技術(shù)的性能與其他作者曾提出的方法或技術(shù)的性能進(jìn)行比較時(shí)．可采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。若在評論中使用

23、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，則意味著作者認(rèn)定句子的內(nèi)容具有普遍有效性，如：The recognition rate of our system is significantly higher than that reported for Token’s system.若使用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)，則說明作者認(rèn)為評論的范圍僅在特定情況下才有效，如：The values predicted our model had a smaller degre

24、e of error than the values generated by Baker’s model did.,研究結(jié)果,⑥當(dāng)作者指出由自己的理論模型所得到的預(yù)測與實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)之間的吻合程度時(shí),通常得使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，說明模型預(yù)測與實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)是不是一致不受時(shí)間影響。若此類句子中出現(xiàn)以that開頭的從句，則從句中亦使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。如：The data confirm closely the prediction of the mode

25、l.The data indicate that the model is reliable and accurate.The theoretical model agrees well with the experimental data.,研究結(jié)果,The experimental measurements are very close to the predicted values. There is a high leve

26、l of agreement between the theoretical predictions and the experimental data.但是，也有的作者把推測和實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)之間的比較視為一種過去的行為，因而在句中采用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。,結(jié)果討論,典型的討論部分通常由以下六個(gè)項(xiàng)目構(gòu)成： ①研究目的 再次概述自己研究的主要目的或假設(shè)。 ②研究結(jié)果 筒述最重要的結(jié)果，并指出這些結(jié)果能否支持原先的假設(shè)或是否

27、與其他研究者的結(jié)果相互一致。有時(shí)還會(huì)再次強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別的重要結(jié)果。 ③對結(jié)果的說明 對自己的研究結(jié)果提出說明、解釋或猜測。,結(jié)果討論,④推論或結(jié)論 指出依據(jù)自己的研究結(jié)果所得出的結(jié)論或推論。 ⑤研究方法或結(jié)果的限制 指出自己研究的限制以及這些限制對研究結(jié)果可能產(chǎn)生的影響。 ⑥研究結(jié)果的實(shí)際應(yīng)用或建議新的研究題目 指出自己研究結(jié)果可能的實(shí)際應(yīng)用及其價(jià)值，對進(jìn)一步的研究方向或新的課題提出建議。,結(jié)果討論,結(jié)果討論,

28、結(jié)果討論,結(jié)果討論,結(jié)果討論,推論或結(jié)論常用句型,結(jié)果討論,研究方法或結(jié)果的限制在指出自己研究方法或結(jié)果的限制時(shí)，作者應(yīng)該視句子的內(nèi)容來決定使用何種時(shí)態(tài)。若指出作者已完成的研究工作的受限，則句子應(yīng)該使用一般過去時(shí)。The number of tourists surveyed was quite small.Only three sets of samples were tested.,結(jié)果討論,若作者需指出自己研究的方法

29、、模型或分析的限制，則應(yīng)該使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。The proposed model is based on three simplifying assumptions.Our analysis neglects several potentially important conditions.The method presented here is accurate, but cannot be implemented in rea

30、l time applications.,結(jié)果討論,如果作者想表述其他可能的條件與情況會(huì)對研究總結(jié)果可能產(chǎn)生的何種影響，則在句中應(yīng)該使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，且在句中動(dòng)詞之前加上情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may或might。Tests with other kinds of lubricates might yield different results.An experiment using different absorber plate materia

31、l and thickness might produce different results.,結(jié)果討論,指出實(shí)際應(yīng)用或新的研究范圍：在指出自己研究結(jié)果的實(shí)際應(yīng)用時(shí)，作者應(yīng)該使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，且在句子動(dòng)詞之前加上may、might或should等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。若用should，則表示作者對自己研究的應(yīng)用價(jià)值相當(dāng)肯定。Different of these properties between liquid and vapor phase

32、 may be useful for various control means such as oil level or liquid level controls, measurements of oil contents.,結(jié)果討論,The results of this study may lead to the development of effective methods for measuring the air vel

33、ocity in various shapes of ducts.The results of this research may help managers make more informed procurement decision.The technique presented here should be useful in producing ethanol from corn kernels.,結(jié)果討論,當(dāng)作者對進(jìn)一步

34、的研究方向或新的研究題目做出建議時(shí)，?？稍诰渲惺褂靡话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，并在動(dòng)詞之前加上情態(tài)動(dòng)詞Would、could或should。若用should，則表示比較強(qiáng)烈的建議。下面是常用的句型：An important direction for further work might be to study the chunking process as it operates in programming tasks.It would be

35、 interesting to learn why oxygen is depleted during this type of sputtering.,結(jié)果討論,Another interesting topic would be to examine how learning outcomes are related to concept attainment.The generality of the gender modera

36、ted affect could be assessed in studies using other types of music and different exposure durations. Future research could explore the possibility to apply in chaos theory analysis.,結(jié)果討論,A further experiment should be c

37、onducted with a more sophisticated measuring system.Further research should focus on doubling or tripling the conversion efficiency of commercial plants, reducing costs further, and resolving issues related to biomass r

38、esidual ash.,結(jié)論,論文的結(jié)論部分通常應(yīng)包含以下內(nèi)容： ①概述主要的研究工作(此項(xiàng)內(nèi)容可有可無)。 ②陳述研究的主要結(jié)論，包括簡略地重復(fù)最重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)或結(jié)果，指出這些發(fā)現(xiàn)或結(jié)論的重要內(nèi)涵，對發(fā)現(xiàn)或結(jié)果提出可能的說明。 ②本研究結(jié)果可能的應(yīng)用前景以及進(jìn)一步深入的研究方向或具體課題(此項(xiàng)內(nèi)容可有可無)。,結(jié)論,ConclusionThus, the different constituents of

39、sunlight are treated in different ways as they struggle through the earth’s atmosphere. A wave of blue light may be scattered by a dust particle, and turned out of its course, and so on. Until finally it enters our eyes

40、 by a path as zigzag as that of a flash lightening. Consequently the blue waves of the sunlight enter our eyes from all directions. And that is way the sky looks blue.,結(jié)論,ConclusionThese two new windmill designs will,

41、 of course, have an even more important impact on the energy industry in the future. Although these two designs may never be used on a large scale, their impact may be felt through influencing the design of even mor effi

42、cient models in the years ahead.,結(jié)論,結(jié)論段中常用的表示方式In conclusion …In summary …The above account of …,結(jié)論,表示結(jié)論的常用句型The course program described above is …The experiment described above is …This demonstration gives (shows