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1、Designation:E521?96(Reapproved2009)2StardPracticefNeutronRadiationDamageSimulationbygedParticleIrradiation1ThisstardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE521thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearofiginala
2、doptioninthecaseofrevisiontheyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperepsilon()indicatesaneditialchangesincethelastrevisionreapproval.ε1NOTE—EditialcrectionsweremadeinSection14inNovem
3、ber2012.ε2NOTE—Editialcrectionsweremadein13.114.4.1.1inOctober2015.INTRODUCTIONThispracticeisintendedtoprovidethenuclearresearchcommunitywithrecommendedproceduresfthesimulationofneutronradiationdamagebygedparticleirradia
4、tion.Itrecognizesthediversityofenergeticionproducingdevicesthecomplexitiesinexperimentalproceduresthedifficultiesincrelatingtheexperimentalresultswiththoseproducedbyreactneutronirradiation.Suchresultsmaybeusedtoestimated
5、ensitychangesthechangesinmicrostructurethatwouldbecausedbyneutronirradiation.Theinfmationcanalsobeusefulinelucidatingfundamentalmechanismsofradiationdamageinreactmaterials.1.Scope1.1Thispracticeprovidesguidanceonperfming
6、gedparticleirradiationsofmetalsalloys.Itisgenerallyconfinedtostudiesofmicrostructuralmicrochemicalchangescarriedoutwithionsoflowperatingpowerthatcometorestinthespecimen.Densitychangescanbemeasureddirectlychangesinotherpr
7、opertiescanbeinferred.Thisinfmationcanbeusedtoestimatesimilarchangesthatwouldresultfromneutronirradiation.Megenerallythisinfmationisofvalueindeducingthefundamentalmechanismsofradiationdamagefawiderangeofmaterialsirradiat
8、ionconditions.1.2Thewdsimulationisusedhereinabroadsensetoimplyanapproximationoftherelevantneutronirradiationenvironment.Thedegreeofconfmitycanrangefrompotonearlyexact.Theintentistoproduceacrespondencebetweenonemeaspectso
9、ftheneutrongedparticleirradiationssuchthatfundamentalrelationshipsareestablishedbetweenirradiationmaterialparametersthematerialresponse.1.3Thepracticeappearsasfollows:SectionApparatus4SpecimenPreparation5–10IrradiationTe
10、chniques(includingHeliumInjection)11–12DamageCalculations13PostirradiationExamination14–16ReptingofResults17CrelationInterpretation18–221.4ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasstard.Nootherunitsofmeasurementareinclud
11、edinthisstard.1.5Thisstarddoesnotpurpttoaddressallofthesafetyconcernsifanyassociatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstardtoestablishappropriatesafetyhealthpracticesdeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatylimita
12、tionspritouse.2.ReferencedDocuments2.1ASTMStards:2C859TerminologyRelatingtoNuclearMaterialsE170TerminologyRelatingtoRadiationMeasurementsDosimetryE821PracticefMeasurementofMechanicalPropertiesDuringgedParticleIrradiation
13、E910TestMethodfApplicationAnalysisofHeliumAccumulationFluenceMonitsfReactVesselSurveillanceE706(IIIC)1ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE10onNuclearTechnologyApplicationsisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommi
14、tteeE10.08onProceduresfNeutronRadiationDamageSimulation.CurrenteditionapprovedAug.12009.PublishedSeptember2009.iginallyapprovedin1976.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2003asE521–96(2003)ε1.DOI:10.1520E052196R09E02.2Freferenc
15、edASTMstardsvisittheASTMwebsitewww.astm.gcontactASTMCustomerServiceat.FAnnualBookofASTMStardsvolumeinfmationrefertothestard’sDocumentSummarypageontheASTMwebsite.Copyright?ASTMInternational100BarrHarbDrivePOBoxC700WestCon
16、shohockenPA194282959.UnitedStates17.2Theenvironmentofthespecimenduringheattreatmentshouldberepted.Thisincludesdeionofcontainermeasureofvacuumpresenceofgases(flowingsteady)thepresenceofimpurityabsberssuchasmetalsponge.Any
17、discolationofspecimensfollowinganannealshouldberepted.7.3HightemperatureannealingofmetalsalloysfromGroupsIVVVIfrequentlyresultsinchangesbothpositivenegativeintheirinterstitialimpuritycontent.Sincetheimpuritycontentmayhav
18、easignificantinfluenceonvoidfmationananalysisofthespecimenofacompanionpiecepritoirradiationshouldbeperfmed.Othersituationssuchasivevapizationofalloyconstituentsduringannealingwouldalsorequireafinalanalysis.7.4Theneedfcar
19、ewithregardtoalterationsincompositionismagnifiedbythenatureofthespecimens.Theyareusuallyverythinwithahighexposedsurfacetovolumeratio.Infmationisobtainedfromregionswhosedistancefromthesurfacemaybesmallrelativetoatomicdiff
20、usiondistances.8.PlasticDefmationofSpecimen8.1Whenplasticdefmationisavariableinradiationdamagecaremustbetakeninthegeometricalmeasurementsusedtocomputethedegreeofdefmation.Thevariationsindimensionsofthelargerpiecefromwhic
21、hspecimensarecutshouldbemeasuredreptedtosuchaprecisionthatastarddeviationinthedegreeofplasticdefmationcanbeassignedtothespecimens.Ameasuringdevicemeaccurateprecisethanthecommonhmicrometerwillprobablybenecessaryduetotheth
22、innessofspecimenscommonlyirradiated.8.2Thetermcoldwkedshouldnotstaloneasadeionofstateofdefmation.Everyefftshouldbemadetoacterizecompletelythedefmation.Theparameterswhichshouldbestatedare:(1)defmationprocess(fexamplesimpl
23、etensioncompressionswagingrollingrollingwithappliedtension)(2)totalextentofdefmationexpressedintermsoftheprincipalthogonalnaturalstraincomponents(ε1ε2ε3)thegeometricshapechangesthatwillallowthereadertocomputethestrains(3
24、)procedureusedtoreachthetotalstrainlevel(fexamplenumberofrollingpassesreductionsineach)(4)strainrate(5)defmationtemperatureincludinganestimateoftemperaturechangescausedbyadiabaticwk.8.2.1Manycommonlyuseddefmationprocesse
25、s(fexamplerollingswaging)tendtobenonhomogeneous.Insuchcasesthestrainfeachpasscanbebeststatedbythedimensionsintheprincipalwkingdirectionsbefeaftereachpass.Thestrainratecanthenbespecifiedsufficientlybystatingthedefmationti
26、meofeachpass.9.PreirradiationMetallographyofSpecimen9.1Ageneralexaminationbylightmicroscopytransmissionelectronmicroscopyshouldbeperfmedonthespecimenintheconditioninwhichitwillbeirradiated.Insomecasesthismeansthattheexam
27、inationshouldbedoneonspecimensthatweremountedfirradiationthenunmountedwithoutbeingirradiated.Themicrostructureshouldbedescribedintermsofgrainsizephasesprecipitatesdislocationsinclusions.9.2Asectionofarepresentativespecim
28、encutparalleltotheparticlebeamshouldbeexaminedbylightmicroscopy.Attentionshouldbedevotedtothemicrostructurewithinadistancefromtheincidentsurfaceequaltotherangeoftheparticleaswellastotheflatnessofthesurface.10.SurfaceCond
29、itionofSpecimen10.1Thesurfaceofthespecimenshouldbecleanflat.Detailsofitspreparationshouldberepted.Electropolishingofmetallicspecimensisaconvenientwayofachievingtheseobjectivesinasingleoperation.Thepossibilitythathydrogen
30、isabsbedbythespecimenduringelectropolishingshouldbeinvestigatedbyanalysesofpolishednonpolishedspecimens.Deviationsinthesurfacefmtheperfectplanarconditionshouldnotexceedindimensionperpendiculartotheplane10%oftheexpectedpa
31、rticlerangeinthespecimen.10.2Thespecimenmaybeirradiatedinamechanicallypolishedconditionprovideddamageproducedbypolishingdoesnotextendintotheregionofpostirradiationexamination.11.DimensionofSpecimenParalleltoParticleBeam1
32、1.1Specimenswithoutsupptshouldbethickenoughtoresistdefmationduringhling.Ifadiskhavingadiameterof3mmisuseditsthicknessshouldbegreaterthan0.1mm.11.2Supptedspecimensmaybeconsiderablythinnerthanunsupptedspecimens.Theminimumt
33、hicknessshouldbeatleastfourfoldgreaterthanthedistancebelowanysurfacefromwhichsignificantamountsofradiationproduceddefectscouldescape.Thisdistancecansometimesbeobservedasavoidfreezonenearthefreesurfaceofanirradiatedspecim
34、en.12.Helium12.1Injection:12.1.1Alphaparticleirradiationisfrequentlyusedtoinjectheliumintospecimenstosimulatetheproductionofheliumduringneutronirradiationswhereheliumisproducedbytransmutationreactions.Heliuminjectionmayb
35、ecompletedbefeparticleirradiationbegins.Itmayalsoproceedincrementallyduringinterruptionsintheparticleirradiationitmayproceedsimultaneouslywithparticleirradiation.Thelastcaseisthemostdesirableasitgivestheclosestsimulation
36、toneutronirradiation.SometechniquesfintroducingheliumaresetfthinGuideE942.12.1.2Theinfluenceofimplantationtemperatureonheliumdistribution(thatisdispersedatomisticallyinsmallclustersinbubblesetc.)isknowntobeimptant.Thecon
37、sequencesofthechoiceofinjectiontemperatureonthesimulationshouldbeevaluatedrepted.12.2AnalysisDistribution:12.2.1Analysisoftheconcentrationofheliuminjectedintothespecimensshouldbeperfmedbymassspectrometry.Usingthistechniq
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