2023年全國碩士研究生考試考研英語一試題真題（含答案詳解+作文范文）_第1頁
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1、Designation:D7400?14StardTestMethodsfDownholeSeismicTesting1ThisstardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD7400thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearofiginaladoptioninthecaseofrevisiontheyearoflastrevisio

2、n.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperepsilon()indicatesaneditialchangesincethelastrevisionreapproval.1.Scope1.1Thesetestmethodsarelimitedtothedeterminationoftheintervalvelocitiesfromarrivaltimesre

3、lativearrivaltimesofcompression(P)vertically(SV)hizontally(SH)polarizedshear(S)seismicwaveswhicharegeneratednearsurfacetraveldowntoanarrayofverticallyinstalledseismicsenss.Apreferredmethodintendedtoobtaindatafuseoncritic

4、alprojectswherethehighestqualitydataisrequiredisincluded.Alsoincludedisanoptionalmethodintendedfuseonprojectswhichdonotrequiremeasurementsofahighdegreeofprecision.1.2Variousapplicationsofthedatawillbeaddressedacceptablep

5、roceduresequipmentsuchasseismicsourcesreceiversrecdingsystemswillbediscussed.Otheritemsaddressedincludesourcetoreceiverspacingdrillingcasinggroutingaprocedurefbeholeinstallationconductingactualbeholeseismicconetests.Data

6、reductioninterpretationislimitedtotheidentificationofvariousseismicwavetypesapparentvelocityrelationtotruevelocityexamplecomputationsuseofSnell’slawofrefractionassumptions.1.3Thereareseveralacceptabledevicesthatcanbeused

7、togenerateahighqualityPSVsourcewavebothSHsourcewaves.Severaltypesofcommerciallyavailablereceiversrecdingsystemscanalsobeusedtoconductanacceptabledownholesurvey.Specialconsiderationshouldbegiventothetypesofreceiversusedth

8、eirconfiguration.Heavilydampedsenssshouldnotbeusedsothatspectralsmearingphaseshiftinglatencyresponsebetweensenssisavoided.Thesetestmethodsprimarilyconcerntheactualtestproceduredatainterpretationspecificationsfequipmentwh

9、ichwillyieldunifmtestresults.1.4AllrecdedcalculatedvaluesshallconfmtotheguidefsignificantdigitsroundingestablishedinPracticeD6026.1.4.1Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollectedrecdedcalculatedinthesetestmethodsarereg

10、ardedastheindustrystard.Inadditiontheyarerepresentativeofthesignificantdigitsthatshouldgenerallyberetained.Theproceduresuseddonotconsidermaterialvariationpurposefobtainingthedataspecialpurposestudiesanyconsiderationsfthe

11、user’sobjectivesitiscommonpracticetoincreasereducesignificantdigitsofrepteddatatobecommensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescopeofthesetestmethodstoconsidersignificantdigitsusedinanalysismethodsfengineeringdesig

12、n.1.4.2Measurementsmadetomesignificantdigitsbettersensitivitythanspecifiedinthesetestmethodsshallnotberegardedanonconfmancewiththisstard.1.5ThisstardiswrittenusingSIunits.Inchpoundunitsareprovidedfconvenience.Thevaluesst

13、atedininchpoundunitsmaynotbeexactequivalentstherefetheyshallbeusedindependentlyoftheSIsystem.Combiningvaluesfromthetwosystemsmayresultinnonconfmancewiththisstard.1.5.1Thegravitationalsystemofinchpoundunitsisusedwhendeali

14、ngwithinchpoundunits.Inthissystemthepound(lbf)representsaunitoffce(weight)whiletheunitfmassisslugs.Therationalizedslugunitisnotgivenunlessdynamic(F=ma)calculationsareinvolved.1.5.2Itiscommonpracticeintheengineeringconstr

15、uctionprofessiontoconcurrentlyusepoundstorepresentbothaunitofmass(lbm)offce(lbf).Thisimplicitlycombinestwoseparatesystemsofunitsthatistheabsolutesystemthegravitationalsystem.Itisscientificallyundesirabletocombinetheuseof

16、twoseparatesetsofinchpoundunitswithinasinglestard.Asstatedthisstardincludesthegravitationalsystemofinchpoundunitsdoesnotusepresenttheslugunitfmass.Howevertheuseofbalancesscalesrecdingpoundsofmass(lbm)recdingdensityinlbmf

17、t3shallnotberegardedasnonconfmancewiththisstard.1.6Thisstarddoesnotpurpttoaddressallofthesafetyconcernsifanyassociatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstardtoestablishappropriatesafetyhealthpracticesdetermi

18、netheapplicabilityofregulatylimitationspritouse.1ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoilRockisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.09onCyclicDynamicPropertiesofSoils.CurrenteditionapprovedNov.120

19、14.PublishedNovember2014.iginallyapprovedin2007.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2008asD7400–08.DOI:10.1520D740014.ASummaryofChangessectionappearsattheendofthisstardCopyright?ASTMInternational100BarrHarbDrivePOBoxC700WestCon

20、shohockenPA194282959.UnitedStates1groundshouldbelevelenoughtoprovidegoodcontinuouscontactalongthewholelengthofthebeamtoensuregoodcouplingbetweenthebeamtheground.Beamtogroundcouplingshouldbeaccomplishedbyscrapingtheground

21、leveltoasmoothintactsurface.Backfillingtocreateaflatspotwillnotprovidegoodbeamgroundcouplingshouldbeavoided.Theshearbeamistypicallystruckonastrikeplateatoneendusinganominal1to15kghammertoproduceaseismicwavetrain.Striking

22、theotherendwillcreateaseismicwavetrainthathastheoppositepolarityrelativetothewavetrainproducedatthefirstend.Fig.1showsadiagramofthetypicalshearbeamconfigurationthatwillproduceSHwavetrains.Fig.2showsanexampleofanimpulsese

23、ismicsourcewavetrainthatcontainsbothPSwavecomponents.Althoughtheshearbeamofdimensions2.4m(8ft)longby150mm(6in.)wideiscommonlyutilizeditmaybedesirabletoimplementbeamsofshterlengthsothatSHsourcemecloselyapproximatesa“point

24、source”ftestslessthan20m(60ft)indepth.The“pointsource”SHwavebeamallowsftheaccuratespecificationofthesourceCartesianlocation(xyzcodinates)whichisrequiredfthesubsequentintervalvelocitycalculation.FexampleifalargeSHhammerbe

25、amisutilizeditbecomesdifficulttospecifytheexactlocationoftheseismicsource.InadditionitispreferabletoinitiallyexciteasmallareaifcomplexstratigraphyexistshterSHhammerbeamsmitigateproblemsarisingfrompobeamgroundcoupling.6.1

26、.2Receivers—Inthedownholeseismictesttheseismicreceiversareinstalledverticallywithdepthwithinabeholeaspartoftheinstrumentationinaconeperometerprobe.Thereceiversintendedfuseinthedownholetestshallbetransducershavingappropri

27、atefrequencysensitivityacteristicstodeterminetheseismicwavetrainarrival.Typicaltransducerexamplesincludegeophoneswhichmeasureparticlevelocityaccelerometerswhichmeasureparticleacceleration.Bothgeophonesaccelerometersareac

28、ceptablefdownholeseismictesting.Highprecisionlownoise(operationalamplifierintegratedintosens)accelerometersaregenerallymeaccurateduetotheirdesirabletransientresponsetimes(thatisdelayrisepeaktimes(2))highbwidthscomparedto

29、geophones.Sensswithfasttransientresponsetimesareadvantageouswhencarryingoutdownholeseismictestingwithinhardrockstratigraphyhighenergyambientnoiseenvironments.Thefrequencyresponseofthetransducershouldnotvarymethan5%overar

30、angeoffrequenciesfrom0.5to2timesthepredominantfrequencyofthesitespecificSwavetrain.Thegeophonesshouldnotbeheavilydampedtominimizespectralsmearing.Thereceiversectionshouldbehousedinasinglecontainer(cylindricalshapepreferr

31、ed)sothatmultipleaxissenss(transducers)arelocatedwithin10cm(4in.)ofeachother.Provisionmustbemadefthecontainertobeheldinfirmcontactwiththesidewallofthebehole.Examplesofacceptablemethodsinclude:airbladderwedgestiffspringme

32、chanicalexper.Usingawedgetoholdthesensinplacecanresultinerroneousdataifthesensissupptedatthebottom.Ifawedgeisuseditshouldbepositionednearthecenterofthereceivercontainermass.Thereceiverpackagescanalsobegroutedwithinthebeh

33、ole(permanentarray).Whenusingtheinstrumentedconeperometerprobethereisnobeholesincethecontainerispusheddirectlythroughthesoilsothereisalwaysfirmcontact.Thediameteroftheconeperometeratthelocationoftheseismicinstrumentation

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