英語科技論文寫作

1、英語科技論文寫作與發(fā)表Research Paper Writingand Publishing,西北工業(yè)大學(xué)自動(dòng)化學(xué)院李暉暉,科技論文的概念,"a written and published report describing original research results“From ：Day, R.A.: How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper. Second ed

2、n. ISI Press,Philadelphia (1983)Scientific papers have to meet two requirements ：how the paper is writtenthe way it is published.,Why to write papers?Publishing papers is very critical for researchersIt is a proce

3、ss of getting ideas, performing them, presenting them, testing them, and making them accepted by other researchersIt is one representation of research productions.,科技論文的重要性,The general structure of a paper comprises fo

4、llowing sections(in their typical sequence): title, authors, affiliate(附屬機(jī)構(gòu)，即作者所在單位), abstraction, keywords, introduction, body, conclusion, acknowledgments(致謝), appendix（如果有的話）, references.,科技論文撰寫格式,科技論文撰寫格式,1、Title

5、 “as the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of the paper“effective titles should:identify the main issue of the paperbegin with the subject of the paperare accurate, unambiguous, specific, an

6、d completedo not contain abbreviations(縮寫）attract readers,科技論文撰寫格式,example： An efficient arithmetic codes suiting for hardware design(一種硬件實(shí)現(xiàn)的高效算術(shù)編碼)Network Programming Based on Web(基于Web的網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程)。,科技論文撰寫格式,Attention:

7、avoid to use words like: studies on, investigations on, observations on problem is not proper for title Articles in title(題名中的冠詞)。 在早年，科技論文題名中的冠詞用得較多，近些年有簡化的趨勢，凡可用可不用的冠詞均可不用。eg：The Application of Microproc

8、essors on Processing of Chemical Heat-treatment．其中的冠詞the可不用。標(biāo)題長度一般不超過12個(gè)單詞,科技論文撰寫格式,upper case and lower case in title a. THE APPLICATION OF THE MODELS OF NONLINEAR REGRESSION.　　b. The Contourlet Transform for

9、Image Compression.(每個(gè)詞的首字母大寫，但3個(gè)或4個(gè)字母以下的冠詞、連詞、介詞全部小寫。)　　c. Image coding using wavelet transform．　　the form b. is often used, but the form c. appear more and more 。,科技論文撰寫格式,2、Authors Li HuiLi Huihui , Li Hui-hui,3、A

10、ffiliate 單位應(yīng)是作者在進(jìn)行研究工作時(shí)所在的單位，一般寫在作者姓名下方。寄給國外雜志應(yīng)寫明所在單位的部門，如大學(xué)的系、研究所的室、醫(yī)院的科等。在國內(nèi)雜志上發(fā)表文章，不寫單位地址；在國外雜志發(fā)表文章，一般應(yīng)在單位下面寫詳細(xì)地址。 若作者不止一人，而又來自不同單位，則單位可分別寫在合作者下方。 也可以在作者姓名右上方注上a, b, c或星號*, **，然后在腳注中分別列出這些記號并寫上

11、單位和地址。,科技論文撰寫格式,科技論文撰寫格式,4. Abstract“an abstract comprises a one paragraph summary of the whole paper. “Abstracts have become increasingly important, as electronic publication databases are the primary means of finding

12、 research reports in a certain subject area today .,A checklist listing relevant parts of an abstract:1. Motivation: Why do we care about the problem and the results?2. Problem statement: What problem is the paper tryi

13、ng to solve and what is the scope of the work?3. Approach: What was done to solve the problem?4. Results: What is the answer to the problem?5. Conclusions: What implications does the answer imply?,科技論文撰寫格式,科技論文撰寫格式,th

14、ere are some things that should not be included in an abstract:Information and conclusions not stated in the paperreferences to other literature the exact title phraseillustrative elements such as tables and figures,

15、科技論文撰寫格式,說明: 有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的作者和審稿人認(rèn)為, 科技論文的撰寫應(yīng)使用第三人稱、過去時(shí)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。但調(diào)查表明, 科技論文中被動(dòng)語態(tài)的使用在1920-1970 年曾比較流行, 但由于主動(dòng)語態(tài)的表達(dá)更為準(zhǔn)確, 且更易閱讀, 因而目前大多數(shù)期刊都提倡使用主動(dòng)態(tài)。國際知名科技期刊“Nature”, “Cell”等尤其如此, 其中第一人稱和主動(dòng)語態(tài)的使用十分普遍。 為了解專業(yè)期刊對寫作風(fēng)格

16、的規(guī)定, 有人隨機(jī)抽查了500 份醫(yī)學(xué)和生物學(xué)英文期刊的“讀者須知”。統(tǒng)計(jì)表明, 82%的期刊沒有文風(fēng)方面的規(guī)定。 可見, 為簡潔、清楚地表達(dá)研究成果, 在論文摘要的撰寫中不應(yīng)刻意回避第一人稱和主動(dòng)語態(tài)。,科技論文撰寫格式,Common used sentences in abstract writing:This paper introduce(s) p

17、ropose(s) present(s) describe(s) discuss(s) deal(s) with focus(es) on

18、 show(s) 2.In this paper, …is(are) introduced.,科技論文撰寫格式,3. This paper(article) is concerned with(aimed at、intended to) the study(determination of)4. It is the aim(intend、purpose) of this paper to discuss(pres

19、ent、describe)5. The chief aim(main purpose、primary object)of this paper is to……h(huán)as(have) concluded(gained、obtained、yielded、arrived at、generated、acquired)This result(fact、demonstration、illustration、classification、compa

20、rison、analyses) gives (shows)…,科技論文撰寫格式,8.The approach is based on…9.Conditions are considered for…10.The required for…is needed11.The formulas is derived for …according to…12.Test has been carried out to study…13.T

21、he simulation is performed using…14.The result of this study can be generalized for…15.Result for…are found to be close to the experimental data.,科技論文撰寫格式,實(shí)例1：一種適合硬件實(shí)現(xiàn)的高效算術(shù)編碼摘要：本文提出了利用查找來實(shí)現(xiàn)二值算術(shù)編碼，避免乘除法運(yùn)算，可以簡化硬件設(shè)計(jì)，該算

22、法具有較小的概率逼近誤差，因此性能退化較小。Abstract: In this paper, we propose a new implementation of multiplication---free binary arithmetic coding by use of table lookup which reduce the complexity of hardware design. The scheme can

23、be shown to have better Approximation of the used probability model and to have Minor performance degradation.,科技論文撰寫格式,實(shí)例2： 快速概率分析進(jìn)化算法及其性能研究摘要：概率分析進(jìn)化算法是最近幾年發(fā)展起來的一類新的構(gòu)造性進(jìn)化算法。本文介紹了其產(chǎn)生背景和基本原理，分析了復(fù)雜概率模型導(dǎo)致的計(jì)算

24、復(fù)雜性，在此基礎(chǔ)上提出快速概率分析進(jìn)化算法的概念和算法模型。文中給出了Bayes網(wǎng)絡(luò)作為概率模型，爬山算法作為快速搜索技術(shù)的算法實(shí)例，實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了快速概率進(jìn)化算法是具有很好的性能。Abstract：This paper discusses the probabilistic model evolutionary algorithms which are a class of new algorithms proposed r

25、ecently. After introducing the original and the principles of these classes of algorithms, the paper analyzes the complex computation caused by the complex models. Based on this, a new fast evolutionary algorithm bas

26、ed on probabilistic models is proposed. Also, a fast algorithm which uses the Bayes network model combined with the climbing-hill searching is realized. The experimental results show that the new algorithm has quick,

27、reliable and accurate performance.,EI文摘要求,摘要一般符合2個(gè)要求就可以被EI收錄。1. 專業(yè)對口2. 英文文摘符合要求具體要求如下：1. 文摘要盡量簡短。取消不必要的字句：如 ”It is reported …” “Extensive investigations show that…” “The author discusses …” “This paper concerned

28、with …” ；文摘開頭的 ”In this paper,”一些不必要的修飾詞，如“in detail”、“briefly”、 “here”、 “new”、 “mainly”也盡量不要。對物理單位及一些通用詞可以適當(dāng)進(jìn)行簡化；取消或減少背景信息文摘第一句應(yīng)避免與題目（Title）重復(fù),限制文摘只表示新情況，新內(nèi)容，過去的研究細(xì)節(jié)可以取消；不說無用的話，如“本文所談的有關(guān)研究工作是對過去老工藝的一個(gè)極大的改進(jìn)”，“本工作首次實(shí)現(xiàn)

29、了...”，“經(jīng)檢索尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)與本文類似的文獻(xiàn)”等詞句切不可進(jìn)入文摘；作者在文獻(xiàn)中談及的未來計(jì)劃不納入文摘；2. 文摘應(yīng)包含正文的要點(diǎn)，將文章的主要內(nèi)容寫 清楚，重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容不能漏掉，比如試驗(yàn)研究的方 法、設(shè)備、材料等，一定要給出結(jié)論。3. 文摘應(yīng)有自我的獨(dú)立性(EI是二次文獻(xiàn)的數(shù)據(jù)庫， 只有摘要，沒有原文，所以摘要很重要)。,EI文摘要求,4. 不需要自己標(biāo)榜自己的研究成果。5. 文摘中不能出現(xiàn)

30、圖、表數(shù)據(jù)。6. 語句簡潔，專業(yè)詞匯準(zhǔn)確。文體方面的要求：1. 用過去時(shí)態(tài)敘述作者工作，用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)敘述作者結(jié)論 2. 能用名詞做定語不要用動(dòng)名詞做定語，能用形容 詞做定語就不要用名詞做定語如:用measurement accuracy 不用 measuring accuracy 用experimental results 不用　experiment results,EI文摘要求,可直接用名詞

31、或名詞短語作定語的情況下，要少用of 句型。如:用measurement accuracy 不用accuracy of measurement 用equipment structure　不用 structure of equipment可用動(dòng)詞的情況盡量避免用動(dòng)詞的名詞形式如:用 Thickness of plastic sheets was measured. 不用 Measurement of thick

32、ness of plastic sheet was made. 3. 注意冠詞用法，不要誤用，濫用或隨便省略冠詞4. 盡量用主動(dòng)語態(tài)代替被動(dòng)語態(tài)5. 盡量用簡短、詞義清楚并為人熟知的詞 6. 慎用行話和俗語,EI文摘要求,EI文摘要求,7. 刪繁從簡； 如用 increased 代替 has been found to increase 用the results show 代替 from the exp

33、erimental results, it can be concluded that8. 在文摘中盡量少用特殊字符(各種數(shù)學(xué)符號、上下 腳標(biāo)及希臘字母)及由特殊字符組成的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá) 式。因?yàn)樗鼈兊妮斎霕O為麻煩，而且極易出錯(cuò)，影 響文摘本身的準(zhǔn)確性和可讀性 9. 對那些已經(jīng)為大眾所熟悉的縮寫詞，如radar、 laser、CAD等，可以直接使用。對于那些僅為同行 所熟悉的縮略

34、語，應(yīng)在題目、文摘或鍵詞中至少出 現(xiàn)一次全稱。,4、Keywords 文章中寫明關(guān)鍵詞，便于科技索引工作者編關(guān)鍵詞索引(Keyword Index)，也便于讀者從不同的來源中發(fā)現(xiàn)你的文章，前三個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞一般安排如下：1）本文的學(xué)科分類；2）主題思想；3）實(shí)驗(yàn)或理論方法。 關(guān)鍵詞一般3－5個(gè)。,科技論文撰寫格式,5、IntroductionThe introduction section leads the

35、reader from a general subject area to a particular field of research.Three phases of an introduction can be identified:1. Establish a territory（確立領(lǐng)域）a) bring out the importance of the subject and/orb) make general s

36、tatements about the subject and/orc) present an overview on current research on the subject.,科技論文撰寫格式,科技論文撰寫格式,2. Establish a niche（確立地位）a) oppose an existing assumption orb) reveal a research gap or揭示研究空白c) formulat

37、e a research question or problem ord) continue a tradition.3. Occupy the niche（占據(jù)位置）a) sketch the intent of the own work and/orb) outline important characteristics of the own work;c) outline important results;d) gi

38、ve a brief outlook on the structure of the paper.,Style:Problem X is very important….Previous work of A and B has been studied, But they have certain weaknessWe present C, features of C, experiments of C, Compared

39、 with A and B, C is betterOutline of the paper,科技論文撰寫格式,科技論文撰寫格式,寫引言時(shí)要注意時(shí)態(tài)問題。在提到過去的研究報(bào)道時(shí)，一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如：“It has been reported…”；“It has been pointed out by…”. “It has previously been proved that…”；等。或用一般過去時(shí)，如“J.Kane report

40、ed…”，“S.Gray found…”，“The author discovered…”等。在談到過去研究中已經(jīng)肯定的東西時(shí)，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)，如Ross [140] emphasizes the work of Nobel Laureate Herbert Simon whose central finding was that pattern recognition is critical in most human decisi

41、on making tasks:,引言中在談到本研究的目的時(shí)，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，如“A comparative study…is reported.”“This paper presents an analysis of …”。在提到本研究的具體方法和結(jié)果時(shí)，則用一般過去時(shí)。,科技論文撰寫格式,科技論文撰寫格式,6、Body以試驗(yàn)研究報(bào)告類論文為例1) Theoretical Analysis /theoretical foundati

42、onPurpose: Theoretical support to your workStyle:DefinitionLemmaTheoremProofPut tedious details in Appendix,科技論文撰寫格式,2) Materials and Methods詳細(xì)說明實(shí)驗(yàn)所使用的儀器設(shè)備（種類、型號等），說明實(shí)驗(yàn)和觀察的步驟和方法。論述應(yīng)是以使本領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家在必要時(shí)能重復(fù)作者的工作并能判斷出作者結(jié)

43、論的可靠性和有效性。給出的信息不必過分詳細(xì)，描述的重點(diǎn)是新的工作和新的方法，對于已發(fā)表的一般標(biāo)準(zhǔn)技術(shù)、方法或設(shè)備，只需扼要介紹或舉出參考文獻(xiàn)即可。,科技論文撰寫格式,3) Results　　這是論文的價(jià)值所在，是論文的關(guān)鍵部分。它包括給出結(jié)果，并對結(jié)果進(jìn)行定量或定性的分析?！　懽饕c(diǎn)是：以繪圖和（或）列表（必要時(shí)）等手段整理實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，通過數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)和誤差分析說明結(jié)果的可靠性、再現(xiàn)性和普遍性，進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與理論計(jì)算結(jié)果的比較，說明結(jié)

44、果的適用對象和范圍，分析不符合預(yù)見的現(xiàn)象和數(shù)據(jù)，檢驗(yàn)理論分析的正確性等。,科技論文撰寫格式,4)Discussion for resultsPurpose: The relationship between your work and some very related worksStyle:Work AWhy it is very related Difference to your workWork BWhy it i

45、s very relatedDifference to your work 。,科技論文撰寫格式,時(shí)態(tài)問題：表示研究目的的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)一般要使用過去時(shí)，這是因?yàn)檠芯康哪康氖窃谥盅芯繒r(shí)確定的。表達(dá)結(jié)論的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)一般使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或完成時(shí)態(tài)，而且以使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)為主，除非在強(qiáng)調(diào)已取得的成果時(shí)方可使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。表示研究過程中動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)一般使用過去時(shí)，這是因?yàn)檠芯抗ぷ魇窃谧珜懻撐闹斑M(jìn)行的。但有時(shí)也會(huì)強(qiáng)調(diào)某一行為或狀態(tài)巳完成或持續(xù)

46、到撰寫論文時(shí)，也會(huì)使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。說明圖表的事態(tài)一般使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。,科技論文撰寫格式,主謂一致性：復(fù)合主語用and連接時(shí)，一般用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，但and所連接的主語系指同一人或物時(shí)，仍用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞用or，nor，either…or， neither…or，not only…but連接的復(fù)合主語，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)隨后一個(gè)主語的人稱和數(shù)變化用as well as連接的復(fù)合主語，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)隨前一個(gè)主語的人稱和數(shù)而變集合名詞（committee，cl

47、ass等）作主語，當(dāng)整體看時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)，但就其中各個(gè)成員來考慮時(shí)，用復(fù)數(shù)用number作主語，前置the時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)，前置a時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù),7、 ConclusionGenerally, this section includes:Presentation of background information as well as recapitulation重述要點(diǎn) of the research aims of the prese

48、nt study.Brief summary of the results, whereas the focus is on discussing not recapitulating the results.Comparison of results with previously published studies.Conclusions or hypotheses drawn from the results, with s

49、ummary of evidence for each conclusion.Proposed follow-up research questions.,科技論文撰寫格式,科技論文撰寫格式,Common used sentences in conclusion writing:It is clear from the forgoing discussion that…In conclusion(summary)…The abo

50、ve results(data、findings)leads us a conclusion that…From…, the following conclusion can be made(drawn)…On the basis of …, we now conclude…We now sum up…We have demonstrated in this paper…,8、Acknowledgement 致謝主要包括以

51、下兩部分：（1）寫明在研究過程中給予你幫助的個(gè)人和單位； （2）寫明在研究經(jīng)費(fèi)上給予幫助的外單位或基金會(huì)。The author is indebted to … for… and to … for…The author would like to express their appreciation to…In particular we would like to acknowledge the contributio

52、n of…The author wishes to thank…forThis work was supported by…The authors are grateful to… for their fruitful discussion,科技論文撰寫格式,科技論文撰寫格式,9、Appendix 附錄作為正文主體的補(bǔ)充。附錄并不是必需的，一般僅在某些內(nèi)容（如數(shù)學(xué)推導(dǎo)、定理證明、計(jì)算框圖、計(jì)算結(jié)果、源程序清單、附圖等）插入正文后

53、有損于正文的連貫性、條理性和完整性或?qū)σ话阕x者價(jià)值不大或引用他人工作不便列入正文的情形下，才考慮作為附錄處理，但在正文中必須提及附錄及其作用。,,10、References注意兩點(diǎn)：（1）只應(yīng)列入重要的已發(fā)表的文章。與文章關(guān)系不大的不要放進(jìn)去。尚未發(fā)表的資料、尚在印刷中的文章、學(xué)位論文、文摘等一般也不要放進(jìn)去。（2）引證的文章應(yīng)該自己閱讀過，不要轉(zhuǎn)引自其他文章，這可能會(huì)造成差錯(cuò)。,科技論文撰寫格式,參考文獻(xiàn)的具體寫法有以下兩種情況

54、：按作者姓名字母順序排列(Alphabetical list of references) 是按引用順序排列(numbered list of references)。 采用序號編排方式時(shí)，有時(shí)出版物要求將作者名字寫在前面姓寫在后面的格式，而又有的出版物要求姓寫在前，名寫在后。 遇到多作者情況時(shí)，即可以將各作者的姓名一一寫出，也可以只寫出第一作者，其余用et al表示，有的刊物則要求寫出前三名作者，其余用et a

55、l表示。不同期刊有不同要求，要有針對性的參閱有關(guān)書刊上的實(shí)例。,In summary，common style is：Problem X is importantPrevious works A, B, and C have been doneA, B, and C have their weaknessYour work DTheoretic analysisExperimental comparison against

56、 A, B, and CWhy D is betterStrength and weakness of DFuture works on D,科技論文撰寫格式,Group discussion:What characteristics should good paper have?What’s your opinion of the following kinds of papers, do you think they ar

57、e good papers:providing too many “new” ideas in a paper.Using many unnecessary mathematical formulas to show paper’s theoretical depth.Evaluating own work very well in the paper.Referring too many own literatures t

58、han others.,科技論文撰寫格式,what makes a good paper? Good paper=solid content+good writing skills Solid content=good ideas+good resultsGood writing skills: structure, flow, argument論據(jù)，理由,…. Logical, clear, succinct

59、簡潔, consistent,…. English Standard must be high your best efforts compared with others, yours is good/best,科技論文撰寫格式,幾點(diǎn)誤解,Misconceptions 1:The more, the betterDon’t provide too many “new”ideas in a

60、 paper. Try your best to focus on your core work,幾點(diǎn)誤解,Misconceptions 2:The more complex, the betterTry to make your paper easy to be understood.Remember: You are showing your thoughts instead of confusing the readers

61、Mathematical language is to help you clearly express your thoughts, not to show your depth,幾點(diǎn)誤解,Misconceptions 3:The more selling, the betterDon’t exaggerate too much on your work. The reviewers/readers will judge it

62、.,幾點(diǎn)誤解,Misconceptions 4:The more authoritative, the betterDon’t refer too many own works while ignoring others.Don’t behave as a bigshot if you are not,論文寫作中的一些注意事項(xiàng),在科技論文寫作過程中，除了大量使用文字來表達(dá)一定的概念、理論和應(yīng)用外，還充斥了大量的圖片和公式等。

63、由于這部分內(nèi)容具有一定的特殊性，所以．要寫好科技論文，還需掌握其寫作方法。與圖有關(guān)的表達(dá),線型實(shí)線 solid line 虛線 dashed line點(diǎn)線 dotted line 粗線 heavy line細(xì)線 light line 點(diǎn)劃線 dot-dash line陰影線 shaded line 曲線 curve折線 piecewise linear (broken)

64、line,論文寫作中的一些注意事項(xiàng),圖形(1) graph坐標(biāo)圖 coordinate graph 條線圖 bar graph曲線圖 curve line graph比例分配圖 circle graph, percentage graph分配(布)圖 distribution graph一覽圖 schedule graph,論文寫作中的一些注意事項(xiàng),(2) diagram方框圖 block diagram

65、概圖 schematic diagram邏輯流程圖 logic flow diagram箭頭圖，指示圖 arrow diagram電路圖 circuit diagram狀態(tài)圖 state diagram,論文寫作中的一些注意事項(xiàng),作圖的有關(guān)用語(1) 表示圖的幾個(gè)部位(a)左上角(圖)top left或upper left corner。(b)右上角(圖) top right或upper right corner

66、。(2) 坐標(biāo)的表達(dá) 先縱坐標(biāo)，后橫坐標(biāo)，兩者可用versus(vs)或against連在一起，寫成y versus x，或y plotted against x。①直流電壓或電流與時(shí)間的關(guān)系圖一般呈直線。 A plot of d.c. voltage or current versus time normally produces a straight line.②在圖1中，log I是對v畫的。

67、 In Fig. l log I is plotted against v.,論文寫作中的一些注意事項(xiàng),編號對于較短的文章，可將所有的圖順序統(tǒng)一編號。如：Fig.1，F(xiàn)ig .2…對于較長的文章，可將圖分章節(jié)編號。如：Fig.1-1，F(xiàn)ig.1-2…2.表編號參考圖的編號，如Table1，Table23.公式一般按順序編號,論文寫作中的一些注意事項(xiàng),常用刊物和書籍用語：刊物journal, 雜志magazine, 期刊p

68、eriodical, 刊物的一期issue, 過期刊物back issue, 周刊weekly, 月刊monthly,季刊quarterly，半年刊semiyearly，年刊annual，雙年biyearly, 雙月刊bimonthly，半月刊fortnightly，三日刊(半周刊)semiweekly，第一版first edition，再版reprint edition，最新版latest edition。袖珍本pocket e