[雙語翻譯]--幼兒教育外文翻譯--幼兒時(shí)期養(yǎng)育對執(zhí)行功能的影響綜述（（英文）

1、Parenting Influences on Executive Function in EarlyChildhood: A ReviewTracey Fay-Stammbach,1 David J. Hawes,1 and Pamela Meredith21University of Sydney and 2University of QueenslandABSTRACT—Developmental processes critic

2、al to the emer- gence of executive function (EF) play out across early childhood—a period of rapid change and neural plasticity. The emergence of self-regulatory capacities is highly embedded in the many contexts or ecol

3、ogies nested within a child’s broader environment, among which the parent– child relationship assumes primary importance. However, only recently have early childhood researchers begun to investigate the contributions of

4、parenting variables to EF. In this article, we review this emerging evidence as it per- tains to (a) the parenting behaviors associated with EF, (b) the risk and protective factors that moderate these associa- tions, and

5、 (c) the mechanisms through which parenting apparently operates on emerging EF. We also discuss directions for research on transactional parent–child dynamics, experimental tests of causation, and differential susceptibi

6、lity to environmental influences.KEYWORDS—executive function; early childhood; parent- ing; inhibitory control; cognitive controlThe emergence of control over attention, cognition, and behavior is one of the core achieve

7、ments of early development, and it underpins a range of developmental domains associated with academic achievement, socioemotional competence, and resil- ience (see Carlson, Zelazo, Friedman et al., 2008) or socializati

8、on processes (socio- cultural theory; Lewis O’Connor, 2002): (a) scaffolding, (b) stimulation, (c) sensitivity/responsiveness ver- sus hostility/rejection, and (d) control. As emphasized in socio- cultural theories, par

9、ental scaffolding (e.g., verbal or physicalTracey Fay-Stammbach and David J. Hawes, School of Psychol-ogy, University of Sydney, Australia; Pamela Meredith, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Que

10、ensland, Australia.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed toDavid J. Hawes, School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; e-mail: david.hawes@sydney.edu.au.© 2014 The A

11、uthorsChild Development Perspectives © 2014 The Society for Research in Child DevelopmentDOI: 10.1111/cdep.12095Volume 8, Number 4, 2014, Pages 258–264CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVESflexibility at age 2 and inhibitor

12、y control at age 4 (Bibok et al., 2009; Hopkins, Lavigne, Gouze, LeBailly, Matte-Gagne Clark et al., 2013), increased attentional control (Mezzacappa, Buckner, Hack- man, 2012; NICHD, 2005; Rhoades, Greenberg, Lanza,

13、 Hackman, 2012). Prospective EF has also been associated with sensitivity dur- ing infancy, across diverse observational paradigms (Cuevas et al., 2014; Kraybill Bernier et al., 2012). Cross-sectional evidence has been

14、mixed: In one study, hostility correlated negatively with EF (Hopkins et al., 2013), while in another, positive parenting did not relate significantly to EF once verbal ability was considered (Hughes Roskam, Meunier, St

15、ievenart, Weber, 2011). These studies did not control for IQ-related covariates and they relied largely on self-report parenting data (see Table S1 available online).ARE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PARENTING AND EFMODERATED BY

16、 OTHER RISK/PROTECTIVEFACTORS?A number of studies have tested the possibility that additional variables may moderate associations between parenting and EF in early childhood. Among those implicated in such effects are et

17、hnicity (Holochwost, 2013; Rhoades et al., 2011), gender (Clark et al., 2013), temperament (Blankson et al., 2011; Con- way Holochwost, 2013), and prenatal cigarette exposure (Mezzacappa et al., 2011). To illustrate, ne

18、gative parenting was associated less proxi- mally with EF in African American children than in White chil- dren (Rhoades et al., 2011). Male gender and low social support interacted to result in lower EF (cognitive flexi

19、bility; Clark et al., 2013). Children’s temperament moderated the association between parenting and EF (Conway & Stifter, 2012), and EF and children’s vocabulary (Blankson et al., 2011). Parental scaf- folding (atten

20、tion maintaining) influenced inhibited and exuber- ant children more strongly than low-reactive children (Conway & Stifter, 2012), while shy children exposed to high stimulation had lower EF than their less shy peers

21、 (Blankson et al., 2011). Physiological self-regulation moderated the effects of negative intrusiveness on children’s EF, but only within a subset of chil- dren characterized by a more mature physiological self-regula- t

22、ion (Holochwost, 2013). Parental stimulation mitigated the adverse effects of cigarette exposure on children’s executiveChild Development Perspectives, Volume 8, Number 4, 2014, Pages 258–264260 Tracey Fay-Stammbach, Dav