[雙語翻譯]--港航外文翻譯--歐洲低堰結(jié)構(gòu)海岸管理的經(jīng)驗（原文）

1、European experience of low crested structures for coastal managementA. Lamberti a,*, R. Archetti a, M. Kramer b, D. Paphitis c, C. Mosso d, M. Di Risio ea DISTART Idraulica, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento,

2、 2 - 40136 Bologna, Italy b Hydraulics and Coastal Engineering, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 57, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark c School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton Oceanography

3、 Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK d Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marittima, Dpt. Enginyeria Hidraulica, Maritima i Ambiental, ETS Enginyers de Camins, Canals i Ports, C/Jordi Girona 1-3, Modul D-1, Campus Nord Universitat Pol

4、itecnica de Catalunya 08034, Barcelona - Spain e DISAT - Facolta ` di Ingegneria - Universita ` di L’Aquila, P.le Pontieri, 1 - 67040 Monteluco di Roio - L’Aquila - ItalyAbstractThis paper aims to describe selected study

5、 sites monitored and analyzed during the DELOS project. All the selected sites are protected by Low Crested Structures (LCSs) under various environmental conditions. In the first part of the paper the characteristics of

6、the European structures are presented and the results of the inventory are summarized with statistical comparison with LCS characteristics in the worldwide scenario (Japan and USA). In the second part a description of th

7、e sites and prototype observation of the impact of LCSs is given: a description of the site, environmental conditions and response to its construction based on existing literature and on activities performed during the p

8、roject are summarized and the research results are reported. Where available observation on ecological impacts and socioeconomic effects are provided. The descriptions are introductory to other DELOS Special Issue papers

9、 dealing with prototype observations and experiments. The geometric characteristics of the sites are very wide-ranging: deeply submerged LCSs perform well when groins are present (Pellestrina), whereas for semi-submerged

10、 LCSs (Lido di Dante) particular maintenance has to be planned for vulnerable parts, such as gaps and roundheads, where strong currents are responsible for erosion. Emergent LCSs show the formation of salients (Altafulla

11、) or tombolos (Lønstrup) depending on the shoreline distances. In macro-tidal beaches (Elmer) tidal currents can control the salient development and the overall performance of the scheme.0378-3839/$ - see front matt

12、er D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2005.09.010* Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 512093756; fax: +39 516448346. E-mail addresses: alberto.lamberti@unibo.it (A. Lamberti), renata.archetti

13、@unibo.it (R. Archetti), i5mkr@civil.auc.dk (M. Kramer), doros@soc.soton.ac.uk (D. Paphitis), cesar.mosso@upc.es (C. Mosso), dirisio@uniroma3.it (M. Di Risio).Coastal Engineering 52 (2005) 841–866www.elsevier.com/locate/

14、coastalenglow tidal excursion and moderate waves. Lido di Dante and Pellestrina are examples of composite inter- ventions with groins and zero-freeboard/submerged barriers, respectively, whereas Ostia is defended by a su

15、bmerged barrier and Altafulla by an isolated emergent LCS. The information the reader will find on these sites may be also regarded as an introduction to more specific analyses of the sites described in other papers of t

16、his Special Issue which focus on morphodynamics (Sumer et al., 2005—this issue; Zyserman et al., 2005—this issue), socio-economy (Polome ` et al., 2005—this issue), ecology (Airoldi et al., 2005— this issue; Moschella et

17、 al., 2005—this issue).2. DELOS LCS inventoryThe geometry and layout of existing LCSs are investigated with the aim of describing characteristics of European LCSs in a worldwide scenario. An inter- esting statistical stu

18、dy for such structures in Japan can be found in Takaaki (1988) and parameters for struc- tures in the USA can be found in Chasten et al. (1993) and McIntosh and Anglin (1988). For European struc- tures no literature cont

19、aining statistical informationexists, but within DELOS an inventory on the physical engineering properties of LCSs has been established. The data in the European inventory was collected from seven EU countries in an atte

20、mpt to represent a broad range of structural layouts. The inventory data were organized in a data bank assembled from 150 completed questionnaires. Each completed question- naire contained a scheme including several stru

21、ctures often of varying types, e.g., a system of segmented offshore breakwaters with groins closing the scheme at each end. The main purpose of most schemes containing low crested structures in the inventory is beach and

22、 land protection against erosion. A few structures in the inventory are built mainly for coastal protection for ecological reasons or for protection of harbors, inlets, outlets, channels etc. The typical type of coastal

23、protection scheme with LCSs consists of detached breakwaters (66% of the schemes, see Fig. 2). In 22% of the schemes a com- bination of detached breakwaters and groins is used. The following parameters, as defined in Fig

24、. 3, were examined:D: Distance between the shore line pre-project and the centre line of the LCS; L: Typical length of the segments at crest level (Lsegments in Table 1); G: Length of the gaps between the structures at c

25、rest level (Gap in Table 1); B: Width of LCS at crest level; F: Freeboard, the distance from crest level to mean water level (MWL) (negative if submerged); h: Water depth at MWL.The height of the structure is: H =h +F. T

26、he total number of investigated breakwaters in the EU was about 1200 and in Japan 1550, giving about the same statistical uncertainty in Fig. 4. The data from the USA comes from only 24 schemes contain- ing 235 breakwate