[雙語翻譯]眾包外文翻譯--眾包中用戶參與的理論模型（英文）

1、 P. Antunes et al. (Eds.): CRIWG 2013, LNCS 8224, pp. 94–109, 2013. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 A Theoretical Model of User Engagement in Crowdsourcing Triparna de Vreede1, Cuong Nguyen1, Gert-Jan de

2、 Vreede1, Imed Boughzala2, Onook Oh1, and Roni Reiter-Palmon1 1 The Center for Collaboration Science, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA {tdevreede,cdnguyen,gdevreede,rreiter-palmon}@unomaha.edu, onookoh@gmail.com

3、 2 Telecom Ecole de Management Institut Mines-Telecom imed.boughzala@telecom-em.eu Abstract. Social media technology has enabled virtual collaborative environ- ments where people actively interact, share knowledge, coor

4、dinate activities, solve problems, co-create value, and innovate. Organizations have begun to le- verage approaches and technologies to involve numerous people from outside their boundaries to perform organizational ta

5、sks. Despite the success and popu- larity of this ‘crowdsourcing’ phenomenon, there appears to be a distinct gap in the literature regarding the empirical evaluation of the factors involved in a crowdsourcing user expe

6、rience. This paper aims to fill this void by proposing a theoretical model of the antecedents and their relationships for crowdsourcing user engagement. It is defined as the quality of effort online users devote to col

7、- laboration activities that contribute directly to desired outcomes. Drawing from research in psychology and IS, we identify three critical elements that precede crowdsourcing user engagement: personal interest in top

8、ic, goal clarity, and motivation to contribute. This paper examines the theoretical basis of these va- riables of interest in detail, derives a causal model of their interrelationships, and identifies future plans for

9、model testing. Keywords: Crowdsourcing, engagement, open collaboration, motivation, social media. 1 Introduction The advent of social web technologies has made it feasible for businesses, non- profits, and the governme

10、nt to engage large numbers of Internet users in performing organizational tasks. This phenomenon is popularly known by the term “crowdsourc- ing” (Howe, 2006). There are many examples of crowdsourcing initiatives across

11、 various domains such as medicine (Norman et al., 2011), journalism (Fitt, 2011), art (Casal, 2011), finance (Belleflamme et al., 2010), and government (Bommert, 2010). The popularity of crowdsourcing can be explained

12、 by a number of its perceived ad- vantages. Crowdsourcing provides a low cost and scalable way to access ideas that might be difficult or expensive to obtain internally (Cox, 2011). It can also reduce bias in collectiv

13、e decision making compared with small teams due to the crowd’s 96 T. de Vreede et al. based on studies found in the psychology and information systems literature. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and practical impli

14、cations of our model and briefly describe future plans to test this model through laboratory experiments and field studies. 2 Crowdsourcing Background Recently, crowdsourcing has been a buzzword both in public media an

15、d academia. Despite the popularity of the term, different understandings of its meaning across the literature exist. Estelles-Arolas & Gonzalez-Ladron-de-Guevara (2012) found 40 different definitions of crowdsourc

16、ing in the literature. The most popular definition comes from Jeff Howe, who coined the term. Howe (2006 p. 1) considers crowd- sourcing as a special form of outsourcing and defines it as “…the act of taking a job trad

17、itionally performed by a designated agent (usually an employee) and outsourcing it to an undefined, generally large group of people in the form of an open call. ” In contrast, Brabham (2008) perceives crowdsourcing as

18、a collaborative problem solving and co-production model. From the perspective of online workers, Heer & Bostok (2010 p.1) understand crowdsourcing as “a relatively new phenomenon in which web workers complete one

19、or more small tasks, often for micro-payments on the order of $0.01 to $0.10 per task.” While different definitions extend our understanding of the phenomenon, inconsis- tent conceptualizations of the term can lead to

20、confusion in identifying which applica- tions are crowdsourcing and which are not. For example, Huberman et al. (2009) consider YouTube as crowdsourcing, while Kleeman et al. (2008) do not. Crowd- sourcing can also be e

21、asily confused with other related Web 2.0 phenomena, such as social networking, communities of practice or social commerce, because on the sur- face all of them involve interaction and participation of individuals throu

22、gh the Web. It is also necessary to distinguish crowdsourcing from open innovation, user innova- tion, and open source application development. Compared with open innovation, crowdsourcing has a wider scope of applicat

23、ions (not only innovation processes) and concerns with the interaction between the firm and an online crowd rather than be- tween firms (Schenk & Guittard, 2009). User innovation also differs from crowd- sourcing in

24、 that it is initiated by users while, in crowdsourcing, it is initiated by a firm (Schenk & Guittard, 2009). Schenk & Guittard (2009) also argue that open source application development is a specific applicatio

25、n of crowdsourcing, rather than a theoretical concept in its own right. In this paper we follow the definition by Howe (2006) because in our opinion, it captures the most unique characteristics of the phenomenon. That

26、 is, a crowdsourcing initiative should have the following three elements: (1) Users are producers, not only consumers: The role of online users as producers in crowdsourcing applications is a critical distinction betwe

27、en crowdsourcing and social commerce (Saxton et al., 2013). A common feature across social e-commerce websites is that online users go to the sites to consume finished products or services offered by firms. For exampl

28、e, online users access nike.com to buy or gain more in- formation about Nike products provided by other users. In contrast, in crowdsourcing, online users contribute to the production process of the firm and the product