[雙語翻譯]環(huán)境治理外文翻譯--環(huán)境治理及其對保護實踐的啟示

1、5300 英文單詞， 英文單詞，3.2 萬英文字符，中文 萬英文字符，中文 1 萬字 萬字文獻出處： 文獻出處：Armitage D, De Loë R, Plummer R. Environmental governance and its implications for conservation practice[J]. Conservation Letters, 2012, 5(4): 245-255.Environm

2、ental governance and its implications for conservation practiceDerek Armitage, Rob de Loe¨ , adaptiveness, flexibility and learning; the coproduction of knowledge from diverse sources; the emergence of new actors a

3、nd their roles in governance; and changing expectations about accountability and legitimacy. Case-based examples highlight key directions in environmental governance.Keywords: Adaptation; environmental conservation; cons

4、ervation policy; resource management; sustainability.Introduction“The era of management is over”- Ludwig (2001)Environmental governance is a rapidly growing field in applied human-environment scholarship with implication

5、s for conservation practice. This article is aimed at current and future conservation managers and scientists who find themselves leading or participating in multistakeholder processes where outcomes are uncertain. Citiz

6、ens, elected officials, government agencies, and firms expect these processes to achieve broad goals of ecosystem stewardship and economic development. Such expectations are increasingly understood as governance challeng

7、es.The article introduces the concept of environmental governance and identifies key issues that conservation scientists and managers must increasingly confront, including problems of institutional fit and scale; adaptiv

8、eness, flexibility and learning; the coproduction of knowledge from diverse sources; the emergence of new actors and their roles in governance; and changing expectations about accountability and legitimacy. These concern

9、s are critical, we suggest, because those engaged in conservation practice are increasingly embedded within, or intersecting with, broader governance processes. Understanding trends in environmental governance will (1) p

10、ermit scientists and managers to participate more effectively in real-world conservation initiatives; (2) encourage reflection on the assumptions and values that frame their own and others role in conservation initiative

11、s; and (3) further recognize how conservation occurs in a contested and governance.” As well, hybrid environmental governance arrangements reflect openness to using institutions (markets, rights, norms) and incentives (e

12、conomic, social) in novel ways to address the collective action nature of environmental problems. That openness may stem from recognition of the limited capacity of government agencies acting alone to deal with ”wicked”

13、problems (Ludwig 2001), pressure from citizens for a greater role in decision making, and expected benefits (despite transaction costs) when involving more perspectives and different kinds of knowledge (de Loe¨ Ar

14、mitage et al. 2009).Box 1: Selected definitions of governance.Self-organizing, interorganizational networks characterized by interdependence, resource exchange, rules of the game, and significant autonomy from the stat

15、e (Rhodes 1997, p. 15)The setting, application and enforcement of the rules of the game (Kjær 2004, p. 12)The institutional capacity of public organizations to provide the public and oth

16、er goods demanded by a country’s citizens or their representatives in an effective, transparent, impartial, and accountable manner, subject to resource constraints (World Bank 2000, p. 48)The entire range of

17、 activities of citizens, elected representatives, and public professionals as they create and implement public policy in communiti- es (Box 1998, p. 2)Systems of rule at all levels of human act

18、ivity—from the family to the international organization—in which the pursuit of goals through the exercise of control has transnational repercussions (Rosenau 1999, p. 13)Box 2: Selected definitions of envir

19、onmental governance.The set of regulatory processes, mechanisms and organizations through which political actors influence environmental actions and outcomes (Lemos Ba¨ ckstrand et al. 2010), and the roles that th