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1、<p>  2700英文單詞,16000英文字符,中文4850字</p><p>  文獻(xiàn)出處:Lieser K, Groh A P. The Determinants of International Commercial Real Estate Investment[J]. Journal of Real Estate Finance & Economics, 2014, 48(4):611

2、-659.</p><p>  The Determinants of International Commercial Real Estate Investment</p><p>  Karsten Lieser & Alexander Peter Groh</p><p><b>  Abstract </b></p>

3、<p>  We examine the determinants of international commercial real estate investment using a unique set of panel data series for 47 countries worldwide, covering the period from 2000 to 2009. We explore how differ

4、ent socio-economic, demographic and institutional characteristics affect commercial real estate investment activity by determining both cross-sectional and time-series estimators, running augmented random effect panel re

5、gressions. We provide evidence that economic growth, rapid urbanization a</p><p>  Keywords: Real Estate Investment; International Asset Allocation; Real Estate Market Attractiveness; Augmented Random Effect

6、 Panel Regression</p><p>  Introduction</p><p>  According to Dunning’s eclectic theory, any given international investor must possess specific monopolistic advantages over its competitors to su

7、ccessfully compete with local host market firms. Holsapple et al. (2006) adapt Dunning’s theory of real estate investment. The authors argue that additional diversification advantages and return expectations also motivat

8、e investors to pursue investment activity in a foreign location. However, the sum of all these advantages must outweigh the implied tra</p><p>  Yet for aggregated real estate investments, there has been onl

9、y limited examination in empirical literature of either the effects of socio-economic and institutional differences across national markets or of the factors that impact international real estate asset allocations, prima

10、rily due to the lack of appropriate data series. Therefore, we break new ground in real estate research by analyzing the most comprehensive data set on the determinants of real estate investment explored to date, in a &l

11、t;/p><p>  We reveal the most important factors to drive real estate investment and shape national real estate markets, and provide unique statistical evidence for our conceptual framework of a host country’s “

12、attractiveness for investment”. Our results confirm that it is not only economic growth, rapid urbanization and compelling demographics that attract real estate investments. We also prove that a lack of transparency with

13、in the legal framework, administrative burdens of doing real estate business, soc</p><p>  Literature Review</p><p>  We review real estate literature with respect to contributions that (i) docu

14、ment factors from theoretical market models and frameworks; (ii) examine the findings of surveys of investors’ selection criteria and market perceptions; and (iii) run quantitative or qualitative market analyses. Most re

15、search focuses on one or only a very limited number of factors that affect real estate investments in particular countries, markets or regions. None of the contributions are as broad in their scope as our</p><

16、p>  Economic Activity</p><p>  It is intuitive that real estate investment is related to the general economic activity and prosperity of a region or country. According to DiPasquale and Wheaton’s model (1

17、992), a productive economy positively affects the demand for real estate assets. Chin et al. (2006) conclude from survey data that a sound economic structure and an expected strong and stable economy are perceived to be

18、the most significant factors in a region’s ability to attract foreign real estate investment. Hoskin et al.</p><p>  Real Estate Investment Opportunities</p><p>  Han (1996) concludes from his s

19、urvey that real estate investment opportunities, demographic attributes, and market structure are important selection criteria for investment decisions. The accessibility of property is a critical factor in real estate i

20、nvestment due to the close link between market entry probability, liquidity risk and market transparency. Liang and Gordon (2003) estimate the availability of higher quality, non-owner-occupied commercial real estate bas

21、ed on GDP estimations. Kurzro</p><p>  Depth and Sophistication of the Capital Market</p><p>  Mueller (1995) argues that the physical real estate market, with its capital-intensive nature, depe

22、nds on general international capital flows. Adair et al. (1999) and Adlington et al. (2008) find that viable and sustainable real estate markets require an established liquid capital market, including a stable banking an

23、d financial services system. Worzala and Newell (1997) find that access to local financing and credit facilities are important for investors in order to mitigate cross currency risk</p><p>  Investor Protect

24、ion and Quality of Legal Framework</p><p>  In their seminal work, La Porta et al. (1997, 1998, 2000 and 2002) find that the legal environment strongly determines the size and extent of a country’s capital m

25、arket and local companies’ ability to receive outside financing. They emphasize the difference between the law as written, and the quality of law enforcement. La Porta et al. (1997) argue that, of the world’s four legal

26、systems (English, French, German and Scandinavian), the English common law system is the most suitable for encouragin</p><p>  Administrative Burdens and Regulatory Limitations</p><p>  Solnik (

27、1999) argues that investors trying to invest in foreign countries are exposed to constraints on management and corporate activity and regulatory limitations, consist- ing of the restriction of capital flows and ownership

28、 controls based on particular government policies. D’Arcy and Keogh (1998) claim that each country’s real estate market is further conditioned, amongst other criteria, by landlord and tenant law, planning law and urban p

29、olicy. D’Arcy and Keogh (1999) find that active mana</p><p>  Socio-cultural and Political Environment</p><p>  The fact that international investments are made in a different sovereign politica

30、l jurisdiction has a major impact on the investment decision. D’Arcy and Keogh (1999) argue that individual countries’ national property markets are defined by their socio- cultural and political environments. The socio-

31、political risk comprises social risk and government policy risk and is an indicator of institutional problems in a country’s public sector. Lim et al. (2006) as well as Chin et al. (2006) found poli</p><p> 

32、 Conceptual Framework</p><p>  As set out above, the existing literature submits numerous factors as determinants of the attractiveness of real estate markets in terms of their capital supply and demand cond

33、itions. We group these factors according to their socio-economic characteristics, and obtain six key drivers that affect commercial real estate investments: (i) economic activity; (ii) real estate investment opportunitie

34、s; (iii) depth and sophistication of capital markets; (iv) investor protection and legal framework; (v) </p><p>  Conclusion</p><p>  Elaborating on prior research findings, we develop a concept

35、ual framework for a host country’s attractiveness for real estate investment. This framework encompasses and combines the factors that determine a country’s location advantage when attracting international investments. W

36、e identify six key drivers that determine the attractiveness of real estate markets, in terms of their capital supply and demand conditions: (i) economic activity; (ii) real estate investment opportunities; (iii) depth a

37、</p><p>  We use augmented random effect panel regressions to conduct analyses across 47 countries, 6 years and 66 raw data series, which proxy the six latent key drivers set out above. The regressions enabl

38、e us to examine the hierarchy and importance of effects occurring at both the cross-country and time level. The augmented random effect panel regression methodology allows us to cope with the major weaknesses discusse

39、d in econometrics theory, such as heterogeneity, time-invariant variables, multicol</p><p>  Based on our broad concept of a host country’s attractiveness for real estate investment, we increase the understa

40、nding of the drivers of real estate markets and set a new benchmark for research on real estate investment determinants. Our results also provide guidelines for political improvements that could be made to attract intern

41、ational capital allocations.</p><p>  An expansion of our analyses using property returns presents an interesting approach in understanding the tactical pricing in different markets. While Liao and Mei (1999

42、) and Edelstein et al. (2010) test institutional factors with listed property returns, Lee (2006) conducts his analysis with non-listed property returns5 using several country risk measures. We believe that testing our c

43、onceptual framework with property returns would permit the assessment of risk-adjusted pricing in international</p><p>  國(guó)際商業(yè)地產(chǎn)投資的決定因素</p><p>  Karsten Lieser & Alexander Peter Groh</p>

44、;<p><b>  摘要</b></p><p>  筆者獲取2000年至2009年47個(gè)國(guó)家10年的信息并通過(guò)一組特定的面板數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)研究國(guó)際商業(yè)地產(chǎn)投資的決定因素。筆者從截面數(shù)據(jù)和時(shí)間序列兩個(gè)維度探究了不同的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)情況、人口、制度特征對(duì)商業(yè)房地產(chǎn)投資活動(dòng)的影響,并以此進(jìn)行了增強(qiáng)型隨機(jī)效應(yīng)的面板回歸。研究證明經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)快速的城市化和人口增速都將吸引房地產(chǎn)投資,同時(shí)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)缺乏透

45、明度的法律制度、房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)的行政管理負(fù)擔(dān)、社會(huì)文化的挑戰(zhàn)以及政治不穩(wěn)定等因素都將減少國(guó)際房地產(chǎn)投資。</p><p>  關(guān)鍵詞:房地產(chǎn)投資; 國(guó)際資產(chǎn)配置; 房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)吸引力; 增強(qiáng)型隨機(jī)效應(yīng)面板回歸</p><p><b>  簡(jiǎn)介</b></p><p>  根據(jù)Dunning的折衷理論, 國(guó)際投資者若能夠在與本地市場(chǎng)投資者的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中取得成

46、功,那它必須具備特定的壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。Holsapple等(2006)證實(shí)Dunning的理論也適合房地產(chǎn)投資。作者也提出其它的多元化優(yōu)勢(shì)和預(yù)期回報(bào)也促使投資者在國(guó)外地區(qū)尋求投資機(jī)會(huì),然而,所有這些優(yōu)勢(shì)的總和必須大于因外來(lái)者劣勢(shì)及匯率波動(dòng)而導(dǎo)致的隱含交易成本。因此投資者在對(duì)一個(gè)特定目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行內(nèi)部化或外部化決策之前,必須對(duì)于所投資的目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)有一個(gè)較好的認(rèn)知并明確該市場(chǎng)的優(yōu)勢(shì)所在以保證其決策的成功和準(zhǔn)確性。新制度經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論定義了一個(gè)國(guó)家吸引

47、投資能力的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境和制度框架,例如D’Arcy 和 Keogh(1999)以及 Lee (2001, 2005)所提出的觀點(diǎn)。在前期的研究中學(xué)者普遍認(rèn)同在廣泛的制度背景下,商業(yè)房地產(chǎn)存在并且繁榮的原因是經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)、資本市場(chǎng)的成熟與較高流動(dòng)性以及穩(wěn)定的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境。此外,除了其他標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外,每個(gè)國(guó)家的房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)都受到行政和監(jiān)管負(fù)擔(dān)以及投資者的法律保護(hù)。顯然,這些制度特征在國(guó)家和地區(qū)之間差異很大,并隨著時(shí)間的推移逐漸改變。 Van Door

48、n(2003)和Lee(2005)指出,</p><p>  然而,對(duì)于綜合房地產(chǎn)投資,主要由于缺乏適當(dāng)?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)系列,在經(jīng)驗(yàn)文獻(xiàn)中對(duì)各國(guó)市場(chǎng)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)和體制差異的影響或影響國(guó)際房地產(chǎn)資產(chǎn)配置的因素的審查很有限。因此,我們通過(guò)分析迄今為止探索的關(guān)于房地產(chǎn)投資決定因素的最全面數(shù)據(jù)集,以控制國(guó)與國(guó)之間以及一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的差異,開(kāi)創(chuàng)了房地產(chǎn)研究的新局面。我們回顧了影響國(guó)際房地產(chǎn)投資決策因素的文獻(xiàn),并定義了房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)吸引力的概念

49、框架。在這個(gè)框架的基礎(chǔ)上,我們從不同的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)收集了66個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)系列,并組成了一個(gè)小組,由全世界47個(gè)國(guó)家組成,涵蓋2000年至2009年期間。本文以Cushman&Wakefield提供的全國(guó)商業(yè)房地產(chǎn)投資數(shù)據(jù)為因變量,運(yùn)用增強(qiáng)隨機(jī)效應(yīng)面板回歸分析方法。這種方法在分析的時(shí)間段內(nèi)使用分解的估計(jì)量和控制方法來(lái)分析不同國(guó)家之間和不同國(guó)家之間的差異。</p><p>  我們揭示了推動(dòng)房地產(chǎn)投資和塑造全國(guó)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)的最重要

50、因素,并為我們的東道國(guó)“投資吸引力”概念框架提供了獨(dú)特的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)。我們的研究結(jié)果證實(shí),不僅經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),快速城市化和引人注目的人口統(tǒng)計(jì)資料吸引了房地產(chǎn)投資。我們還證明法律框架缺乏透明度,房地產(chǎn)業(yè)務(wù)的行政負(fù)擔(dān),社會(huì)文化挑戰(zhàn)和政治動(dòng)蕩阻礙了國(guó)際房地產(chǎn)投資者。據(jù)我們所知,我們是第一個(gè)為房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)提供這種證據(jù)的人;因?yàn)榇饲皩?duì)全國(guó)房地產(chǎn)總投資的全套驅(qū)動(dòng)因素的全面實(shí)證分析并未實(shí)施。通過(guò)這種方式,我們正在增強(qiáng)對(duì)全球房地產(chǎn)資產(chǎn)配置決策決定因素的透明度和理解

51、。我們相信未來(lái)的研究將能夠建立在我們的框架上,進(jìn)一步分析房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)的吸引力。</p><p><b>  文獻(xiàn)回顧</b></p><p>  我們回顧房地產(chǎn)文獻(xiàn)的貢獻(xiàn),(i)記錄理論市場(chǎng)模型和框架的因素; (ii)研究投資者選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和市場(chǎng)認(rèn)知的調(diào)查結(jié)果;和(iii)進(jìn)行定量或定性的市場(chǎng)分析。大部分研究都集中在影響特定國(guó)家,市場(chǎng)或地區(qū)房地產(chǎn)投資的一個(gè)或很少的因素上。從

52、我們目前的研究范圍來(lái)看,沒(méi)有任何一項(xiàng)貢獻(xiàn)的范圍廣泛,包括國(guó)家數(shù)量和潛在決定因素以及所審查的時(shí)間段。我們將文獻(xiàn)綜述分為六個(gè)部分,將發(fā)現(xiàn)的因素分為潛在的“關(guān)鍵驅(qū)動(dòng)因素”,以便于解釋和組織。每一個(gè)標(biāo)題都是確定一個(gè)國(guó)家對(duì)商業(yè)房地產(chǎn)投資吸引力的六個(gè)重要、適當(dāng)和可量化的潛在關(guān)鍵驅(qū)動(dòng)因素之一。文獻(xiàn)綜述最后給出了一個(gè)概念框架,概述了我們的回歸模型。</p><p><b>  經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)</b></p&

53、gt;<p>  房地產(chǎn)投資直接關(guān)系到一個(gè)地區(qū)或國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)和繁榮。根據(jù)DiPasquale和Wheaton的模型( 1992 ),生產(chǎn)性經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)房地產(chǎn)資產(chǎn)的需求產(chǎn)生積極影響。Chin等人,( 2006年)根據(jù)調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)得出結(jié)論,認(rèn)為健全的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)和預(yù)期的強(qiáng)勁和穩(wěn)定的經(jīng)濟(jì)是一個(gè)區(qū)域吸引外國(guó)房地產(chǎn)投資能力的最重要因素。Hoskin等人,( 2004 )發(fā)現(xiàn)GDP增長(zhǎng)、通貨膨脹和失業(yè)與綜合房地產(chǎn)收益之間存在顯著相關(guān)。Chen和H

54、obbs ( 2003 )發(fā)現(xiàn),一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模會(huì)對(duì)投資活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生積極影響,因?yàn)檩^大的經(jīng)濟(jì)體通常更有能力抵御外部經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)蕩,因此比較小的經(jīng)濟(jì)體更穩(wěn)定。van Doorn ( 2003 )指出,人均國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值通常用于戰(zhàn)略性房地產(chǎn)資產(chǎn)配置決策,Connor和Liang ( 2000 )認(rèn)為,從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看,技術(shù)發(fā)展對(duì)房地產(chǎn)投資的影響是壓倒性的積極影響。隨著科技進(jìn)步提高生產(chǎn)力和財(cái)富,對(duì)各類房地產(chǎn)的需求也在增加。</p><p&

55、gt;<b>  房地產(chǎn)投資機(jī)會(huì)</b></p><p>  Han(1996)在他的調(diào)查中得出結(jié)論:房地產(chǎn)投資機(jī)會(huì),人口屬性和市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)是投資決策的重要選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。由于市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入概率,流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和市場(chǎng)透明度之間的密切聯(lián)系,房地產(chǎn)的可獲得性是房地產(chǎn)投資的關(guān)鍵因素。Liang和Gordon(2003)基于GDP估算了更高質(zhì)量、非業(yè)主自用商業(yè)地產(chǎn)的可用性。 Kurzrock等人(2009)通過(guò)橫截面回

56、歸發(fā)現(xiàn),高度集聚會(huì)影響房地產(chǎn)估值。顯然,決定房地產(chǎn)環(huán)境結(jié)構(gòu),潛力和質(zhì)量的城市化加速在投資決策中起著重要作用。對(duì)于城市地區(qū)遍布主要地區(qū),推高土地和建筑價(jià)值,并使房地產(chǎn)資產(chǎn)越來(lái)越有價(jià)值的美國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō),這一點(diǎn)尤其有效。 Lynn(2007)指出,通信和交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的改善有助于向城市遷移,并推動(dòng)城市化進(jìn)程,從而支持新的發(fā)展。此外,Thrall(2002)聲稱,金融和商業(yè)服務(wù)部門(mén)反映出服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的復(fù)雜程度越來(lái)越高,伴隨著商業(yè)地產(chǎn)需求的增加。</p

57、><p>  資本市場(chǎng)的深度與復(fù)雜性</p><p>  Mueller ( 1995 )認(rèn)為,資本密集型房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)依賴于一般國(guó)際資本流動(dòng)。Adair等人(1999)和Adlington等人(2008)發(fā)現(xiàn)可行的和可持續(xù)的房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)需要一個(gè)既定的流動(dòng)資本市場(chǎng),包括一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的銀行和金融服務(wù)體系。Worzala和Newell(1997)發(fā)現(xiàn),為了緩解交叉貨幣風(fēng)險(xiǎn),獲得本地融資和信貸額度對(duì)于投資者而

58、言非常重要。Connor和Liang(2000)認(rèn)為,公開(kāi)交易的股權(quán)資本來(lái)源主要以房地產(chǎn)投資信托基金(REITs)的形式,對(duì)于創(chuàng)造有活力的房地產(chǎn)投資活動(dòng)尤其重要,因?yàn)榭赡茉诠_(kāi)市場(chǎng)募集資金成本相對(duì)較低。越來(lái)越多的房地產(chǎn)公司認(rèn)為首次公開(kāi)募股(IPO)是最受歡迎的退出路線,Hartzell等人(2005)發(fā)現(xiàn)IPO與商業(yè)房地產(chǎn)活動(dòng)之間存在正向聯(lián)系的證據(jù)。Black和Gilson(1998)關(guān)注交易支持機(jī)構(gòu),如律師事務(wù)所,投資銀行,并購(gòu)精品店

59、,審計(jì)師和顧問(wèn),并指出成功交易所需的金融市場(chǎng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。另外,F(xiàn)DI(外國(guó)直接投資)流入一個(gè)國(guó)家對(duì)房地產(chǎn)投資環(huán)境的狀況起著重要作用。 Laposa和Lizieri(2005)表明,放寬對(duì)投資零售業(yè)務(wù)的外國(guó)直接投資法規(guī)進(jìn)一步推</p><p>  投資者保護(hù)與法律框架質(zhì)量</p><p>  在他們的開(kāi)創(chuàng)性工作中。La Porta等人(1997年,1998年,2000年和2002年)發(fā)現(xiàn),法律

60、環(huán)境強(qiáng)烈決定了一國(guó)資本市場(chǎng)的規(guī)模和程度以及當(dāng)?shù)毓窘邮芡獠咳谫Y的能力。他們強(qiáng)調(diào)了成文法律與執(zhí)法質(zhì)量之間的差異。La Porta等人( 1997年)認(rèn)為,在世界四大法系(英語(yǔ)、法語(yǔ)、德語(yǔ)和斯堪的納維亞語(yǔ))中,英國(guó)普通法制度最適合鼓勵(lì)資本市場(chǎng)發(fā)展,而法國(guó)制度最不具吸引力。Glaeser等人(2001)和Djankov等人(2002年,2003年和2005年)表明,普通法系國(guó)家的當(dāng)事人更容易執(zhí)行其商業(yè)合同權(quán)利。盡管如此,Knack和Keefe

61、r(1995),Mauro(1995)和Svensson(1998)表明,產(chǎn)權(quán)顯著影響投資和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。只有少數(shù)論文將房地產(chǎn)投資與法律因素聯(lián)系起來(lái),但Chin等人(2006)和Lim等人(2006)進(jìn)行調(diào)查并揭示法律框架和法律監(jiān)管的特定方面對(duì)房地產(chǎn)投資者的市場(chǎng)觀念也非常重要。他們把這一發(fā)現(xiàn)與不動(dòng)產(chǎn)的固定性和不動(dòng)產(chǎn)交易的復(fù)雜性聯(lián)系起來(lái)。行政負(fù)擔(dān)和管理限制</p><p>  Solnik ( 1999年)認(rèn)為,試圖

62、在國(guó)外投資的投資者受到管理和公司活動(dòng)以及監(jiān)管限制的制約,包括限制資本流動(dòng)和基于特定政府政策的所有權(quán)控制。 D'Arcy和Keogh(1998)聲稱,除其他標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外,每個(gè)國(guó)家的房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)還受到房東和租戶法、規(guī)劃法和城市政策的制約。D'Arcy和Keogh(1999)發(fā)現(xiàn),由于不同的房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)慣例,不同的經(jīng)營(yíng)規(guī)范以及不同的行政和財(cái)政制度,加上不同的估價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),房地產(chǎn)的積極管理可能會(huì)很困難。因此,認(rèn)為房地產(chǎn)業(yè)務(wù)和稅收的負(fù)擔(dān)會(huì)直接影

63、響任何交易的運(yùn)營(yíng)效率。 Webb(1984),Worzala(1994)和Adair等人。 (1999)指出,這在三個(gè)不同時(shí)期對(duì)外國(guó)投資者產(chǎn)生重大影響:投資,運(yùn)營(yíng)或退出。據(jù)觀察,東道國(guó)政府在市場(chǎng)狀況惡化時(shí)會(huì)對(duì)海外投資者進(jìn)行處罰,從而對(duì)投資回報(bào)產(chǎn)生不利影響。 McGreal等人(2001)發(fā)現(xiàn),監(jiān)管限制,外匯管制和資本返還限制了國(guó)際資本流動(dòng),因此成為投資者關(guān)注的主要來(lái)源。</p><p><b>  社會(huì)

64、文化和政治環(huán)境</b></p><p>  國(guó)際投資是在不同的主權(quán)政治轄區(qū)進(jìn)行的,這對(duì)投資決策產(chǎn)生重大影響。 D'Arcy和Keogh(1999)認(rèn)為,個(gè)別國(guó)家的國(guó)家房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)是由其社會(huì)文化和政治環(huán)境所定義的。社會(huì)政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)包括社會(huì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和政府政策風(fēng)險(xiǎn),是一個(gè)國(guó)家公共部門(mén)體制問(wèn)題的指標(biāo)。 Lim等人(2006)以及Chin等人(2006)發(fā)現(xiàn),在進(jìn)入新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體或發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟(jì)體時(shí),政治穩(wěn)定性是支撐國(guó)際

65、投資者選擇國(guó)家的最重要因素。Solnik (1999)證實(shí),外國(guó)投資的政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低了國(guó)際多元化的預(yù)期成功,即使可能性很低,相關(guān)的潛在損失可能也很大。 Lee(2001)指出,一個(gè)國(guó)家面臨的犯罪和腐敗水平可能被證明是成功實(shí)施投資戰(zhàn)略的主要障礙。 Geurts和Jaffe(1996)認(rèn)為,一個(gè)國(guó)家的社會(huì)文化框架與其政治環(huán)境密切相關(guān),影響整體投資環(huán)境。</p><p><b>  概念框架</b>

66、</p><p>  如上所述,現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)提出了許多因素作為房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)資金供求條件吸引力的決定因素。我們將這些因素根據(jù)其社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)特征進(jìn)行分組,并獲得六個(gè)影響商業(yè)房地產(chǎn)投資的關(guān)鍵驅(qū)動(dòng)因素:(一)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng); (二)房地產(chǎn)投資機(jī)會(huì); (三)資本市場(chǎng)的深度和復(fù)雜性; (四)投資者保護(hù)和法律框架; (五)行政負(fù)擔(dān)和監(jiān)管限制;(六)社會(huì)文化和政治環(huán)境。這些關(guān)鍵的驅(qū)動(dòng)程序定義為我們的方法提供了一個(gè)清晰的結(jié)構(gòu),并有助于解釋結(jié)果。我

67、們進(jìn)一步將每個(gè)關(guān)鍵驅(qū)動(dòng)程序分成多個(gè)子組,以更接近單個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)系列的級(jí)別。</p><p><b>  結(jié)論</b></p><p>  在闡述先前的研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上,我們?yōu)闁|道國(guó)吸引房地產(chǎn)投資開(kāi)發(fā)了一個(gè)概念框架。這個(gè)框架包含并結(jié)合了決定一個(gè)國(guó)家在吸引國(guó)際投資時(shí)的區(qū)位優(yōu)勢(shì)的因素。我們根據(jù)其資本供求條件確定了決定房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)吸引力的六個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素:(一)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng); (二)房地產(chǎn)投

68、資機(jī)會(huì); (三)資本市場(chǎng)的深度和復(fù)雜性; (四)投資者保護(hù)和法律框架; (五)行政負(fù)擔(dān)和監(jiān)管限制;(六)社會(huì)文化和政治環(huán)境。由于決定因素因國(guó)家和時(shí)間不同而不同,因此我們通過(guò)實(shí)施橫截面和時(shí)間序列分析來(lái)探討不同的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境,人口屬性和制度框架如何影響商業(yè)房地產(chǎn)投資。</p><p>  我們使用增強(qiáng)隨機(jī)效應(yīng)面板回歸分析對(duì)47個(gè)國(guó)家,6年和66個(gè)原始數(shù)據(jù)系列進(jìn)行分析,這些數(shù)據(jù)代表了上述六個(gè)潛在關(guān)鍵驅(qū)動(dòng)因素?;貧w使我們

69、能夠?qū)彶樵趪?guó)家和時(shí)間兩級(jí)發(fā)生的影響的等級(jí)和重要性。增強(qiáng)型隨機(jī)效應(yīng)面板回歸方法使我們能夠應(yīng)對(duì)計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論中討論的主要弱點(diǎn),例如異質(zhì)性、時(shí)間不變性、多重共線性以及信息低效和混合估計(jì)。因此,我們創(chuàng)建了有效的分解估計(jì)器,并允許從我們的面板數(shù)據(jù)系列中正確評(píng)估“介于”和“在”之間的信息,結(jié)果證實(shí)了現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)中確定的許多決定因素。關(guān)于橫截面分析和時(shí)間序列分析,根據(jù)其對(duì)房地產(chǎn)投資的影響,這些回歸分析揭示了以下因素排序:(1)房地產(chǎn)投資機(jī)會(huì); (2)資本

70、市場(chǎng)的深度和復(fù)雜性; (3)行政負(fù)擔(dān)和監(jiān)管限制; (4)投資者保護(hù)和法律框架。</p><p>  基于東道國(guó)對(duì)房地產(chǎn)投資吸引力的廣泛概念,我們?cè)黾恿藢?duì)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)驅(qū)動(dòng)因素的理解,為房地產(chǎn)投資決定因素研究樹(shù)立了新的標(biāo)桿。我們的研究結(jié)果還為可以吸引國(guó)際資本分配的政治改進(jìn)提供指導(dǎo)。</p><p>  我們使用財(cái)產(chǎn)收益進(jìn)行分析的擴(kuò)展為理解不同市場(chǎng)的戰(zhàn)術(shù)定價(jià)提供了一個(gè)有趣的方法。廖和梅(1999)

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