外文翻譯---產(chǎn)品系列選擇及其供應(yīng)鏈設(shè)計(jì)的優(yōu)化模型

1、<p><b>　　畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）</b></p><p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　題 目：產(chǎn)品系列選擇及其供應(yīng)鏈設(shè)計(jì)的優(yōu)化模型</p><p>　　系部名稱： 機(jī)械工程系 專業(yè)班級(jí)： 工設(shè)083 </p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名：

2、 劉紅杰 學(xué) 號(hào)： 200880784302 </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師： 黃林詩(shī) 教師職稱： 講師 </p><p>　　2012年03月10日</p><p>　　產(chǎn)品系列選擇及其供應(yīng)鏈設(shè)計(jì)的優(yōu)化模型</p><p>　　作者：Jacques Lamothe ,

3、 Khaled Hadj-Hamou, Michel Aldanondo</p><p>　　摘要:當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)新的系列產(chǎn)品，設(shè)計(jì)者和制造商必須同步地確定該產(chǎn)品系列和它的供應(yīng)鏈。設(shè)計(jì)過程的第一步，設(shè)計(jì)師針對(duì)一些產(chǎn)品系列及材料的變量提出各種解決方案。第二步是在選擇供應(yīng)鏈結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)候選擇一些變量?；旌险麛?shù)線性規(guī)劃模型是在選擇產(chǎn)品的變量時(shí)優(yōu)化已有的供應(yīng)鏈的經(jīng)營(yíng)成本。這項(xiàng)工作可以應(yīng)用到汽車零部件供應(yīng)商。 關(guān)鍵詞：供應(yīng)鏈管理；

4、產(chǎn)品系列設(shè)計(jì)；供應(yīng)鏈設(shè)計(jì)；混合整數(shù)線性規(guī)劃</p><p><b>　　1 確定通用材料表</b></p><p>　　1.1 產(chǎn)品造型和設(shè)計(jì)多樣性</p><p>　　可以從不同的角度來考慮需求的多樣性：客戶或功能、產(chǎn)品或物質(zhì)、供應(yīng)鏈或過程。</p><p>　　從功能性的角度來看，多樣性是指一系列顧客表達(dá)的需求。每一

5、個(gè)需求衍生了一系列的服務(wù)等級(jí)（服務(wù)等級(jí)1--服務(wù)第2級(jí)-- -- -服務(wù)水平n ）的。這些服務(wù)等級(jí)從復(fù)雜性和成本的層次來加以區(qū)分，以獲得該對(duì)應(yīng)的功能。舉例來說，功能為“汽車玻璃升降”的服務(wù)等級(jí)可以有不同，從“手動(dòng)舉升”到“電動(dòng)升降，并有報(bào)警和夾緊保護(hù)”。因此，客戶的多樣性來自于所有和多重要求相關(guān)的服務(wù)等級(jí)的聚合：集合{（要求，服務(wù)水平）}確定市場(chǎng)的需求，而該產(chǎn)品系列必須涵蓋這些需求。</p><p>　　從產(chǎn)品的

6、角度來看，一個(gè)產(chǎn)品系列是一系列的有形的產(chǎn)品變量并滿足市場(chǎng)的需求。一個(gè)產(chǎn)品變量滿足某一特定的服務(wù)等級(jí)對(duì)應(yīng)的所有要求。此外產(chǎn)品變量基于它的材料表分裂成各組件。物質(zhì)多樣性通常是指產(chǎn)品系列中的關(guān)鍵特征或樞機(jī)組件中的關(guān)鍵特征。我們考慮服務(wù)水平間的秩序的關(guān)系，而就一個(gè)產(chǎn)品系列中的產(chǎn)品變量，他們的秩序的關(guān)聯(lián)也是存在的：如果服務(wù)等級(jí) V1大于服務(wù)等級(jí)的V2，那么對(duì)于每個(gè)要求變量V1大于變量V2。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在，讓我們

7、來分析以一個(gè)系列服務(wù)等級(jí)定義的特定客戶需求，功能需求：需求= {（需求，需求服務(wù)等級(jí)）} 。正好匹配需求服務(wù)等級(jí)的產(chǎn)品有可能不存在于這個(gè)產(chǎn)品家族。但生產(chǎn)者的目的是以最低的成本，盡可能接近這個(gè)需求服務(wù)等級(jí)來滿足需求。因此，過度滿足所有需求服務(wù)等級(jí)的最小的變量（順序的局部關(guān)系）可以實(shí)現(xiàn)該需求。另一個(gè)結(jié)果是，一個(gè)產(chǎn)品家族至少含有一種可以在最大的服務(wù)等級(jí)下匹配所有的功能要求的變量，使這個(gè)變量可超額滿足任何需求。這就是說，它沒有必要制造一切可能的

8、變量：只要選擇一個(gè)可以滿足各功能多樣性，并且全球最低成本（或最大利潤(rùn)）的變量來制造。</p><p>　　圖 2顯示在一個(gè)有2個(gè)要求和3個(gè)服務(wù)等級(jí)的案件中的設(shè)計(jì)挑戰(zhàn)。這里有九個(gè)變量（變量x.y是指滿足在服務(wù)等級(jí)1/x的需求1和在服務(wù)等級(jí)2/y的需求2）。在實(shí)踐中，不可能制造的所有變量，因?yàn)樵摻M合的大?。╒個(gè)要求，W個(gè)服務(wù)等級(jí)，就有W個(gè)V平方的變量）。但變量3.3是必須的，因?yàn)樗苓^度滿足任何需求。所以設(shè)計(jì)的挑戰(zhàn)是

9、選擇一些這樣的變量和設(shè)計(jì)他們材料表。</p><p>　　因此設(shè)計(jì)多樣性是選擇的多元化，以確定一套變量，及其相關(guān)的服務(wù)水平和材料表。由Pahl和Beitz確定的系統(tǒng)的方法通常是設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)產(chǎn)品。第一個(gè)步驟就是選擇設(shè)計(jì)原則。這些設(shè)計(jì)原則是技術(shù)和工藝的選擇以及確定產(chǎn)品家族結(jié)構(gòu)。該架構(gòu)定義次機(jī)構(gòu)的類型，他們的技術(shù)，以及它們的相互關(guān)系。</p><p>　　為了設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品家族的結(jié)構(gòu)，我們有兩個(gè)主要戰(zhàn)略，

10、我們稱之為“市場(chǎng)細(xì)分為目標(biāo)”戰(zhàn)略和“模塊化”策略。下一小節(jié)詳細(xì)研究如何描述設(shè)計(jì)策略的結(jié)果。</p><p>　　1.1.1市場(chǎng)細(xì)分設(shè)計(jì)策略</p><p>　　該市場(chǎng)細(xì)分策略基于一個(gè)確定的市場(chǎng)部分的列表，該列表一般由營(yíng)銷部確定。某一市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域的確定，是通過確定針對(duì)每一個(gè)功能要求的具體的服務(wù)水平來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。那樣變量也應(yīng)該為了滿足具體的市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域來設(shè)計(jì)。正如一些設(shè)計(jì)原則可以適用于相同的市場(chǎng)，一些可接

11、受的變量從每一個(gè)市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域來獲取。此外，因?yàn)槭袌?chǎng)領(lǐng)域的確定是基于一套需求的服務(wù)水平，所以在市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域里高低好壞關(guān)系也是存在的。</p><p>　　在存在2要求和3個(gè)服務(wù)等級(jí)的案子里，圖3描述了設(shè)計(jì)過程的結(jié)果，在其中9個(gè)可能的里只有4個(gè)市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域被選定。一些設(shè)計(jì)原則已被應(yīng)用到市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域ms1（3條原則），ms4（2條原則），以及相應(yīng)的變量被獲得（符號(hào)：變量V-I 意味著變量“v” 的設(shè)計(jì)原理數(shù)量為“ i ”）。</

12、p><p>　　黑體的箭頭描繪市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域的秩序關(guān)系。因此為市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域ms2設(shè)計(jì)的變量也能過滿足ms1。 </p><p>　　需求通常在四個(gè)市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域（ ms1 ， … … ， ms4 ）來討論。但是，最后設(shè)計(jì)的選擇仍然是：</p><p>　　?為更高層市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域設(shè)計(jì)的變量是否過度滿足每個(gè)市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域; </p><p>　　?在為那些沒有過量滿足的市場(chǎng)

13、領(lǐng)域設(shè)計(jì)的變量中選擇一個(gè)變量。</p><p>　　在案例中，我們可以做個(gè)極端的決定，只制造變量3.3-1或變量3.3-2 ，以滿足所有的市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域。</p><p>　　1.1.2 模塊化設(shè)計(jì)策略</p><p>　　第二個(gè)戰(zhàn)略致力于采用模組化原則。這一戰(zhàn)略是必要的，以便設(shè)計(jì)大規(guī)模定制產(chǎn)品。原則是針對(duì)每一個(gè)功能要求和服務(wù)水平至少設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)的模塊變量，這樣，所確定的

14、模塊的總集能滿足任何一個(gè)需求。這種模塊化原則效果在于：（一）設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)平臺(tái)，使任何模塊化變量可組合;（二）確定模塊變量和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)平臺(tái)之間的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)接口。</p><p>　　此外，模塊都是獨(dú)立的，這樣很多設(shè)計(jì)原則可以適用于一個(gè)相同的服務(wù)水平，那樣許多相同的模塊變量可被獲得。</p><p>　　圖4描繪了有2條規(guī)定和3個(gè)服務(wù)水平的模組化策略的結(jié)果。在這種情況下，2不同的設(shè)計(jì)原則已被應(yīng)用到第2服務(wù)水平

15、的第2需求（符號(hào)：模塊V/W-I 代表在第W服務(wù)水平的第V需求的設(shè)計(jì)原則數(shù)量為I ）等。</p><p>　　黑體的箭頭代表服務(wù)水平上的順序關(guān)系。因此，為服務(wù)水平sl1 /2設(shè)計(jì)的模塊1/2可以超額滿足服務(wù)水平sl1 /1 。</p><p>　　需求通常在六個(gè)服務(wù)等級(jí)（sl1 / 1 ， … … ， sl2 / 3）來討論。但是，最后設(shè)計(jì)的選擇仍然是：</p><p

16、>　　?為更高層服務(wù)水平設(shè)計(jì)的模塊是否過度滿足每個(gè)服務(wù)水平; </p><p>　　?在為那些沒有過量滿足的服務(wù)水平設(shè)計(jì)的模塊中選擇一個(gè)模塊。</p><p>　　案例中，我們可以做個(gè)極端的決定，可以只制造模塊1/3和2/3 ，以滿足所有的市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域。</p><p>　　1.1.3 市場(chǎng)細(xì)分及模組化設(shè)計(jì)混合策略</p><p>　　市場(chǎng)

17、細(xì)分和模塊化設(shè)計(jì)策略可被混合，以達(dá)成過度設(shè)備成本、超額滿意成本和管理費(fèi)用三者的平衡。</p><p>　　在市場(chǎng)細(xì)分導(dǎo)向的戰(zhàn)略，對(duì)于某些要求一些市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域有著共同的服務(wù)水平。設(shè)計(jì)師可能會(huì)為某些市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域發(fā)展產(chǎn)品變量，這樣分享共同的模塊化組件。</p><p>　　相對(duì)地，在一個(gè)模塊化設(shè)計(jì)策略，設(shè)計(jì)師可以發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)模塊同步的滿足一系列功能要求，這樣更簡(jiǎn)單。因此，設(shè)計(jì)者應(yīng)確定市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域，以及為一些

18、客戶需求設(shè)計(jì)的模塊變量。</p><p>　　這些方法可以經(jīng)常應(yīng)用在不一樣的市場(chǎng)。舉例來說，家電設(shè)備產(chǎn)品通常分解成一些市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域，個(gè)人電腦的家庭更為模塊化，而汽車產(chǎn)品為市場(chǎng)細(xì)分及模組化的方式的一個(gè)混合：一輛汽車通常根據(jù)一些市場(chǎng)水平來確定，如底等，中層和奢侈，或者運(yùn)動(dòng)和旅游休閑，同時(shí)還有一些可選的要求（顏色，電子地圖，揚(yáng)聲器，電機(jī)）。</p><p>　　圖五是一個(gè)典型的基于圖3案例和圖4案例

19、的混合設(shè)計(jì)戰(zhàn)略。市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域ms1 ， MS2和ms3整合成一個(gè)單一的市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域ms123，用模塊化的方法確定它。這種方法滿足需求的集合{（需求1 ，服務(wù)水平1/2 ） ; （需求2 ，服務(wù)水平2/2 ）}，這些在圖3里沒有提供。</p><p>　　最后設(shè)計(jì)的選擇依然是：</p><p>　　?為市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域MS4設(shè)計(jì)的變量是否過度滿足市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域MS123; </p><p>

20、;　　?如果ms123沒有被滿意，為sl1/2或sl2/2設(shè)計(jì)的模塊是否過度滿足sl1/1或sl2/1；</p><p>　　?在為那些沒有過量滿足的服務(wù)水平或者市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域設(shè)計(jì)的模塊中選擇一個(gè)模塊。</p><p>　　1.1.4產(chǎn)品多樣性的后果：兩決定</p><p>　　材料表設(shè)計(jì)工藝的效果在于市場(chǎng)需求的樹行式分解（整個(gè)非黑體箭頭）。 </p>&l

21、t;p>　　樹高端的節(jié)點(diǎn)識(shí)別一些組合（需求，服務(wù)水平）。這些節(jié)點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域，或者是需求，或組合（需求，服務(wù)水平）。他們描繪了功能性的幫助，并建議給客戶。</p><p>　　樹上的枝葉就是材料清單，對(duì)應(yīng)于一個(gè)模塊或一個(gè)變量。每個(gè)模塊是以需求的服務(wù)水平為設(shè)計(jì)原則設(shè)計(jì)的。每個(gè)變量是以市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域?yàn)樵O(shè)計(jì)原則設(shè)計(jì)的。他們針對(duì)以前的功能描繪了技術(shù)性的解決方案。</p><p>　　此外，從功能性

22、要求的服務(wù)水平的原來的秩序關(guān)系，市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域和服務(wù)水平的秩序關(guān)系顯現(xiàn)了（粗體箭頭）。以圖5的MS123到MS4的連接為例，秩序關(guān)系表示：如果有必要，為市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域ms4設(shè)計(jì)的變量能滿足市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域ms123 。 </p><p>　　因此，兩種類型的制造性決策必須被考慮： </p><p>　　?在市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域或者服務(wù)水平使用秩序關(guān)系，必須考慮是否有過分滿足的，導(dǎo)致相應(yīng)的變量或模塊將不會(huì)生產(chǎn); </

23、p><p>　　?當(dāng)幾個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)原則已被采用時(shí)，必須選擇一個(gè)最終的材料清單。</p><p><b>　　1.2通用材料清單</b></p><p>　　在規(guī)劃過程中，材料清單一般用來計(jì)算給定的最終產(chǎn)品的凈需求。在這里，通用材料清單的作用就是把市場(chǎng)需求轉(zhuǎn)化為設(shè)計(jì)元素。</p><p>　　通用材料清單是一個(gè)有向樹，這些節(jié)點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)一

24、些項(xiàng)和權(quán)值，權(quán)值即是每個(gè)母項(xiàng)的子項(xiàng)的必要數(shù)量。為了匹配典型材料清單，關(guān)鍵的主意是增加新的符號(hào)：邏輯項(xiàng)與物理項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)、“或”節(jié)點(diǎn)與“與”節(jié)點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)。</p><p>　　? “或”節(jié)點(diǎn)表示在節(jié)點(diǎn)所有的子項(xiàng)中只能選一個(gè)，代表這個(gè)子項(xiàng)的存在。而“與”節(jié)點(diǎn)表示收集所有子項(xiàng)并確定它們。</p><p>　　?邏輯項(xiàng)只對(duì)于通用BOM才是必要的。它來自于已采用的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)方法。由于其邏輯性，它既不能被制造或者

25、儲(chǔ)存，也不能被運(yùn)輸。在規(guī)劃過程中，它將被運(yùn)算成一凈所需數(shù)量，該數(shù)字來自其子項(xiàng)能實(shí)現(xiàn)的母項(xiàng)。反過來說，物理項(xiàng)可以被儲(chǔ)存，生產(chǎn)或運(yùn)輸。邏輯項(xiàng)大都用來使市場(chǎng)，或需求，或設(shè)計(jì)和過度滿足之間選擇的結(jié)果正式化。</p><p>　　?權(quán)值通常是1，除了它表達(dá)了母項(xiàng)需求的市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域的比例。</p><p>　　圖6顯示了圖5描繪的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)工藝的結(jié)果所對(duì)應(yīng)的通用材料清單。該“變量”，“模塊”和“BOM”項(xiàng)目

26、是物理性的，如果它們被選擇，它們可以被制造出來?！白蛹表?xiàng)已經(jīng)被添加。它描繪了模塊化組件的集合，因此它也是物理性的。</p><p>　　“市場(chǎng)”和各市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域（“ms123”或“ms4”）之間弧線上的值表示，市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域間的估計(jì)的市場(chǎng)份額。那些在需求項(xiàng)（“req1”為例）和服務(wù)水平項(xiàng)（“sl1/1”或“sl1/2”）的值表示，在那服務(wù)水平的估計(jì)的需求組成。</p><p>　　因此，當(dāng)確定“或

27、”的選擇時(shí)，表示在一個(gè)選定BOM上依據(jù)市場(chǎng)總量如何推斷所需凈需求。注意，“或”選擇對(duì)于客戶一般會(huì)隱藏起來，那樣就不會(huì)改變功能的多樣性。所以，市場(chǎng)占有率不依賴于決策。</p><p>　　譯文原文出處：Industrial Engineering Center，Ecole des Mines d’ Albi-Carmaux，Campus Jarlard，Route de Teillet，81013 Albi CT

28、Cedex 09，F(xiàn)rance Available online 1 April 2005</p><p>　　An optimization model for selecting a product family and designing its supply chain</p><p>　　Jacques Lamothe *, Khaled Hadj-Hamou, Michel A

29、ldanondo</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　When designing a new family of products, designers and manufacturers must de?ne the product family and its supply chain simultaneously. At

30、the very ?rst step of the design process, designers propose various solutions for the set of variants of a product family and their bill-of-materials. The second step is to select some of these variants while choosing th

31、e architecture of the supply chain. A mixed integer linear programming model is investigated that optimizes the operating cost of the resulti</p><p>　　Keywords: Supply chain management; Product family design

32、; Supply chain design; Mixed integer linear programming (MILP)</p><p>　　1 De?ning the generic bill-of-materials</p><p>　　1.1 Modeling the product and design diversities</p><p>　　Dem

33、and diversity can be considered from various points of view: the customer or functional one, the product or physical one, and the supply chain or process one.</p><p>　　From the functional point of view, the

34、diversity refers to the set of requirements that a customer can express. Each requirement is derived in a series of ordered service levels (service level 1 0 service level2 0 Á Á Á 0 service level n). Thes

35、e service levels distinguish levels of complexity and cost in order to obtain the function. For example, the service levels of the function ‘‘car window lifter’’ can vary from ‘‘manual lifter’’ up to ‘‘electrical lifter

36、with alarm and pinch protection’’. C</p><p>　　From the product point of view, a product family is a set of physical product variants and is de?ned in order to ful?ll the market needs. A product variant ful?l

37、ls all of the requirements with a given speci?c service level. Moreover, a product variant is split up into components based on its bill-of-materials. The physical diversity usually refers to the cardinal of this product

38、 family or to the cardinal of the set of components.As we consider an order relation between the service levels of each</p><p>　　Now, let us consider a given customer demand de?ned by a set of service levels

39、, one per functional requirement: demand = {(requirement, demanded service level)}. There may not exist in the product family a product that exactly matches the demanded service levels. But the interest of the producer r

40、emains to satisfy this demand at the lowest cost and thus as close as possible to the demanded service levels. Consequently, the demand will be ful?lled by the smallest variant (in the sense of the part</p><p&

41、gt;　　Fig. 2 depicts the design challenge in a case with 2 requirements and 3 service levels. There can be 9 variants (Variant x Æ y satis?es Requirement 1 at the Service Levels 1/x and Requirement 2 at the Service L

42、evels2/y). In practice, it is not possible to manufacture all the variants because of the combinatory size(V requirements with W service levels lead WV variants). But the Variant 3.3 is necessary because it enables to ov

43、er-satisfy any demand. </p><p>　　So the design challenge is to select some of these variants and design their bill-of-materials.The design diversity is therefore the diversity of choices in order to de?ne th

44、e set of variants, their associated service levels, and their bill-of-materials. The systematic approach de?ned by Pahl and Beitz is usually adopted for designing a product. The ?rst step consists in choosing design prin

45、ciples. These design principles are technical and technological choices and the de?nition of a product fam</p><p>　　In order to design the architecture of a product family two main strategies are identi?ed w

46、hich we call‘‘market-segment oriented’’ strategy and ‘‘modular’’ strategy. Next sub-sections detail how to describe the result of such design strategies.</p><p>　　1.1.1 Market segment design strategy</p&g

47、t;<p>　　The market segment strategy works on a restricted list of market segments usually de?ned by a marketing department. A market segment is characterized by ?xing a speci?c service level for each of the functi

48、onal requirements. Then a variant is designed in order to ful?ll a speci?ed market segment. As several design principles can be applied to the same market segment, several admissible variants can be obtained per market s

49、egment. Moreover, as market segments are de?ned as a set of service levels </p><p>　　In the case of the example with 2 requirements and 3 service levels, Fig. 3 depicts the result of a design process in whic

50、h only 4 market segments have been selected among the 9 possible ones. Several design principles have been applied to the market segments MS1 (3 principles) and MS4 (2 principles), and corresponding variants are obtained

51、 (notation : Variant V-i denotes the design principle number ‘‘i’’ for the variant ‘‘V’’).</p><p>　　The bold arrows depict the order relations on the market segments. Therefore a variant designed for the mar

52、ket segment MS2 can also over-satisfy the needs of MS1.</p><p>　　Demand will always be expressed on the four market segments (MS1, . . . , MS4). But the design choices that remain ?nally are:</p><

53、p>　　· whether to over-satisfy a market segment with a variant designed for an upper market segment;</p><p>　　· to select a variant among the designed ones for the not over-satis?ed market segmen

54、ts.</p><p>　　in the example, an extreme decision can be to only manufacture either Variant 3.3-1 or Variant 3.3-2 in order to satisfy all the market segments.</p><p>　　1.1.2 Modular design strat

55、egy</p><p>　　The second strategy aims at adopting modular principles. This strategy appears to be essential in order to design mass-customizable products . The principle is to design at least one module vari

56、ant per functional requirement and per service level so that any demand can be ful?lled with the assembly of the desired module variants. This modular principle forces: (i) to design a standard platform on which any modu

57、lar variant can be assembled; (ii) to de?ne standard interfaces between the module var</p><p>　　Moreover, modules are supposed to be independent so that many design principles can be applied to a same servic

58、e level and thus many equivalent module variants are obtained.</p><p>　　Fig. 4 depicts the result of a modular strategy for the same 2 requirements and 3 service levels example.In that case, 2 design princip

59、les have been applied to the requirement 2 with the service level 2(notation: Module V/W-i denotes the design principle number ‘‘i’’ for the Requirement V with a service level W).</p><p>　　The bold arrows re

60、present the order relation on the service levels. Therefore the module 1/2 designed for the service level SL1/2 can also over-satisfy the needs of SL1/1.</p><p>　　Demand will always be expressed on the six s

61、ervice levels (SL1/1, . . . , SL2/3). But the design choices that remain ?nally are:</p><p>　　· whether to over-satisfy a service level with a module designed for a higher service level;</p><

62、p>　　· to select a module among the designed ones for the not over-satis?ed service levels.</p><p>　　In the example, an extreme decision can be to only manufacture modules 1/3 and 2/3 in order to sati

63、sfy all the market segments.</p><p>　　1.1.3 Mixed market segment and modular design strategies</p><p>　　Market segment and modular design strategies can be mixed in order to reach a compromise b

64、etween over-equipment costs, over-satisfaction costs and management costs.</p><p>　　In a market segment oriented strategy, some market segments have common service levels for several requirements. A designer

65、 may be interested in developing variants for these market segments that share common modular components.</p><p>　　Reciprocally, during a modular design strategy a designer can ?nd cheaper to design a module

66、 that simultaneously ful?lls a subset of functional requirements. Therefore, the designer should de?ne market segments and thus module variants for this subset of customer requirements.</p><p>　　These approa

67、ches can be frequently observed in various markets. For instance, household electrical appliance families are usually decomposed into market segments; personal computer families are much more modular; while automotive fa

68、milies come from a compromise between market segment and modular approaches: a car is usually de?ned according to a market range level, such as bottom, middle and luxury but also sport and touring, plus some optional req

69、uirements (color, road map computer, loudspeaker</p><p>　　Fig. 5 is an example of a mixed design strategy of the examples of Figs. 3 and 4. The market segmentMS1, MS2 and MS3 have been gathered within a sing

70、le market segment MS123 which is de?ned throughout a modular approach. This approach allows to ful?ll a demand gathering {(Requirement 1, ServiceLevel 1/2); (Requirement 2, Service Level 2/2)} that was not in Fig. 3.<

71、/p><p>　　The design choices that remain ?nally are:</p><p>　　· whether to over-satisfy MS123 with a variant designed for MS4;</p><p>　　· whether to over-satisfy SL1/1 or SL2/

72、1 with a module designed for SL1/2 or SL2/2 if MS123 is not over satis?ed;</p><p>　　· to select a module or a variant among the designed ones for the not over-satis?ed service levels or mar-ket-segments

73、.</p><p>　　1.1.4 Consequences on product diversity: Two decisions</p><p>　　The result of the bill-of-materials design process appears to be a tree decomposition of the market needs(throughout th

74、e unbold arrows).</p><p>　　The nodes of the upper part of the tree identi?es subsets of couples (requirement, service levels). These nodes correspond with either market segments, or requirements or couples (

75、requirement, service level).They depict the functional that is proposed to the customers.</p><p>　　The leafs of this tree are the bill-of-materials (BOM), that correspond with either a module or a variant.A

76、module is the result of a design principle matching a service level of a requirement. A variant is the result of a design principle matching a market segment. They depict the technical solution that matches the previous

77、functional .Moreover, from the original order relation between the service levels of the functional requirements,order relations between market segments or service levels (</p><p>　　for the market segment MS

78、4 can ful?ll the market segment MS123.</p><p>　　Consequently, two types of manufacturing decisions must be taken:</p><p>　　· using the order relation between market segments or service leve

79、ls, one must choose whether some will be over-satis?ed and therefore the corresponding variants or modules will not be manufactured;</p><p>　　· when several design principles have been applied, one must

80、 choose one of the resulting bill-of-materials.</p><p>　　1.2 The generic bill-of-materials (G-BOM)</p><p>　　During a planning process, the bill-of-materials is used in order to compute net requi

81、rement of items given the demand of ?nal products. Here, a generic bill-of-materials (G-BOM) expresses the admissible ways to distribute the market needs into the designed elements.</p><p>　　The G-BOM is a d

82、irected tree, in which nodes refer to items and arc values refer to the necessary quantity of child item per parent item. To match the extension of a classical bill-of-materials, the key idea is to add new notions of ‘‘l

83、ogical item’’ versus ‘‘physical item’’ and ‘‘exclusive OR’’ node versus usual ‘‘AND’’node.</p><p>　　· An ‘‘exclusive OR’’ node is introduced to show that one and only one item must be selected among all

84、 the child items of the node. It allows representing the choice of existence of a child item. An ‘‘AND’’node expresses that all its child items must be gathered in order to make it.</p><p>　　· A logical

85、 item is only necessary for the G-BOM expression. It comes from the product design approach that has been taken. Due to its logical meaning, it can neither be manufactured, nor stored, nor shipped.During a planning proce

86、ss, it allows to compute a net required quantity coming from its parent items that must be ful?lled by child items. Conversely, a physical item can be stored, manufactured or shipped.A logical item is mostly used in orde

87、r to formalize either the market, or a subset of </p><p>　　· An arc value is usually 1 except when it expresses a market segmentation of the requirement of the parentitem.</p><p>　　Fig. 6 s

88、hows the generic bill-of-materials corresponding to the result of the product design process depicted in Fig. 5. The ‘‘Variants’’, ‘‘Module’’ and ‘‘BOM’’ items are physical as they can be manufactured if they are selecte

89、d. The ‘‘Sub-assembly’’ item has been added. It depicts the assembly of modular components and therefore is also physical.</p><p>　　The values on the arcs between ‘‘Market’’ and the market segments items (‘‘

90、MS123’’ or ‘‘MS4’’) express an estimated market share between market segments. Those between requirement items (‘‘Req1’’ for example) and the service level items (‘‘SL1/1’’ or ‘‘SL1/2’’) express estimated demand decompos

91、ition on the service levels.</p><p>　　Therefore, when the ‘‘OR’’ choices are made one can express how a market volume induces net requirements on the selected BOM articles. Note that the ‘‘OR’’ choices are s

92、upposed to be hidden from the customers and consequently do not change the functional diversity . So, the market shares do not depend on the choices made.</p><p>　　The goal of the model of the next section i