水資源的綜合管理分析外文翻譯--通過對哥倫比亞的水資源的綜合管理分析得出其癱瘓原因

1、<p><b>　　中文3690字</b></p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)設計（論文）</p><p>　　外 文 翻 譯</p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　Integrated Water Resource Management</p>&

2、lt;p>　　in Colombia: Paralysis by Analysis？</p><p>　　Abstract：This paper reviews the current instruments in Colombian legislation for water management, including planning, economic and administrative instr

3、uments. In particular, it reviews the Watershed Management and Ordering Plans, administrative permits for water use and pollution, as well as water use and water pollution charges. It analyzes how they could interact and

4、 be implemented in order to undertake comprehensive and integrated water management by the regional environmental authorities. T</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　There is no consensus on what the

5、concept of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) means. The Global Water Partnership (2005) considers IWRM as a means to achieve three strategic goals:</p><p>　　(1) Efficiency to make water resources e

6、xtend as far as possible;</p><p>　　(2) Equity, in the allocation of water across different social and economic groups; and</p><p>　　(3) Environmental sustainability, to protect the water resourc

7、es base and associated eco-systems.</p><p>　　Traditional approaches have typically overstated one of the above goals without considering the others. For example, the ecosystem approach is directed at managin

8、g water resources, focusing on the natural ecosystems conservation and restoration (Andrade & Navarrete, 2004), but it has little regard for the allocation of water among users or the of its consumption. Engineering

9、approaches have focused on the storage and distribution of water without considering ecosystems or land uses in the waters</p><p>　　There is no simple solution for implementing the concept of IWRM; it depend

10、s on the particular framework and institutions related to the water resources in a country. One approach that has been promoted for the implementation of IWRM in Latin America is the creation of River Basin Committees (R

11、BC). Ideally, each RBC should be constituted by the water users in a basin, and its main function should be the allocation of water as well as the finance of activities to protect the resource. Therefore, </p><

12、;p>　　From an economic point of view, a River Basin Committee should function as a Coasian institution, fostering the direct negotiation of the users of a natural resource to achieve its optimal distribution. Coase (19

13、60) showed that, if property rights were clearly defined and allocated to the users of a natural resource, they should achieve a social optimum through a dir ect negotiation. The right of water allocation is clearly assi

14、gned to a River Basin Committee, and if the water users create it, t</p><p>　　The Coasian approach has been subjected to extensive analysis with regard to the onditions where it should achieve an optimal all

15、ocation. Buchanan (1967) concluded that the direct negotiation of the users of a natural resource should be feasible only if the number of users is small (small number condition), and the transaction cost associated with

16、 administration and coordination of the negotiation should not hinder its outcome. Other barriers that might impede a Coasian negotiation are related t</p><p>　　Therefore, it can be concluded that a River Ba

17、sin Committee should function as an optimal institution for water allocation if it has the clear right of water distribution, it does not have too many water users, is closely located and has enough information about the

18、 basin.</p><p>　　Colombia has a unique institutional framework in Latin America, with decentralized environmental authorities and a market-based regulation for potable water and electricity utilities. In thi

19、s context, the creation of RBC will generate conflicts with the functions of environmental authorities and with the regulatory bodies of water and electricity utilities.</p><p>　　This paper analyzes the ways

20、 of implementing the IWRM approach in the Colombian institutional context. The next section reviews the institutional framework for water management and is followed by an examination of the main instruments for water man

21、agement. There is then an analysis of how those instruments can be implemented in order to achieve IWRM goals, and the final section analyzes the problems of the environmental authorities in effectively implementing them

22、.</p><p>　　Institutional Framework for Water Management in Colombia</p><p>　　The institutional framework related to water resources in Colombia can be divided into the following categories:</

23、p><p>　　(a) water allocation and pollution regulation;</p><p>　　(b) water demand for energy, potable water supply and sanitation, and agricultural irrigation; and</p><p>　　(c) ecosyste

24、m/watershed management.</p><p>　　The National Environmental System manages categories (a) and (c) while the water demand for sectoral use is regulated by other ministries, as described below. </p><

25、;p>　　The National Environmental System</p><p>　　Colombia has a decentralized system for environmental regulation and management. The system is directed by the Ministry of the Environment,Housing and Terri

26、torial Development, which formulates the national environmental policies, establishes the environmental regulation to be applied throughout the country, including the minimum pollution standards, and charges fees. The Mi

27、nistry is also in charge of the administration of national protected areas, and grants an environmental licence to national </p><p>　　The regional environmental authorities (CARs) are the institutions in cha

28、rge of implementing the national policies and regulations as well as managing the natural resources within their boundaries, including water resources. The main functions of CARs in relation to water resources are:</p

29、><p>　　(1) to allocate water to users;</p><p>　　(2) to control water pollution for point and non-point sources;</p><p>　　(3) to formulate and adopt Watershed Ordering Plans; and</p&

30、gt;<p>　　(4)to design, finance and implement activities for the protection of ecosystems.</p><p>　　CARsare also responsible for the conservation of forests and other ecosystems (i.e. paramos) related

31、to the hydrological cycle. </p><p>　　CARs are autonomous, consisting of a regional Board not only composed of a majority of regional representatives (Department, Municipal, NGOs and Business sector, ethnic c

32、ommunities) but also of representatives from national government (Ministry of the Environment and the President). The Board appoints the director and approves the budget. Although CARs receive resources from the national

33、 budget, they have their own financial resources, which mainly comprise a percentage of the property tax as we</p><p>　　The effective technical capacity of CARs depends mainly on the availability of</p>

34、;<p>　　resources. As the main financial resources are a percentage of the property tax, CARs that include highly populated areas have a high technical capacity and sufficient personnel.</p><p>　　On th

35、e other hand, CARs also have the function of reviewing and approving the</p><p>　　environmental component of the Territorial Ordering Plans (POT). The POT is formulated by the municipalities and contains, am

36、ong other aspects, the delimitation of areas for urban use/expansion and rural use. They also define categories and impose restrictions on the use of land for environmental, cultural or historic purposes.</p><

37、p>　　Finally, the National Environmental System includes five research institutions:</p><p>　　(1) IDEAM is a national research institute which coordinates the Colombian Environmental Information System and

38、 is responsible for meteorology,hydrology, and related environmental studies.</p><p>　　(2) The Von Humboldt Institute is responsible for biological and biodiversity research studies.</p><p>　　(3

39、) The INVEMAR Institute is responsible for marine and coastal research studies.</p><p>　　(4) The SINCHI Institute is responsible for research concerning natural resources of the Colombian Amazon region.</

40、p><p>　　(5) The IIAP Institute is responsible for research concerning socio-economic and natural resources of the Colombian Pacific region.</p><p>　　Of the above,IDEAM is the main research institut

41、ion related to water management. IDEAM operates the national hydrological and meteorological network, which supplies official information to all other institutions in Colombia, including aviation and hydroelectric utilit

42、ies. It also establishes protocols to standardize the environmental collection of information. Among the studies undertaken by IDEAM is the National Water Study, which analyzes the water supply and demand, as well as the

43、 scarcity co</p><p>　　Sectorial Regulation</p><p>　　Water use for energy, water supply and sanitation and agricultural irrigation is regulated by sectorial ministries, as follows:</p><

44、;p>　　Water for domestic/municipal use. Municipal authorities should guarantee the access of potable water and sanitation to their population. Their responsibilities range from water abstraction, storage, distribution

45、and discharge, including the treatment of residual water. Usually they grant the concession for the operation of the potable water service and sanitation to a specialized entity or utility, which could be private, semi-p

46、rivate or public. Each utility should have a Master Plan, which incl</p><p>　　The calculation of the tariffs is regulated by a national Potable Water Regulatory Committee. Tariffs should completely recover t

47、he operation costs and partly recover the investment costs of the service. The Committee has approved only the inclusion of environmental costs or investments in the tariffs limited to the charges required by law (water

48、and pollution charges). The Ministry of the Environment designs the national policy for potable water and domestic services and helps the municipalitie</p><p>　　The access or expansion of the water intake fo

49、r the potable water system requires a water permit granted by the CAR with the corresponding jurisdiction. To grant a water permit, the CAR will analyze the availability of the resource and its impact to other users. The

50、 environmental law give priority for the allocation of water for domestic uses. Once the water permit is issued, the utility can access or expand the intake and will have to pay the water charge to the CAR. </p>&

51、lt;p>　　Water for electricity generation. Electricity generation in Colombia works in a regulated market framework. The electric utilities are private, semi-private or public companies that compete in a ‘spot’ market f

52、or supplying electricity to the national grid at the lowest price. The utilities are regulated by the Energy Regulatory Committee which establishes the rules for the operation of the dispatch system. Although there is an

53、 Energy Planning Unit in the Ministry of Energy, the initiatives of ne</p><p>　　Pollution charges and water use charges are implemented only as financial instruments for fund raising. Despite their design ch

54、aracteristics, the environmental authorities do not use them as economic instruments to achieve environmental goals at a minimum cost. With only the consideration of maximizing its revenues, CARs apply the water use or w

55、ater pollution charges to users that do not have concessions or permits, fostering an illegal situation. Most of the municipality’s discharges do not hav</p><p>　　According to Castro & Castro (2002) and

56、Ecoversa (2005), at a first glance, the cause for the erroneous implementation of the instruments is due to a lack of technical capacity by the environmental authorities. Usually CARs do not have sufficient personnel to

57、properly implement or enforce the instruments, or they lack the expertise to undertake technical analysis (e.g. quality modelling of the resources). However, the main and hidden cause is that each instrument was designed

58、 without considering</p><p>　　In this context, an IWRM approach can give the Ministry a coherent vision about how to formulate an integrated and harmonious regulation as well as proper guidelines to improve

59、water resource management in Colombia.</p><p>　　Source: JAVIER BLANCO. Integrated Water Resource Management in Colombia: Paralysis by Analysis?. Water Resources Development, March 2008,Vol. 24, No. 1 : P91–P

60、101.</p><p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p>　　通過對哥倫比亞的水資源的綜合管理分析得出其癱瘓原因</p><p>　　摘要：本文綜述了哥倫比亞法律文書中在水資源管理方面的現(xiàn)行工具，包括計劃，經濟和行政手段。特別是，它評論了流域管理與計劃安排，對水的使用與污染的行政許可，以及水利用和水污染收費的管理。它分析了區(qū)域環(huán)境當

61、局為了進行全面和綜合性水資源管理是如何進行溝通和實施的。本文接著回顧了目前這些文書由區(qū)域環(huán)境當局是 怎樣實施的，得出結論認為，水資源綜合管理目標沒有實現(xiàn)。 簡介：</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在對于水資源綜合管理理念到底是什么樣的還沒有形成共識。全球水伙伴（2005）認為水資源綜合管理作為手段，用來實現(xiàn)三個戰(zhàn)略目標：</p><p>　?。?）達到使水資源盡可能延長的效率目標 。</p&

62、gt;<p>　?。?）在跨越不同的社會和經濟團體間，水資源分配的公平目標。 </p><p>　?。?）環(huán)境的可持續(xù)性，實現(xiàn)對水資源基礎和相關生態(tài)系統(tǒng)保護。</p><p>　　傳統(tǒng)方法通?？浯罅松鲜瞿繕说钠渲幸粋€而沒有考慮其他目標。例如，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的做法是針對對水資源的管理，注重對自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的保護和恢復（安德拉德＆ 納瓦雷特，2004年），但它忽略了用戶之間對水的分配問題

63、及其消費的效率問題。工程方法都集中在水的存儲和分配，而沒有考慮生態(tài)系統(tǒng)或土地利用的分水嶺。對于實施水資源綜合管理的理論在運用上還沒有簡單的解決方案，它取決于一個國家有關水資源的特定的框架和機構。一種已在拉丁美洲用于水資源綜合管理的實施方法是促進該（RBC）的創(chuàng)新。理想的情況下，每個流域委員會應由一個流域的水用戶構成，其主要職能應該是對水的分配問題要像保護活動的資金一樣來保護它。因此，在一個機構中，對水資源綜合管理各項目標的關注將在理論上

64、確保他們將在水的管理上被同等的對待。不幸的是，流域委員會創(chuàng)建以來，沒有產生所預期的結果（巴爾加斯及莫蘭德，2005年）。</p><p>　　從經濟角度來看，一個河流域委員會應作為一個科斯機構，對自然資源使用者之間的直接談判起著促進作用，以實現(xiàn)其優(yōu)化配置?？扑梗?960）表明，如果給用戶的天然資源的產權得到明確界定和分配，他們應該通過直接談判實現(xiàn)一個社會的最優(yōu)。水的分配權被明確分配給一個河流域委員會，如果是水用戶

65、創(chuàng)建了它，這將在理論上構成一個水資源管理的最優(yōu)解 。</p><p>　　在科斯，能實現(xiàn)優(yōu)化配置的做法受到了廣泛的研究。布坎南認為，只有在用戶數量少，管理與交易中的協(xié)調產生的交易成本不妨礙其支出的前提下，一種自然資源的用戶進行直接談判應是可行的。其他一些可能妨礙科斯談判的障礙是水用戶的距離較遠和對自然資源信息方面的缺乏。因此，可以得出的結論是如果流域委員會有明確的分配水資源的權利，也沒有太多的水資源用戶，并且這些

66、用戶居住的較密切，對自然資源方面的信息有足夠的了解，它應作為一種具有優(yōu)化水資源配置功能的制度。</p><p>　　在拉丁美洲，哥倫比亞對于區(qū)分環(huán)保部門和以市場為基礎的飲用水和電力設施的監(jiān)管機構已有了獨特的體制框架。在這種情況下，流域委員會的建立將產生環(huán)保部門和水，電公用事業(yè)的監(jiān)管機構之間職能的沖突。本文分析了在哥倫比亞背景下實施水資源綜合管理體制的途徑。下一部分回顧了水資源管理的體制框架和之后的一個采用水管理主

67、要手段進行的實驗。 然后是對于如何利用這些手段來實現(xiàn)流域委員會目標的分析，最后一部分分析了在有效利用這些手段時，環(huán)保部門所產生的問題。</p><p>　　在哥倫比亞的水資源管理體制框架在哥倫比亞，相關水資源的體制框架可分為下列幾類： </p><p>　?。╝）水資源分配和污染監(jiān)管；</p><p>　　（b）水能源需求，飲用水供應和衛(wèi)生，農業(yè)灌溉；</p

68、><p>　　（c）生態(tài)系統(tǒng)/流域管理。 </p><p>　　國家環(huán)境系統(tǒng)管理類（a）和類（c），而為部門使用提供的水是受其他部委管理的，如下所述：</p><p><b>　　全國環(huán)境系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　哥倫比亞有一個環(huán)境法規(guī)和管理體制上的分散系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)是由環(huán)境，住房和領土發(fā)展部指導，負責制定國家環(huán)境政策

69、，建立應用與全國各地的環(huán)境管理條例，包括最低污染標準和費用收取。該部還控制著國家保護區(qū)域的行政主管，還是對國家基礎設施項目授予環(huán)境許可證的負責機構，并執(zhí)行國家政策和法規(guī)以及管理自然邊界內的資源，包括水資源。在水資源方面的主要職能如下：</p><p>　?。?）分配水給用戶；</p><p>　?。?）控制水的點源和非點源污染；</p><p>　?。?）制定和通過

70、流域訂購計劃；</p><p>　?。?）設計、融資和實施生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的保護活動。 </p><p>　　區(qū)域環(huán)保部門也對森林的保護和有關水文循環(huán)方面的其他生態(tài)系統(tǒng)負責。</p><p>　　組成區(qū)域委員會的區(qū)域環(huán)境當局是自主的，它不僅由大部分的區(qū)域代表（部門，市，非政府組織和商業(yè)部門等團體）所組成，而且還有來自國家政府的代表（環(huán)境部門和總統(tǒng)）。董事會任命董事并且批準預

71、算。盡管區(qū)域環(huán)境當局接受來自國家預算的資源，但是他們有他們自己的財政資源，，主要包括在管轄范圍內的物業(yè)稅的一部分和其他一些可轉讓稅及環(huán)境稅。這些特點使他們對分配財政資源具有一定的靈活性，并可以根據其區(qū)域的優(yōu)先事項執(zhí)行項目。</p><p>　　區(qū)域環(huán)境當局的有效技術能力主要取決于資源的可用性。區(qū)域環(huán)境當局是較高的技術能力和充足的人員高度密集的區(qū)域，它主要的財政資源是物業(yè)稅。</p><p>

72、;　　另一方面，區(qū)域環(huán)境當局也有審查和批準領土訂購計劃中關于環(huán)境部分內容的功能。領土訂購計劃是由市政府形成的，內容包括在區(qū)域上對城市使用或擴張及農村使用方面的劃定。他們還在環(huán)境、文化、歷史方面對土地的利用，定義了類別和加強了限制。</p><p>　　最后，國家環(huán)保系統(tǒng)包括五個研究機構：</p><p>　?。?）IDEAM是一個協(xié)調哥倫比亞環(huán)境信息系統(tǒng)，并對氣象， 水文學負責及與環(huán)境研究

73、相關的全國性研究機構。</p><p>　　（2）Von Humboldt研究所是負責生物和生物多樣性調查研究的機構。</p><p>　　（3）INVEMAR研究所負責海洋和沿海調查研究工作。</p><p>　　（4）SINCHI研究所負責在哥倫比亞亞馬孫地區(qū)關于自然資源的研究工作。</p><p>　　（5）IIAP研究所是負責在哥倫比

74、亞太平洋地區(qū)有關社會經濟和天然資源的研究工作。</p><p>　　上述所有機構中，IDEAM是有關水資源管理中主要的研究機構。IDEAM操控著國家的水文和氣象網絡，為哥倫比亞的其他所有機構，包括航空，水電公用事業(yè)機構提供官方信息。該機構還對哥倫比亞的93個綜合水資源管理的信息收集進行規(guī)范。由IDEAM進行的一項研究是對國家水資源的研究，這項研究分析了水的供給與需求以及整個國家的稀缺條件</p>&

75、lt;p><b>　　扇形條例</b></p><p>　　水能源的使用與水資源的提供，衛(wèi)生和農業(yè)灌溉用水的調控按行業(yè)部委規(guī)定實施，具體如下，家庭/市對水的使用。市政當局應保證對飲用水和衛(wèi)生設施的人口進行訪問 。他們的職責范圍包含有水的抽取，儲存，分銷和排放，包括剩余污水的處理。通常他們對在專門機構或公用事業(yè)享受飲用水服務和衛(wèi)生的具體操作進行了讓步，這些人可能是私人，半私人或公眾。 &

76、lt;/p><p>　　每個實用程序應該有一個總體規(guī)劃，其中包括在城市地區(qū)對飲用水和衛(wèi)生設施覆蓋率的擴大的主要投資。投資經營的資金主要是由稅收用戶提供的。稅收資助低收入用戶，而高收入用戶的運營成本貢獻高于平均水平的運營成本。</p><p>　　在多數城市，補貼均高于貢獻，因此，政府必須將赤字由從國家轉移到直轄市范圍內。</p><p>　　關稅計算的政策，是受國家飲用

77、水監(jiān)督管理委員會管理的。關稅應完全收回經營成本和部分恢復服務的投資成本。該委員會只批準了僅限于法律規(guī)定的收費范圍（水和污染收費）內的夾雜環(huán)境成本或關稅的投資。環(huán)境部設計了對飲用水和家庭服務的國家政策，并協(xié)助市政府去實現(xiàn)增加飲用水和衛(wèi)生設施的覆蓋面的目標。該部利用多邊貸款的錢和政府收入，共同投資于飲用水和衛(wèi)生設施。區(qū)域環(huán)保部門還利用污染費收入共同籌資建立廢水的處理系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　飲用水系統(tǒng)取水口的訪問或

78、擴建工程需要具有相應管轄權的區(qū)域環(huán)保部門授予的取水許可。授予取水許可證，區(qū)域環(huán)保部門將分析資源的可用性及其對其他用戶的影響。環(huán)境法賦予住宅用途方面的水具有優(yōu)先分配權。一旦取水許可證發(fā)出后，該實用程序可以訪問或擴大攝入量，并須在區(qū)域環(huán)保部門支付水費。</p><p>　　水發(fā)電，在哥倫比亞，電力的產生在一個規(guī)范的市場框架中起著一定的作用。電力設施有可能是私人的、半私人的或者是公共性質的企業(yè)所有的，這些企業(yè)在一個“點

79、”市場競爭，以最低的價格向國家電網提供電力設施。這些設施由能源監(jiān)督管理委員會即負責建立調度系統(tǒng)運行規(guī)則的機構進行管理。雖然在能源部有一個能源規(guī)劃小組，但是一開始時新的電熱設備廠是全私人的，并且政府對它沒有計劃性。如果一個公司希望構建一個電熱設備廠，為了得到環(huán)境許可證，根據它的大小，它必須滿足該部或相應的區(qū)域委員會的研究需要。水資源的使用許可包括在環(huán)境許可中。</p><p>　　排污收費和水的使用費只是作為實現(xiàn)籌

80、集基金的金融工具。盡管他們的設計特點如此，環(huán)保部門并沒有用他們作為經濟手段來實現(xiàn)在最低成本下的環(huán)境目標，只是考慮最大限度地提高其收入。區(qū)域環(huán)境當局在沒有優(yōu)惠或許可證的情況下，將水資源的使用或水污染收費應用到使用者身上，以此培養(yǎng)一非法局面。大部分的市收費沒有許可證或沒有遵守計劃，但卻要求使用者付出水質污染費。</p><p>　　根據卡斯特羅（2002年）和伊克文薩（2005）的觀點，乍看一下，他們覺得這些方案執(zhí)行

81、上的錯誤可能是由于環(huán)保部門缺乏技術能力。通常，區(qū)域環(huán)境當局沒有足夠的人員去妥善執(zhí)行或強制執(zhí)行文書，或對技術分析（如質量的資源建模）缺乏專業(yè)知識。然而，主要的和隱藏的原因是每個設計的方案沒有考慮與其他之間的關系，此外，環(huán)境部沒有對他們應該如何溝通交流給予明確的指導意見。</p><p>　　在此背景下，水資源綜合管理方法可以給該部提供一個關于如何形成一個綜合，和諧的監(jiān)管條例以及對如何改善哥倫比亞的水資源管理作適當指