外文翻譯--鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計

1、<p>　　Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures </p><p>　　Second Edition</p><p>　　(USA) Williams·Alan </p><p>　　2 Structure in Design of Architecture And Structural Materi

2、al</p><p>　　，China Water Power Press，Beijing,2002. P37～57</p><p><b>　　鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計</b></p><p><b>　　第二版</b></p><p>　　(美)艾倫·威廉斯著</p>&l

3、t;p>　　第二章，在建筑學的設(shè)計構(gòu)成和結(jié)構(gòu)的材料</p><p>　　，中國水利水電出版社，北京,2002.P37頁～57頁.</p><p>　　Structure in Design of Architecture And Structural Material</p><p>　　We have and the architects must deal

4、 with the spatial aspect of activity, physical, and symbolic needs in such a way that overall performance integrity is assured. Hence, he or she well wants to think of evolving a building environment as a total system of

5、 interacting and space forming subsystems. Is represents a complex challenge, and to meet it the architect will need a hierarchic design process that provides at least three levels of feedback thinking: schematic, prelim

6、inary, and final.</p><p>　　Such a hierarchy is necessary if he or she is to avoid being confused , at conceptual stages of design thinking ,by the myriad detail issues that can distract attention from more b

7、asic considerations .In fact , we can say that an architect’s ability to distinguish the more basic form the more detailed issues is essential to his success as a designer .</p><p>　　The object of the schema

8、tic feed back level is to generate and evaluate overall site-plan, activity-interaction, and building-configuration options .To do so the architect must be able to focus on the interaction of the basic attributes of the

9、site context, the spatial organization, and the symbolism as determinants of physical form. This means that ,in schematic terms ,the architect may first conceive and model a building design as an organizational abstracti

10、on of essential performance-space in</p><p>　　At the schematic stage, it would also be helpful if the designer could visualize his or her options for achieving overall structural integrity and consider the c

11、onstructive feasibility and economic of his or her scheme .But this will require that the architect and/or a consultant be able to conceptualize total-system structural options in terms of elemental detail .Such overall

12、thinking can be easily fed back to improve the space-form scheme.</p><p>　　At the preliminary level, the architect’s emphasis will shift to the elaboration of his or her more promising schematic design optio

13、ns .Here the architect’s structural needs will shift to approximate design of specific subsystem options. At this stage the total structural scheme is developed to a middle level of specificity by focusing on identificat

14、ion and design of major subsystems to the extent that their key geometric, component, and interactive properties are established .Basic subsystem in</p><p>　　When the designer and the client are satisfied wi

15、th the feasibility of a design proposal at the preliminary level, it means that the basic problems of overall design are solved and details are not likely to produce major change .The focus shifts again ,and the design p

16、rocess moves into the final level .At this stage the emphasis will be on the detailed development of all subsystem specifics . Here the role of specialists from various fields, including structural engineering, is much l

17、arger, sinc</p><p>　　To summarize: At Level I, the architect must first establish, in conceptual terms, the overall space-form feasibility of basic schematic options. At this stage, collaboration with specia

18、lists can be helpful, but only if in the form of overall thinking. At Level II, the architect must be able to identify the major subsystem requirements implied by the scheme and substantial their interactive feasibility

19、by approximating key component properties .That is, the properties of major subsystems need be</p><p>　　Of course this success comes from the development of the Structural Material.</p><p>　　The

20、 principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and masonry brick, stone, or tile, and similar materials. The courses or layers were bound together with mortar or bitumen, a tar like substance, or some other

21、 binding agent. The Greeks and Romans sometimes used iron rods or claps to strengthen their building. The columns of the Parthenon in Athens, for example, have holes drilled in them for iron bars that have now rusted awa

22、y. The Romans also used a natural cement called puzzling,</p><p>　　Both steel and cement, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century. Steel, basi

23、cally an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon had been made up to that time by a laborious process that restricted it to such special uses as sword blades. After the invention of the Bessemer process in 1856, steel

24、 was available in large quantities at low prices. The enormous advantage of steel is its tensile force which, as we have seen, tends to pull</p><p>　　Modern cement, called Portland cement, was invented in 18

25、24. It is a mixture of limestone and clay, which is heated and then ground into a power. It is mixed at or near the construction site with sand, aggregate small stones, crushed rock, or gravel, and water to make concrete

26、. Different proportions of the ingredients produce concrete with different strength and weight. Concrete is very versatile; it can be poured, pumped, or even sprayed into all kinds of shapes. And whereas steel has great

27、ten</p><p>　　They also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where both compression and tension are

28、 factors. Steel rods are embedded in concrete to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tensions will develop. Concrete and steel also form such a strong bond─ the force that unites them─ that the

29、 steel cannot slip within the concrete. Still another advantage is that steel does not</p><p>　　The adoption of structural steel and reinforced concrete caused major changes in traditional construction pract

30、ices. It was no longer necessary to use thick walls of stone or brick for multistory buildings, and it became much simpler to build fire-resistant floors. Both these changes served to reduce the cost of construction. It

31、also became possible to erect buildings with greater heights and longer spans.</p><p>　　Since the weight of modern structures is carried by the steel or concrete frame, the walls do not support the building.

32、 They have become curtain walls, which keep out the weather and let in light. In the earlier steel or concrete frame building, the curtain walls were generally made of masonry; they had the solid look of bearing walls. T

33、oday, however, curtain walls are often made of lightweight materials such as glass, aluminum, or plastic, in various combinations.</p><p>　　Another advance in steel construction is the method of fastening to

34、gether the beams. For many years the standard method was riveting. A rivet is a bolt with a head that looks like a blunt screw without threads. It is heated, placed in holes through the pieces of steel, and a second head

35、 is formed at the other end by hammering it to hold it in place. Riveting has now largely been replaced by welding, the joining together of pieces of steel by melting a steel material between them under high heat.</p&

36、gt;<p>　　Priestess’s concrete is an improved form of reinforcement. Steel rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strengths. They are then used to priestess concrete, usually by

37、one of two different methods. The first is to leave channels in a concrete beam that correspond to the shapes of the steel rods. When the rods are run through the channels, they are then bonded to the concrete by filling

38、 the channels with grout, a thin mortar or binding agent. In the other (and </p><p>　　Progressed concrete has made it possible to develop buildings with unusual shapes, like some of the modern, sports arenas

39、, with large spaces unbroken by any obstructing supports. The uses for this relatively new structural method are constantly being developed.</p><p>　　在建筑學的設(shè)計構(gòu)成和結(jié)構(gòu)的材料</p><p>　　我們有，并且建筑師一定在一個如此的方法

40、中處理活動，身體檢查和代號需要的空間方面全部的表現(xiàn)正直被保證。 因此，他或她很好地想要想到進化如互相影響的完全的系統(tǒng)和空間形成次要系統(tǒng)的建筑物環(huán)境。 是表現(xiàn)復(fù)雜的挑戰(zhàn), 和遇見它建筑師將會需要提供至少三層反饋思考的一個 hierarchic 設(shè)計程序: 概要的，初步的，和最后的。</p><p>　　如果在設(shè)計思考的概念上階段，他或者她將避免被混亂 ,藉著能轉(zhuǎn)移來自較多的基本考慮的注意的無數(shù)細節(jié)議題，如此的一個序

41、位是必需的。事實上，我們能說建筑師的能力區(qū)別較多的基本形成比較詳細的議題對如一個設(shè)計者的他成功是很重要的。</p><p>　　概要回饋水平的物體將產(chǎn)生并且評估全部的位置-計劃, 活動-交互作用 , 和建筑物-結(jié)構(gòu)的選項。做因此建筑師一定能夠把重心集中在如實際形式的決定因素的位置上下文的基本屬性的交互作用，空間的組織和象征。這意謂 ,以概要的角度 ,建筑師可能首先構(gòu)思而且做模型建筑物設(shè)計當必要表現(xiàn)的組織抽象化-在

42、 teractions 中隔開。然后他或她可能探究抽象化的全部空間-形式含意。 如真實的建筑物結(jié)構(gòu)選項開始浮現(xiàn),它將會被修正為基本位置包括考慮情況。</p><p>　　如果設(shè)計者可以為達成全部的結(jié)構(gòu)正直使他或者她的選項看得見而且考慮建設(shè)性的可行性，在概要的階段，它也會是有幫助的和經(jīng)濟的他或她的方案。但是這將會需要建筑師及[或] 一個顧問能夠使有概念總數(shù)-系統(tǒng)根據(jù)元素的細節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)的選項。如此全部的思考向后地可能是容

43、易地喂改善空間-形式的方案。</p><p>　　在初步的水平, 建筑師的強調(diào)將會轉(zhuǎn)移到關(guān)于的細述他的或她的更有希望概要的設(shè)計選項。在這里建筑師的結(jié)構(gòu)需要將會轉(zhuǎn)移到接近特定次要系統(tǒng)選項的設(shè)計。 在現(xiàn)階段完全的結(jié)構(gòu)方案被把重心集中在確認和主要次要系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計被發(fā)展到中央水平特異性對那范圍他們的主要幾何學的, 成份, 和交談式財產(chǎn)被建立?；敬我到y(tǒng)交互作用和設(shè)計沖突能如此在總數(shù)-系統(tǒng)目的的上下文被識別而且決定。 顧問

44、能在這一個努力扮演一重要的角色; 這些初步行動-水平?jīng)Q定也可能造成要求精致或概要的觀念方面的甚至主要的改變的反饋。</p><p>　　當設(shè)計者和客戶在初步的水平對設(shè)計提議的可行性感到滿意的時候，它意謂全部設(shè)計的基本問題被解決，而且細節(jié)不可能生產(chǎn)主要的變化。焦點再一次改變 ,和進入最后的水平之內(nèi)的設(shè)計程序移動。在現(xiàn)階段，強調(diào)將會在所有次要系統(tǒng)特性的詳細發(fā)育上。 來自各種不同的場, 包括結(jié)構(gòu)工程, 的專家的角色在這

45、里非常大的, 因為初步設(shè)計的所有細節(jié)一定被想出。 決定在這一個水平作出了可能生產(chǎn)反饋進入同高的 2 哪一將會造成變化。 然而, 如果水平我和 2 與洞察力一起處理, 那關(guān)系在全部的決定, 在概要的和初步的水平作出了之間, 和最后水平的特性應(yīng)該是以致于總數(shù)重新設(shè)計不在疑問,寧可,整個的程序應(yīng)該搬進來自創(chuàng)造和總數(shù)-系統(tǒng)設(shè)計觀念的比較一般財產(chǎn)的精致 (或修正) 的一種進化的流行是一,對那肉由于必要元素和細節(jié)。</p><p

46、>　　概述: 在第一水平，建筑師以概念上的角度一定首先建立基本概要的選項的全部空間-形式可行性。 在現(xiàn)階段，和專家的合作可能是有幫助的, 但是只有當如果以全部思考的形式。 在同高的 2, 建筑師一定能夠識別被方案暗示的主要的次要系統(tǒng)需求和可觀藉由接近主要成份特性的他們的交談式可行性。那是, 主要次要系統(tǒng)需要的財產(chǎn)只被在充份的深度方面對非常他們的基本形式的固有相容性想出 -相關(guān)的和動作的交互作用。 這將會在第一水平中然后用專家意指略

47、微比較特定形式的合作那。在同高的 3,和專家的建筑師和特定形式的合作然后那為必需生產(chǎn)順從的工程文件的所有的元素設(shè)計特性提供。當然，這成功來自結(jié)構(gòu)材料的發(fā)育。</p><p>　　比較早的時代的主要工程材料是木材和石工磚塊，石頭或磚瓦 , 和相似的材料。 課程或?qū)蛹s束連同灰泥或柏油，像物質(zhì)的焦油或一些其他的裝訂代理人一起。 希臘人和羅馬人有時用了鐵棍棒形骨針或者拍手加強他們的建筑物。 縱隊的帕德教神殿在雅典對于現(xiàn)在

48、已經(jīng)生銹離開的鐵酒吧在他們里面，舉例來說，訓練洞。也被用一個天然的齒骨質(zhì)的羅馬人呼叫困惑,從火山的灰制造了,那在水之下像石頭一樣的難變成了。</p><p>　　鋼和齒骨質(zhì) , 二現(xiàn)代的大多數(shù)重要工程材料,在十九世紀內(nèi)被介紹。 鋼,基本上一個鐵的合金和很少的碳已經(jīng)被對如刀劍刀鋒的特別使用限制了它的一個艱苦程序完成到那次。 在貝塞麥的發(fā)明在 1856 年處理之后,鋼以低的價格在大的量中是可得的。 鋼的巨大利益是它的

49、可拉長力量, 當我們已經(jīng)見到之時, 容易拉分別許多材料。 新的合金更進一步有, 趨向是哪一個在結(jié)果方面的持續(xù)不斷的改變讓它變?nèi)鯄浩攘Α?lt;/p><p>　　現(xiàn)代的齒骨質(zhì),叫做 Dorsetshire 監(jiān)獄齒骨質(zhì), 在 1824 年被發(fā)明. 它是一個石灰石的混合和粘土, 被加熱然后進入力量之內(nèi)置于地面。它被混合在或者在工程的附近以砂位于,聚集小的石頭,粉碎了巖石, 或鋪碎石, 而且澆水制造具體物。 成分農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的不同

50、比例以不同的力量和重量凝結(jié)。 具體物非常用途廣泛; 它能被倒, 抽, 或甚至進入各種的形狀之內(nèi)噴霧了。 而且然而鋼有棒的可拉長的力量,具體物有在壓縮下面的棒的力量。 因此，二物質(zhì)補助彼此。</p><p>　　他們也以另外的方式補助彼此: 他們幾乎有收縮和擴充的相同比率。 他們因此能在壓縮和緊張是因素的情形中一起工作。 鋼棍棒形骨針正在具體物埋入制造加強具體的光線或者緊張將會發(fā)展的結(jié)構(gòu)的具體物。 具體物和鋼也形成

51、如此的強烈束縛─聯(lián)合他們─鋼不能夠在具體物里面滑倒的力量。 仍然另外的利益是鋼在具體物不生銹。 酸使腐蝕鋼,然而具體物有堿的化學反應(yīng)，酸的相對事物。</p><p>　　結(jié)構(gòu)鋼的采用和加強了被引起主要的方面改變傳統(tǒng)的工程練習的具體物。 它不再對使用石頭的厚墻壁而言是必需的或者磚塊對于多故事建筑物, 和它變成了非常簡單的建立火-反抗的地板。 兩者的這些變化服侍減少工程的費用。 它也變成了可能的用較棒的高度和較長的指

52、距豎立建筑物。</p><p>　　因為現(xiàn)代結(jié)構(gòu)的重量被鋼的或者具體框架傳達,墻壁不支援建筑物。 他們已經(jīng)變得帳墻壁, 這不讓天氣進入而且讓光進去。 在比較早的鋼或具體物框架建筑物中, 帳墻壁通常是用石工做成的; 他們有了生墻壁的堅硬神情。 今天，然而，帳墻壁時常是用輕量級材料 , 像是玻璃，鋁或塑料做成的,在各種不同的組合。</p><p>　　鋼的工程的另外的一個進步一起是系結(jié)物的方法

53、光線。 標準的方法正在用鉚釘固定許多年。 一根鉚釘用看起來像沒有線的一個鈍的螺絲釘一樣的一個頭是門閂。 它被加熱,放在經(jīng)過鋼的塊的洞之內(nèi)了，而且一個第二個頭藉由槌打它適當?shù)刂嗡诹硪欢吮恍纬伞?鉚接現(xiàn)在藉由焊接已經(jīng)主要地被代替, 那參加一起熔化的鋼材料的鋼的塊在他們之間在高的發(fā)情之下。</p><p>　　尼具體物是一個改良形式的增強。 鋼棍棒形骨針進入形狀之內(nèi)被彎曲給他們可拉長力量的必需程度。 他們?nèi)缓罅晳T于

54、尼具體物, 通常藉著二中的一不同的方法。 第一將離開符合鋼棍棒形骨針的形狀的具體的光線的頻道。 當棍棒形骨針被管理過頻道的時候，他們是然后以債券作保證的對具體物藉由用薄泥漿填充頻道, 一個瘦的灰泥或綁代理人。 在另一個方法中, 尼使棍棒形骨針堅如鋼以符合完成結(jié)構(gòu)的形狀的形式的較低的部份被放置, 和具體物在他們周圍被倒。 尼的具體物使用比較少的鋼和比較不具體物。 因為它是高度地令人想要的材料。</p><p>