jit看板系統(tǒng)的文獻(xiàn)回顧外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯譯文</b></p><p><b>　　一、外文原文</b></p><p><b>　　原文： </b></p><p>　　Literature review of JIT-KANBAN system</p><p>　　Ab

2、stract In this paper, JIT (Just-In-Time) -KANBAN literature survey was carried out and presented.The introductory section deals with the philosophy of JIT,and the concept involved in the push and pull system. The blockin

3、g mechanisms in the kanban system are also discussed elaborately. Besides these sections, the importance of measure of performance (MOP) and the application of the same with respect to JIT-KANBAN are presented. The recen

4、t trends in the JIT-KANBAN are discussed under the heading</p><p>　　1 Introduction</p><p>　　Just -In-Time (JIT) manufacturing system was developed by Taiichi Ohno which is called Japanese “Toyot

5、a production system”JIT manufacturing system has the primary goal of continuously reducing and ultimately eliminating all forms of wastes (Brown et al. [5],Ohno [54], Sugimori et al. [82]). Based on this principle,Japane

6、se companies are operating with very low level of inventory and realizing exceptionally high level of quality and productivity (Richard J. Tersine [62], James H. Greene [30]). J</p><p>　　Due to the technolo

7、gical advancement, the conventional method of push production system linked with Material Requirement Planning (MRP) was changed to pull type JIT production system to meet out the global competition, where the work-in-pr

8、ocess (WIP) can be managed and controlled more accurately than the push- production system (Mason Paul [46]).</p><p>　　KANBAN system is a new philosophy, which plays a significant role in the JIT production

9、system. Kanban is basically a plastic card containing all the information required for production assembly of a product at each stage and details of its path of completion. The kanban system is a multistage production sc

10、heduling and inventory control ystem. These cards are used to control production flow sand inventory. This system facilitates high production volume and high capacity utilization with reduced </p><p>　　The o

11、bjectives of this paper are as listed below</p><p>　　1) Critical review of JIT literature.</p><p>　　2) Segregating the different research articles of JIT.</p><p>　　3) Exploring the

12、 recent trends in JIT-Kanban system and deriving directions for future research.</p><p>　　In this paper, the articles are reviewed and an appropriate classification is presented.The kanban study was made ela

13、borately, since it acts as a basic communicator and feedback agent to the JIT system. Push and pull system, principle of operation of kanban cards, Blocking mechanism, Toyota’s formula, and the measures of performances (

14、MOP) are also discussed in this paper. The latest trends in JIT-Kanban system are also addressed separately under the heading “Special cases”. Finally, the directi</p><p>　　6.1.1 Flow shop</p><p&g

15、t;　　Kanban system is widely implemented in repetitive manufacturing environment. For a single card operational system, Sharadhapriyadarishini et al. [77] have developed two heuristics and proved that these are more effic

16、ient. Saradhapriyadarishini et al. [78] have proposed a recursive equation for scheduling the single card kanban system with dual blocking. They proposed a heuristic with twin objectives of minimizing the sum of total we

17、ighted time of containers and weighted flow time of part-types. </p><p>　　Peter Brucker et al. [58] have carried out research on flow shop problem with a buffer of limited capacity between two adjacent machi

18、nes. After finishing the processing of a job on a machine, either the job is to be processed on the following machine or it is to be stored in the buffer between these machines. If the buffer is completely occupied, the

19、job has to wait on its current machine but blocks this machine for other jobs. In this paper, they determined a feasible schedule to minimize the m</p><p>　　6.1.2 Assembly line</p><p>　　Assembly

20、 lines are similar to the flow shops in which assembly of parts are carried out in a line sequence. In a multi product assembly line, the sequencing of the jobs is a challenging task. Drexl et al. [16] considered an asse

21、mbly line sequencing mixed model problem. It is a combinatorial problem. They formulated this combinational problem as integer programming model. This model can be used only for small size problems due to the limitations

22、 of operations research software with respect to han</p><p>　　6.1.3 Batch production system</p><p>　　In a batch production system, the switching over from one product to other product depends on

23、 many factors such as stock reaching to the threshold level, different priority schemes, economical setups, etc. Tafur Altiok et al. [86] have dealt this issue differently for the pull type manufacturing system with mult

24、i product types. In this paper, they developed an iterative procedure to approximately compute the average inventory level of each product as finished goods using different priority schem</p><p>　　7 JIT inte

25、gration, implementation and benefits</p><p>　　Just-in-time is a manufacturing philosophy by which an organization seeks continuous improvements. For ensuring continuous improvements, it is necessary for any

26、organization to implement and integrate the JIT and JIT related areas. If it is practiced in its true sense, the manufacturing performance and the financial performance of the system will definitely improve.</p>&

27、lt;p>　　Swanson et al. [83] have reiterated that proper planning is essential for implementation of a JIT manufacturing system and a commitment from top management is a prerequisite. Cost benefit analysis is to be stud

28、ied initially with the knowledge of key items such as the cost of conversion to a JIT system and time period of conversion. Cook et al. [11], in their case study for applying JIT in the continuous process industry, show

29、improvements in demand forecast and decrease in lead-time variability.</p><p>　　The relationship between implementation of TQM, TPM and JIT will lead to improvement in the manufacturing performance (Kribty e

30、t al. [37]). Further Huang [23] discusses the importance of considering the integration of TPM, JIT, Quality control and FA (Factory Automization). Imai [27] believes that TQM and TPM are the two pillars supporting the J

31、IT production system. Kakuro Amasaka [32] proposes a new JIT management system, which helps to transfer the management technology into management strate</p><p>　　Fullerton et al. [65] have conducted a study

32、 in 253 firms in USA to evaluate empirically whether the degree with which a firm implements the JIT practices affects the firms financial performance. From their study, JIT manufacturing system will reap sustainable rew

33、ards as measured by improved financial performance. Also, they studied the benefits of JIT implementation in 95 firms in USA. They have concluded that JIT implementation improves the performance of the system, because of

34、 resultant quali</p><p>　　8 Conclusion</p><p>　　The growing global competition forces many companies to reduce the costs of their inputs so that the companies can have greater profit margin. The

35、re are considerable advancements in technology and solution procedures in reality, to achieve the goal of minimizing the costs of inputs. JIT-KANBAN is an important system, which is used in production lines of many indus

36、tries to minimize work-in-process and throughput time, and maximize line efficiency. In this paper, the authors have made an attempt t</p><p>　　The directions for future researches are presented below.</p

37、><p>　　The flow shop as well as mixed model assembly line problems come under combinatorial category. Hence, meta-heuristics viz., simulated annealing, genetic algorithm and tabu search may be used to find solu

38、tion to determine the minimum number of kanbans and other measures. In simulated annealing algorithm, researchers can aim to device a better seed generation algorithm which will ensures better starting solution. In most

39、of the papers, comparisons are done only based on relative improvements. Inst</p><p>　　This algorithm developed by Elizabeth Vergara et al. [18] uses only two-point crossover genetic operators. A third genet

40、ic operator may be introduced to further improve the performance of the evolutionary algorithm. The evolutionary algorithm may be modified to handle complex supply chain problem. In JIT-SCM related research works, effort

41、 should be directed to develop simulation as well as meta-heuristics to derive results under probabilistic conditions.</p><p>　　In the work of Sarah M. Rayan et al. [69], the application of single chain anal

42、ysis for multiple chain operation raises an open question whether a single WIP level should be maintained for all products or individual levels for each product. Further, most of the studies use simulation. Hence, future

43、 research shall be directed to develop improved search procedures for finding WIP levels in kanban systems. As an extension to the work of Krieg et al. [38], a decomposition algorithm can be developed </p><p&g

44、t;　　Ants colony optimization algorithm is a recent inclusion to the existing meta-heuristics viz., simulated annealing algorithm, genetic algorithm and tabu search. So, a researcher can study the solution accuracy as wel

45、l as required computational time of this algorithm for his/her JIT problem of interest, which falls under combinatorial category and compare its results with the results of the other three heuristics (meta-heuristics).&l

46、t;/p><p>　　Source: C.Sendil Kumar, R.Panneerselvam, 2007.“Literature review of JIT-KANBAN system”.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.32,no.5,August.pp.393-408.</p><p&

47、gt;<b>　　二、翻譯文章</b></p><p>　　譯文： </p><p>　　JIT看板系統(tǒng)的文獻(xiàn)回顧</p><p>　　摘要：在本文中，通過對(duì)JIT（實(shí)時(shí)）看板文獻(xiàn)的調(diào)查提交相關(guān)的報(bào)告。報(bào)告介紹部分JIT處理的理念以及概念包含了推式及拉式系統(tǒng)這些內(nèi)容，同時(shí)，對(duì)看板系統(tǒng)中的阻塞機(jī)制也進(jìn)行精心地討論。在后面各節(jié)中

48、，介紹JIT看板的應(yīng)用程序和性能（MOP）在實(shí)施中的重要性。此外，文章也討論了JIT最近出現(xiàn)的“特殊情況”的現(xiàn)象。最后，本文通過對(duì)100個(gè)先進(jìn)國家的研究論文進(jìn)行調(diào)查，提出了未來的發(fā)展方向。</p><p><b>　　1 介紹</b></p><p>　　被日本稱為實(shí)時(shí) （JIT） 制造系統(tǒng)的“豐田生產(chǎn)方式”由大野耐一開發(fā)的。JIT制造系統(tǒng)是以不斷減少和最終清除各種各

49、樣的廢物為主要目標(biāo)（布朗等人 [5]，大野[54]，蘇格莫里等人[82]）?；谶@一原則，日本企業(yè)保持非常低的庫存，實(shí)現(xiàn)極高的質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)率（理查德·特斯恩[62]，詹姆斯H·格林[30]）的經(jīng)營水平。JIT強(qiáng)調(diào)“零概念”，這意味著零缺點(diǎn)、零隊(duì)列、零庫存、零故障等目標(biāo)需要實(shí)現(xiàn)。它可以在適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢煤瓦m當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)間，確保供應(yīng)正確數(shù)量的部件。在此基礎(chǔ)上，把重大收購，舊系統(tǒng)更改以及買方和賣方的關(guān)系作為新的革命理念來研究（沃馬克等，

50、沃馬克[91]，和瓊斯[92]，馬凱等人[45]）。同樣，JIT在工廠運(yùn)營中成為不可避免的制造系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)擁有單元制造，柔性制造，計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造和機(jī)器制造（舍恩伯格[63]，格蘭翰[12]）。</p><p>　　技術(shù)的進(jìn)步以及滿足全球競(jìng)爭的需要，將傳統(tǒng)的推動(dòng)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)與物料需求計(jì)劃（MRP）結(jié)合，形成拉式JIT生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)。在那種情況下，可以對(duì)拉式制造系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)的制品（WIP）進(jìn)行良好的管理和控制（梅森保羅[46]）。

51、</p><p>　　看板系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)新的理念，在JIT生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中起著重要作用。看板基本上包含在每個(gè)生產(chǎn)階段，是一種在完成裝配中需要很多細(xì)節(jié)信息的塑料卡。同時(shí)，看板系統(tǒng)也是一個(gè)需要多階段生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃和庫存控制的系統(tǒng)。這些塑料卡用來控制生產(chǎn)過程中多余的庫存。系統(tǒng)看板的使用可以提高產(chǎn)量和利用率，減少在工作過程中的生產(chǎn)時(shí)間。</p><p>　　本文的目標(biāo)是如下所示：</p><p

52、>　?。?）嚴(yán)格審查JIT文獻(xiàn)</p><p>　?。?）在不同文章中，研究JIT的區(qū)</p><p>　　（3）探討JIT看板系統(tǒng)的最新趨勢(shì)和未來研究方向</p><p>　　本文在精心審查和研究的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)提出的看板進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)姆诸?，因?yàn)樽鳛橐环N在代理人使用它后需要進(jìn)行反饋的JIT系統(tǒng)。本文還討論看板卡，豐田公式，攔截機(jī)制，如何實(shí)施看板應(yīng)用程序和性能（MOP）

53、的措施和推拉系統(tǒng)的工作原理，也包括文章中JIT看板系統(tǒng)最新“特殊情況”的處理。最后，對(duì)未來的研究提出了方向。</p><p>　　6.1.1 流水作業(yè)</p><p>　　看板系統(tǒng)是在重復(fù)生產(chǎn)環(huán)境中廣泛實(shí)施。單卡看板業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)可以分成兩個(gè)被證明具有很高效率的啟發(fā)式（薩拉德·哈勃利亞達(dá)等人[77]）。同時(shí)，他們提出單卡看板業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)與雙阻塞的遞歸方程（薩拉德·哈勃利亞達(dá)等人[

54、78]），還提出利用啟發(fā)式部分加權(quán)流量時(shí)間的總和計(jì)算最小化總加權(quán)時(shí)間。然而，他在兩個(gè)單卡流水車間做了N個(gè)啟發(fā)式部分類型的調(diào)度工作（拉基杰萊[61]）。本文針對(duì)不同的問題，例如以盡量減少計(jì)算在加權(quán)時(shí)間早到和加權(quán)時(shí)間遲到這兩種模型下的加權(quán)總和為目標(biāo)而開發(fā)了一種啟發(fā)式算法，提交不同的數(shù)學(xué)模型報(bào)告。另外，他們也做了類似的工作（赫馬馬利尼等人[22]）。在這項(xiàng)工作中，開發(fā)的啟發(fā)式算法被稱為模擬退火算法。通過與其他算法的比較，在相對(duì)的基礎(chǔ)上只能得到

55、平均增幅，而不是基于在實(shí)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上用完整的方差比較分析得出可靠的推論。</p><p>　　他們對(duì)兩個(gè)相鄰的計(jì)算機(jī)之間關(guān)于容量有限的緩沖區(qū)流水作業(yè)問題進(jìn)行了研究（彼得·布魯克等人[58]）。在計(jì)算機(jī)上完成作業(yè)的處理后，接著，要處理在指定計(jì)算機(jī)之間的緩沖區(qū)中存儲(chǔ)的任務(wù)。如果緩沖區(qū)被完全占用，那當(dāng)前計(jì)算機(jī)上作業(yè)只有在阻止這臺(tái)機(jī)器的其它工作情況下實(shí)施。在本論文中，他們已確定一個(gè)可行的時(shí)間表，用來盡量減少在最大

56、完工時(shí)間里使用禁忌搜索。使用禁忌搜索產(chǎn)生的問題可以通過比較基準(zhǔn)來反映結(jié)果。該比較基準(zhǔn)只是基于相對(duì)改善，而不是在實(shí)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上通過完整的方差比較分析得到可靠的推論。</p><p><b>　　6.1.2 裝配線</b></p><p>　　商店在經(jīng)營某些部分時(shí)進(jìn)行類似流動(dòng)裝配線組裝的排序。在有多產(chǎn)品組裝線情況下，排序工作是一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)。它被認(rèn)為是一種混合模式裝配線排序

57、問題，也是一個(gè)組合的問題，他們制定了這個(gè)整數(shù)規(guī)劃模型組合解決相應(yīng)的問題（蒂萊爾等[16]）。該模型只可用于解決小規(guī)模問題，是因?yàn)橛邢嚓P(guān)處理變量的限制，這也是目前運(yùn)籌學(xué)軟件受到整數(shù)規(guī)劃模型組合的限制。然而，他們已經(jīng)考慮到類似混流裝配線排序有輸送時(shí)停頓問題現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)，提出了尋求最優(yōu)解和次優(yōu)的混合模式排序問題的解決方案，在總補(bǔ)時(shí)階段分別采用分支和模擬退火算法使得排序最小化（劉曉波等人[94]）。分支定界算法是專門尋找最優(yōu)解解決小型問題，而模擬退

58、火法處理規(guī)模大的問題取得了良好的次優(yōu)的解決方案。今后，規(guī)模大的問題適用于模擬退火研究，同時(shí)，還可以建立一個(gè)更好的遺傳算法。不過，實(shí)際上在確定之前，學(xué)者應(yīng)該花費(fèi)相當(dāng)長的時(shí)間對(duì)模擬退火算法錯(cuò)誤方法進(jìn)行跟蹤并且得出解決參數(shù)調(diào)用限度的問題。</p><p>　　6.1.3 批量生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　在一個(gè)批次的生產(chǎn)體系中，從一種產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)換到其他產(chǎn)品依賴實(shí)現(xiàn)增值的水平，不同的優(yōu)先配置計(jì)劃，合理

59、的經(jīng)濟(jì)設(shè)置等許多因素。他認(rèn)為拉式制造系統(tǒng)可以處理產(chǎn)品多種不同類型的問題（塔夫·艾提克等[86]）。在本論文中，他們制定了使用一個(gè)不同的迭代過程來計(jì)算近似每個(gè)產(chǎn)成品庫存平均水平的優(yōu)先配置計(jì)劃。還要求被假設(shè)處理的時(shí)間和設(shè)置時(shí)間是任意泊松分布的。但是，在實(shí)踐中，處理時(shí)間可能跟隨其他的分布，如正常，均勻，指數(shù)等，這些不屬于本文研究。他們討論了關(guān)于不少廠商從采購原料，并轉(zhuǎn)換成成品的產(chǎn)品這過程中的制造系統(tǒng)問題，估計(jì)JIT在配送系統(tǒng)中生產(chǎn)批

60、量的大小，設(shè)計(jì)了JIT的原料供應(yīng)體系（漢等[35]）。就這樣一個(gè)簡單的算法被開發(fā)用來計(jì)算原材料制造和采購政策的批量大小。</p><p>　　7 JIT的集成、實(shí)施和效益</p><p>　　實(shí)時(shí)是一種制造理念，需要一個(gè)公司阻礙不同的時(shí)間不斷改進(jìn)。為了保證不斷改善，有必要對(duì)任何組織和相關(guān)領(lǐng)域?qū)嵤㎎IT和JIT的整合。如果從檢驗(yàn)真正實(shí)踐意義上講，JIT系統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)性能和財(cái)務(wù)表現(xiàn)一定會(huì)改善。他們

61、重申，適當(dāng)規(guī)劃實(shí)施的JIT生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)和一個(gè)由最高管理層的承諾是必不可少的先決條件（斯萬森等人[83]）。然而，成本效益分析是進(jìn)行研究企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目的初步知識(shí)，就像JIT系統(tǒng)的成本和時(shí)間是JIT實(shí)施的基礎(chǔ)。流水作業(yè)型的企業(yè)實(shí)施JIT，需要改善預(yù)測(cè)時(shí)間，提高時(shí)間價(jià)值（庫克等人[11]）。</p><p>　　TPM和JIT之間實(shí)現(xiàn)全面質(zhì)量管理關(guān)系，將導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)性能的改善（凱利比等[37]）。此外，他討論了TPM，準(zhǔn)時(shí)生

62、產(chǎn)，質(zhì)量控制和FA（工廠自動(dòng)化）一體化的重要性（黃[23]）。另外，他認(rèn)為TQM和TPM是實(shí)施JIT生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的兩個(gè)支柱（今井[27]）。有人提出了一種新的JIT管理系統(tǒng)，這有助于管理策略轉(zhuǎn)移到管理技術(shù)（卡庫羅·艾瑪薩克[32]）。</p><p>　　他們?cè)诿绹M(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)研究，即從253家公司的財(cái)務(wù)經(jīng)營業(yè)績的好壞程度，評(píng)價(jià)實(shí)施JIT做法影響公司的興衰（富勒頓等人[65]）。他們研究用改善財(cái)務(wù)的表現(xiàn)衡量J

63、IT可持續(xù)在生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中獲得回報(bào)。此外，還研究了美國95家公司實(shí)施JIT得到好處。他們的結(jié)論是實(shí)施JIT基于時(shí)間合理利用和員工的靈活性，提高該系統(tǒng)的性能質(zhì)量和降低庫存水平，由此產(chǎn)生的盈利能力提高。</p><p><b>　　8 結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　不斷的全球競(jìng)爭迫使許多公司減少其投入的成本，這樣的公司可以有更大的利潤空間。在現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和解決方案增多的

64、情況下，公司把達(dá)到最大限度地降低投入成本作為目標(biāo)。JIT看板是一項(xiàng)在許多產(chǎn)業(yè)生產(chǎn)線中起到重要作用的系統(tǒng)，通過盡量減少工作中的進(jìn)程和吞吐量的時(shí)間，最大限度地提高生產(chǎn)線效率。在本文中，作者嘗試在研究先進(jìn)文章的同時(shí)去探索JIT看板系統(tǒng)在該領(lǐng)域使用的先進(jìn)設(shè)備。在簡要介紹推拉系統(tǒng)，不同看板類型，阻斷機(jī)制及其工作原理后，作者將JIT看板系統(tǒng)的研究文章分為五個(gè)大內(nèi)容：即實(shí)證理論，建模方法，多變性和其效果，競(jìng)爭的在制品和JIT供應(yīng)鏈管理。此外，作者們提

65、供了一個(gè)JIT模式下，出現(xiàn)部分看板的特殊情況。本文將幫助研究人員對(duì)不同問題下的JIT看板系統(tǒng)提供目前的更新發(fā)展方向，這將進(jìn)一步引導(dǎo)他們未來研究的方向。</p><p>　　對(duì)未來的研究方向介紹如下：</p><p>　　啟發(fā)式算法，模擬退火算法，遺傳算法和禁忌搜索可能被用來尋找解決像流水車間混合裝配屬于組合這類問題的最優(yōu)方案。當(dāng)需要使用模擬退火算法時(shí)，研究人員也可以考慮使用遺傳算法，這將能

66、保證解決問題需要更好的方案。在大部份的文件中，相互間的比較僅是基于相對(duì)改善。而不是在實(shí)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上通過完整的方差比較分析得到可靠的推論。</p><p>　　他們開發(fā)了這個(gè)算法，僅使用了兩個(gè)點(diǎn)的交叉遺傳算法（伊麗莎白，貝爾加拉等人[18]）。后來可能引入遺傳操作，進(jìn)一步提高了遺傳算法的性能。遺傳算法在處理復(fù)雜的供應(yīng)鏈問題可能被修改。在JIT供應(yīng)鏈管理相關(guān)的研究工作中，應(yīng)該努力在啟發(fā)式概率條件下得出開發(fā)仿真的結(jié)果。&

67、lt;/p><p>　　關(guān)于單鏈分析多個(gè)連鎖經(jīng)營提出了一個(gè)懸而未決的問題，它是一個(gè)由單一制品水平為所有產(chǎn)品提供單位產(chǎn)品水平的問題（薩拉米娃蒂等[69]）。此外，大多數(shù)研究利用電腦模擬。因此，為了研究的發(fā)展，今后的研究方向應(yīng)是發(fā)展以及改善看板系統(tǒng)在制品搜索程序中的水平（克里格等[38]）。一個(gè)分解算法可開發(fā)多種符合計(jì)算國家相關(guān)的設(shè)置看板系統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)品的方法。該合理方法是由他所提出的（塔蒂夫等[85]）。該方法可適用于擴(kuò)展到

68、多產(chǎn)品多級(jí)看板系統(tǒng)。有人為了研究該算法的延伸性進(jìn)行并實(shí)驗(yàn)，包括更多的變數(shù)和因素，如在需求和隨機(jī)需求的突然增加情況下以及在各種條件下，對(duì)不同類型的客戶系統(tǒng)使用生產(chǎn)模式的穩(wěn)定性進(jìn)行行為試驗(yàn)（勵(lì)等[41]）。嵌套分區(qū)方法是由他們提供的，可以精心劃分納入任何一個(gè)或其它的許多如抽樣，回溯方案，仿真等增強(qiáng)啟發(fā)式的組合（樂苑世與趙樹理男士[43]）。然后，他們可以應(yīng)用這種方法解決這種類型的組合問題。</p><p>　　螞蟻的