外文翻譯---工程機(jī)械路在何方

1、<p><b>　　附錄</b></p><p>　　Project mechanical road in where</p><p>　　In the face of aggressive electronic industry and information industry ,several years ago, machinery industrie

2、s there have been puzzled that, Some think machinery industry has become a sunset industry, lacks engage in the first, not only cost labor, but the difficulty small profit. The actual situation? There is a need to unders

3、tand and explore future industrial development. Comparable machinery for artificial animal, is the basic component of the minds, sensory organs, heart, hand, foot and bon</p><p>　　Modern machinery for mechan

4、ical unlimited development in the broad thoroughfare, Machinery Development, the main problems are solved with spirituality and information processing capabilities. Modern machinery should be clever (computer), sensory (

5、sensors), neurological (electronic control lines), Heart (power plant) and blood (and hydraulic power transmission devices), the hands (equipment), and bone (structure). </p><p>　　1. Construction machinery h

6、as gone through three upgrades and leap </p><p>　　1.1 Power revolution </p><p>　　The small size, light weight, strong and the emergence of the internal combustion engine, the solution of enginee

7、ring machinery mobile sources of power problems the engineering machinery prompted the birth and development. </p><p>　　1.2 Transmission revolution </p><p>　　Solve the power problem after major

8、problem is how to effectively transfer power to complete the operation. Mechanical engineering operations variety of forms, a wide variety of devices, the demands of a wide variety of complex campaigns. A power-driven de

9、vice to a variety of devices, but often drive long distances, 20 1950s a liquid transmission (hydraulic and hydraulic), and construction machinery provide a good gearing. Hydraulic drive compact structure and layout is s

10、imple and convenient and</p><p>　　1.3 Manipulation and control of the revolution </p><p>　　Engineering machinery and power transmission problems to solve, with the social progress and economic d

11、evelopment and the improvement of living, mechanical engineering to a series of higher demand. Make efficient and energy-saving construction machinery, they have to engine and transmission control, and rational distribut

12、ion of power, it is the best working conditions; To reduce labor intensity drivers and improving control performance, the need for automatic control, and the effort to achieve a</p><p>　　In recent years the

13、development of mechanical engineering major is the manipulation and control of the improvement, the following examples : Diesel Power Plant has been using microcomputer-controlled electronic injection and electronic gove

14、rnor; excavators, bulldozers and loaders are used to control engine operating conditions, according to operating conditions through electronic control, Engine power output of. </p><p>　　Transmission device s

15、uch as loaders use of electric transmission manipulation, computer controlled automatic transmission shift quality and control. Equipment bulldozers, grader blade automatic adjustment, milling machines and automatic leve

16、ling Paver, excavators trajectory control, Digging such as automatic. Energy-saving hydraulic system control, full power control, pumps, valves and motors joint control. Control system from the pilot to pilot manipulatio

17、n ratio manipulation, the latest being </p><p>　　2 Mechanical, electrical engineering, automation and robotics.</p><p>　　Electronic, automation and robotics machinery works is the replacement pr

18、oduct development direction of this technology is an irresistible trend. Its operating characteristics, can be broadly divided into various operating completion of definitive mechanical engineering and complete a single

19、operation dedicated engineering machinery. </p><p>　　2.1 General mechanical engineering integration to the machine direction of telecommunications development </p><p>　　Such machinery with a var

20、iety of functions and the need to complete complex task performance, complex work environment, difficult to break down into simple model moves very difficult to achieve automation, the need for people to grasp and manipu

21、late. At present, the electronic control technology is trying to infiltrate such machinery and popularity of a new generation of so-called electronic excavators, Electronic bulldozers, which has practical use, commercial

22、ization and marketing. </p><p>　　2.2 Machinery specialized for particular projects to develop in the direction of building robots </p><p>　　Construction project, some are relatively simple opera

23、tion to separate work and other operations as a separate operation, often using special machinery to construction, Construction still under construction will require technical and construction machinery combine to create

24、 new construction, that the combination of the construction design of the dedicated special-purpose machinery. Such as machinery abroad mostly electronic control technology to achieve automation and construction of unman

25、ned op</p><p>　　3 21 century and the problems facing the development of the construction industry Forecast </p><p>　　The 21st century mankind is faced with the population, resources and environm

26、ental crisis : ① the population problem. Population growth, aging, labor and production of population decline, the need to broaden the human living space. to the high-altitude city development and utilization of undergro

27、und space, coastal soft ground transformation of reclaiming land from the sea, marine development and to enter the universe; ② the energy crisis. Need to develop alternative green energy coal and petrole</p><p

28、>　　3.1 Construction of the expansion of the field </p><p>　　To the underground, high-altitude and marine development, to enter the universe. Town ground left to human habitation and green, to maintain a g

29、ood ecological environment, the pipeline (sewer, gas pipeline electric wires and telephone lines, etc.) and all traffic to underground, by the sea, separated by the River land will be used to tunnel connectivity, need la

30、rge variety of underground construction machinery. Desert Green and the use of a need to develop desert machinery; Marine exploration an</p><p>　　3.2 Construction of large-scale</p><p>　　Ultra-h

31、igh buildings, big and heavy make increasingly large-scale construction, including large-scale water conservancy projects, the super-deep underground, super-long tunnel, large-span bridges; Advanced construction projects

32、, including the High exquisite buildings, the High Road, high-speed train; also works to achieve high-speed and low-cost. </p><p>　　3.3 Change the backward image</p><p>　　The building industry a

33、nd construction machinery to the backward state of the material and human seemed to be more and more disproportionate, construction greatly affect the urban landscape, destroying the environment and construction of serio

34、us security incidents, mortality in the highest industry. Advanced countries have made mechanical engineering design of new ideas, people-centered ergonomics first, make drivers and to see the people satisfied. </p>

35、;<p>　　In Japan, the establishment of a construction industry labor Disaster Prevention Association, the establishment of the committee for security fortifications, Ministry of Construction issued the "fortif

36、ications security measures" to guide the building design, construction and management. Already implemented a number of construction industry workforce five-year plan to prevent disasters, is currently implementing t

37、he 4th construction industry labor Disaster Prevention five-year plan period from 19</p><p>　　3.4 Protection of the environment, pollution-free green construction </p><p>　　As the people's l

38、iving standards and constantly raise the level of civilization, and continuously enhance environmental awareness, Construction of the building has become the largest urban pollution, and that has been raised would rather

39、 slow down the rate of construction should give priority to the protection of the environment. Green design with the requirements of sustainable development is a sign of social progress, scientific and technological deve

40、lopment is an inevitable trend. Practice pr</p><p><b>　　工程機(jī)械路在何方</b></p><p>　　面對(duì)著電子工業(yè)和信息工業(yè)的高速發(fā)展, 在前幾年機(jī)械工業(yè)行業(yè)曾出現(xiàn)過困惑,有人認(rèn)為機(jī)械工業(yè)已成夕陽工業(yè),沒啥搞頭了,不僅花費(fèi)勞動(dòng)力大、難度大而且獲利小。那么實(shí)際情況如何?有必要重新來認(rèn)識(shí)、探討機(jī)械工業(yè)今后的發(fā)展

41、道路。機(jī)械可比作人工動(dòng)物,動(dòng)物的基本組成是頭腦、感覺器官、心臟、手足和骨骼,那么現(xiàn)代機(jī)械的基本組成應(yīng)該是電腦、各種傳感器、動(dòng)力裝置、工作執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)。動(dòng)物按智能、信息處理能力來區(qū)分低等和高等,則機(jī)械也按操縱、控制和信息處理功能劃分低級(jí)和高級(jí)。傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械是機(jī)械的低級(jí)階段,則現(xiàn)代機(jī)械是機(jī)械的高級(jí)階段。最高級(jí)的動(dòng)物是人,那么最高級(jí)的機(jī)械就是機(jī)械人。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)代機(jī)械為機(jī)械發(fā)展開辟了無限寬廣的大道,機(jī)械發(fā)展的主要問

42、題是解決靈性和具有信息處理能力問題?，F(xiàn)代機(jī)械應(yīng)該有頭腦(電腦)、感覺器官(傳感器)、神經(jīng)(電控線路)、心臟(動(dòng)力裝置)和血液(動(dòng)力和液壓傳動(dòng)裝置)、手腳(工作裝置)和骨骼(結(jié)構(gòu))。</p><p>　　1 工程機(jī)械經(jīng)歷了3次飛躍和更新?lián)Q代</p><p><b>　　1.1 動(dòng)力革命</b></p><p>　　體積小、重量輕、強(qiáng)有力的內(nèi)燃機(jī)的

43、出現(xiàn),解決了工程機(jī)械移動(dòng)的動(dòng)力源難題,促使了工程機(jī)械的誕生和發(fā)展。</p><p><b>　　1.2 傳動(dòng)革命</b></p><p>　　解決了動(dòng)力問題之后主要的問題是如何有效地傳遞動(dòng)力去完成作業(yè)。工程機(jī)械作業(yè)形式多種多樣,工作裝置的種類繁多,要求實(shí)現(xiàn)各種各樣的復(fù)雜運(yùn)動(dòng)。一個(gè)動(dòng)力裝置要驅(qū)動(dòng)多種裝置,而且傳動(dòng)距離往往比較長,20世紀(jì)50年代出現(xiàn)了液體傳動(dòng)(液壓和液力

44、),為工程機(jī)械提供了良好的傳動(dòng)裝置。液壓傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,布置簡單方便,易實(shí)現(xiàn)各種運(yùn)動(dòng)形式的轉(zhuǎn)換,能滿足復(fù)雜的作業(yè)要求,具有許多優(yōu)良傳動(dòng)性能;傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn),自動(dòng)防止過載,易實(shí)現(xiàn)無級(jí)變速,操縱簡單輕便,控制性能好。由于工程機(jī)械找到了理想的傳動(dòng)裝置,推動(dòng)了工程機(jī)械的飛速發(fā)展,迎來了工程機(jī)械的多樣化時(shí)代,出現(xiàn)了形形色色完成各種施工作業(yè)的工程機(jī)械。</p><p>　　1.3 操縱和控制革命</p><p&g

45、t;　　工程機(jī)械的動(dòng)力和傳動(dòng)問題基本解決以后,隨著社會(huì)的進(jìn)步、經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和生活的提高,對(duì)工程機(jī)械提出一系列更高的要求。要使工程機(jī)械高效節(jié)能,就要對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行控制,合理分配功率,使其處于最佳工況;為了減輕司機(jī)勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和改善操縱性能,需要采用自動(dòng)控制,實(shí)現(xiàn)省力化和自動(dòng)化;要完成高技能的作業(yè)就需要智能化;為了提高安全性需要安全控制,進(jìn)行運(yùn)行狀態(tài)監(jiān)視,故障自動(dòng)報(bào)警;新建設(shè)領(lǐng)域的擴(kuò)展,為避免人到無法接近的場(chǎng)所和作業(yè)環(huán)境十分惡劣的地方去作

46、業(yè),要采用遠(yuǎn)距離操縱和無人駕駛。這一切都說明了工程機(jī)械當(dāng)前的主要問題是操縱和控制。工程機(jī)械不能停留在人工操縱階段,靠人的感覺、經(jīng)驗(yàn)和技術(shù)來操縱機(jī)械將大大影響工程機(jī)械技術(shù)的發(fā)展,也不能使人從繁重、復(fù)雜的操縱勞動(dòng)中解放出來。</p><p>　　近年來工程機(jī)械的發(fā)展主要是操縱和控制機(jī)構(gòu)的改進(jìn),下面舉例說明:</p><p>　　動(dòng)力裝置 柴油機(jī)已采用微機(jī)控制電子噴射和電子調(diào)速器;挖掘機(jī)、推土機(jī)

47、和裝載機(jī)都采用了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工況控制,根據(jù)作業(yè)工況通過電子控制,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出不同的功率。</p><p>　　傳動(dòng)裝置 如裝載機(jī)變速器采用了電操縱、微機(jī)控制自動(dòng)換擋和換擋品質(zhì)控制等。</p><p>　　工作裝置 推土機(jī)、平地機(jī)刀板自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié),銑刨機(jī)和攤鋪機(jī)自動(dòng)找平,挖掘機(jī)軌跡控制、自動(dòng)掘削等。</p><p>　　液壓系統(tǒng) 節(jié)能控制,全功率控制,泵、閥和馬達(dá)聯(lián)合控制等。&l

48、t;/p><p>　　操縱系統(tǒng) 從先導(dǎo)操縱到先導(dǎo)比例操縱,最近正在向電操縱桿方向發(fā)展。推土機(jī)、裝載機(jī)等操縱桿數(shù)正在減少,操縱功大大下降,操縱越來越方便。有的裝載機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)向操縱已從方向盤改為操縱桿式轉(zhuǎn)向。當(dāng)前工程機(jī)械的先進(jìn)技術(shù)大部分集中在操縱與控制上。要解決控制問題,只從機(jī)械和液壓角度來動(dòng)腦筋很難使產(chǎn)品有質(zhì)的飛躍,必須引入具有良好控制性能和信息處理能力的電子技術(shù)、傳感器技術(shù)和電液轉(zhuǎn)換技術(shù)等。電子控制和信息處理技術(shù)已成為現(xiàn)代

49、工程機(jī)械不可缺少的部分,在日本甚至提出沒有電子控制的產(chǎn)品不能稱為新產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　2 工程機(jī)械電子化、自動(dòng)化和機(jī)器人化</p><p>　　電子化、自動(dòng)化和機(jī)器人化是工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代的發(fā)展方向,這是不可抗拒的技術(shù)潮流。從其作業(yè)特點(diǎn)來看,大致可分為完成多種作業(yè)的通用性工程機(jī)械和完成單一作業(yè)的專用性工程機(jī)械。</p><p>　　2.1 通用性工程機(jī)械向

50、機(jī)電信一體化方向發(fā)展</p><p>　　這類機(jī)械具有多種功能,需要完成復(fù)合性作業(yè)操作,工作環(huán)境復(fù)雜,難以分解成簡單的模式動(dòng)作,實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化很困難,需要由人來操縱和掌握。目前,電子控制技術(shù)正在不斷地向這類機(jī)械滲透和普及,出現(xiàn)了新一代所謂的電子挖掘機(jī)、電子推土機(jī)等,且已經(jīng)實(shí)用化、商品化,并在市場(chǎng)上銷售。</p><p>　　2.2 特定工程專用機(jī)械向建設(shè)機(jī)器人方向發(fā)展</p>&

51、lt;p>　　建設(shè)工程中有些比較單純的作業(yè)能夠與其它工作分開成為單獨(dú)的作業(yè)操作,往往采用專用機(jī)械來施工,還有根據(jù)施工要求將施工技術(shù)和施工機(jī)械相結(jié)合創(chuàng)造出新的施工法,即結(jié)合施工法設(shè)計(jì)的特殊用途的專用機(jī)械。象這類機(jī)械國外大多采用電子控制技術(shù),以實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化和無人化操作施工。國外往往把這類采用機(jī)電信一體化技術(shù)、能自動(dòng)地進(jìn)行作業(yè)的機(jī)械和系統(tǒng)稱作建設(shè)機(jī)器人。</p><p>　　3 21世紀(jì)面臨的問題和建筑業(yè)發(fā)展展望&

52、lt;/p><p>　　21世紀(jì)人類面臨著人口、資源和環(huán)境三大危機(jī):①人口問題。人口膨脹、老齡化、勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)人口減少,需要拓寬人類生存空間,城市向高空發(fā)展及利用地下空間,沿海軟地基改造,圍海造地,海洋開發(fā)和向宇宙進(jìn)軍;②能源危機(jī)。需要開發(fā)綠色能源替代煤和石油燃料,全面開發(fā)和合理利用自然資源;③環(huán)境污染。CO2排出量增加、地球溫暖化、電離層的破壞、熱帶雨林的減少、大氣和水的污染,均需要防止沙漠的擴(kuò)展和進(jìn)行沙漠的綠化,保持

53、生態(tài)環(huán)境,治理和控制地球環(huán)境。這些都對(duì)工程機(jī)械提出更高的要求,但目前工程機(jī)械仍存在不少問題。機(jī)械制造業(yè)已實(shí)現(xiàn)了機(jī)電一體化,大量采用數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心和各種機(jī)械手,高技術(shù)保證了產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,提高了勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。建筑業(yè)與機(jī)械制造業(yè)相比還很落后,雖然已實(shí)現(xiàn)了機(jī)械化,卻仍停留在1人1臺(tái)設(shè)備,憑手藝、手工操作為主的小生產(chǎn)方式,勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率無法提高,因此迫切需要進(jìn)行新技術(shù)革命,向社會(huì)化大生產(chǎn)方式過渡,實(shí)現(xiàn)建筑工業(yè)化。目前先進(jìn)國家正在不斷創(chuàng)造先進(jìn)的建設(shè)技術(shù)和

54、采用高新技術(shù)開發(fā)高性能的工程機(jī)械,例如全自動(dòng)化筑路系統(tǒng)、大規(guī)模無人化的土方施工系統(tǒng)和工廠化全自動(dòng)大樓施工系統(tǒng)等,同時(shí)對(duì)建設(shè)事業(yè)提出下列新要求。</p><p>　　3.1 施工領(lǐng)域擴(kuò)展化</p><p>　　向地下、高空和海洋發(fā)展,向宇宙進(jìn)軍。城市地面留給人類居住和綠化,以保持良好的生態(tài)環(huán)境,管線(上下水道、煤氣管道、電線和電話線等)和交通全部轉(zhuǎn)入地下,被海、河隔開的陸地將用隧道來連通,需

55、要大量各式各樣的地下施工機(jī)械。沙漠的綠化和利用,需要開發(fā)沙漠機(jī)械;海洋的探測(cè)和資源利用,需要開發(fā)海洋機(jī)械;沿海軟地基改造和圍海造地也需要開發(fā)相應(yīng)的機(jī)械;還有宇宙探測(cè)及其機(jī)械的開發(fā)。</p><p>　　3.2 施工規(guī)模巨型化</p><p>　　建筑物的超高、大、重使得施工規(guī)模愈來愈大,包括大型水利工程、超深地下工程、超長隧道、大跨度橋梁等;建設(shè)工程高級(jí)化,包括高級(jí)精美的建筑物、高級(jí)公路、

56、高速列車;同時(shí)要實(shí)現(xiàn)工程施工高速化和低成本化。</p><p>　　3.3 改變落后形象</p><p>　　建設(shè)業(yè)和工程機(jī)械的落后面貌和人類的物質(zhì)文明顯得越來越不相稱,建設(shè)工程大大地影響了城市景觀,破壞了環(huán)境且建設(shè)工程安全事故嚴(yán)重,死亡率在各行業(yè)中最高。目前先進(jìn)國家已提出工程機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的新思想,以人為本、人機(jī)工程學(xué)第一,要使司機(jī)和看到它的人都感到滿意。</p><p&g

57、t;　　在日本,成立了建設(shè)業(yè)勞動(dòng)災(zāi)害防止協(xié)會(huì),設(shè)立了建設(shè)工事安全對(duì)策委員會(huì),建設(shè)部發(fā)表了《工事安全對(duì)策》用于指導(dǎo)建設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)、施工和管理。已經(jīng)實(shí)施了多個(gè)建設(shè)業(yè)勞動(dòng)災(zāi)害防止五年計(jì)劃,目前正在執(zhí)行第4次建設(shè)業(yè)勞動(dòng)災(zāi)害防止五年計(jì)劃,時(shí)間從1998~2002年。在建設(shè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中提出了產(chǎn)品安全設(shè)計(jì)概念,另外司機(jī)和操作人員要接受系統(tǒng)的安全衛(wèi)生教育和危險(xiǎn)預(yù)知訓(xùn)練。為了進(jìn)一步提高安全性和減少事故,日本對(duì)主要工程機(jī)械(挖掘機(jī)和起重機(jī))實(shí)行統(tǒng)一操縱方式。199

58、2年開始實(shí)施標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操縱方式建設(shè)機(jī)械的評(píng)定,對(duì)符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操縱方式的工程機(jī)械貼上特殊的標(biāo)記。操縱方式的統(tǒng)一避免了各廠家采用不統(tǒng)一操縱方式使司機(jī)不習(xí)慣而造成的事故和影響生產(chǎn)率。在工程機(jī)械操縱方式標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的過程中,深入探討了如何使操縱簡單化和今后如何向自動(dòng)化方向發(fā)展的問題。</p><p>　　3.4 保護(hù)環(huán)境、無公害綠色施工</p><p>　　隨著人們生活水平和文明程度不斷提高,環(huán)保意識(shí)不斷增強(qiáng),施

59、工建設(shè)已成為城市最大公害,已有人提出寧可放慢建設(shè)速度也要優(yōu)先保護(hù)環(huán)境。綠色設(shè)計(jì)符合可持續(xù)發(fā)展的要求，是社會(huì)進(jìn)步的標(biāo)志，也是科技發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì)。實(shí)踐證明，誰起步早、實(shí)施快，誰就能把握產(chǎn)品研發(fā)的主動(dòng)權(quán)。必須使工程技術(shù)人員，特別是企業(yè)決策者，充分認(rèn)識(shí)到綠色設(shè)計(jì)的必要性和緊迫性。由于設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)和涉及問題有復(fù)雜性，需要多專業(yè)、多學(xué)科的設(shè)計(jì)人員組成技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)班子，負(fù)責(zé)整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過程，并要求所有成員協(xié)調(diào)工作，并交叉進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。因此，設(shè)計(jì)的前期可能需要更多的人

60、力、物力和財(cái)力上的投入，但從發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略角度看，綠色設(shè)計(jì)終將會(huì)給企業(yè)及其產(chǎn)品樹立良好形象，并最終帶來不可估量的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。而日本已制定了一系列環(huán)境保護(hù)政策,早在1967年就提出《公害對(duì)策基本法》, 1968年和1976年分別提出了《噪聲限制法》和《振動(dòng)限制法》。1983年開始執(zhí)行《低噪聲型建設(shè)機(jī)械評(píng)定制度》,1989年起執(zhí)行《超低噪聲建設(shè)機(jī)械評(píng)定制度》。評(píng)定的過程是廠方提出申請(qǐng),由日本建設(shè)機(jī)械化協(xié)會(huì)建設(shè)機(jī)械化研究所審查、日本建設(shè)部批準(zhǔn),

61、對(duì)符合噪聲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的機(jī)械貼上低噪聲和超低噪聲機(jī)械的特殊標(biāo)記,對(duì)這些機(jī)</p><p>　　由以上介紹可以看到國外把環(huán)境保護(hù)提得很高,做了大量的工作,在21世紀(jì)工程機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)和施工中必須考慮環(huán)境保護(hù)。造成公害大的施工方法和工程機(jī)械必然被淘汰,正在被綠色施工和綠色機(jī)械所替代。我國目前在工地上使用的小型砼攪拌機(jī)正在被商品砼取代,液壓錘逐步替代柴油錘,濕式取土鉆孔灌注樁正在被干式取土鉆孔灌注樁所排擠,埋設(shè)管線正在由大開挖向非