zigbeeieee802.15.4網(wǎng)絡應用實例畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文3480字</b></p><p><b>　　英文資料翻譯</b></p><p>　　ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Networking Examples </p><p>　　ZigBee networking has a diverse range of appli

2、cations, including but not limited to home automation, inventory tracking, and healthcare. This chapter reviews a number of the application scenarios in which ZigBee devices can increase efficiency and/or reduce cost. Fu

3、ll ZigBee protocol implementation has the advantage of reliable mesh networking capability. However, if the application is simple, it might be possible to implement only IEEE 802.15.4 layers. </p><p>　　2.1 H

4、ome Automation </p><p>　　Home automation is one of the major application areas for ZigBee wireless networking. In this section, a number of these use cases are reviewed. The typical data rate in home automat

5、ion is only 10Kbps. Figure 2.1 shows some of the possible ZigBee applications in a typical residential building. Most of the applications shown in Figure 2.1 are briefly reviewed in this chapter. </p><p>　　2

6、.1.1 Security Systems </p><p>　　A security system can consist of several sensors, including motion detectors, glass-break sensors, and security cameras. These devices need to communicate with the central sec

7、urity panel through either wire or a wireless network. ZigBee-based security systems simplify installing and upgrading security systems. Despite ZigBee’s low data rate, it is still possible to transfer images wirelessly

8、with acceptable quality. For example, ZigBee has been used in a wireless camera system that records video</p><p>　　2.1.2 Meter-Reading Systems </p><p>　　Utility meters need to be read on a regul

9、ar basis to generate utility bills. One way to do so is to read the meters manually at homeowners’ premises and enter the values into a database. A ZigBee-based automatic meter-reading (AMR) system can create self-formin

10、g wireless mesh networks across residential complexes that link meters with utilities’ corporate offices. AMR provides the opportunity to remotely monitor a residence’s electric, gas, and water usage and eliminate the ne

11、ed for a human visi</p><p>　　An AMR can do more than simply deliver the total monthly usage data; it can gather detailed usage information, automatically detect leaks and equipment problems, and help in tamp

12、er detection. ZigBee-based wireless devices not only perform monitoring tasks, they can manage the usage peak by communicating with the appliances inside the house. For example, when there is a surge in electricity usage

13、, a ZigBee-enabled electric water heater can be turned off for a short period of time to reduce the pe</p><p>　　2.1.3 Irrigation Systems </p><p>　　A sensor-based irrigation system can result in

14、efficient water management. Sensors across the landscaping field can communicate to the irrigation panel the soil moisture level at different depths. The controller determines the watering time based on moisture level, p

15、lant type, time of day, and the season. A distributed wireless sensor network eliminates the difficulty of wiring sensor stations across the field and reduces the maintenance cost. </p><p>　　2.1.4 Light Con

16、trol Systems </p><p>　　Light control is one of the classic examples of using ZigBee in a house or commercial building. In traditional light installation, to turn on or off the light it is necessary to bring

17、the wire from the light to a switch. Installation of a new recess light, for example, requires new wiring to a switch. If the recess light and the switch are equipped with ZigBee devices, no wired connection between the

18、light and the switch is necessary. In this way, any switch in the house can be assigned to turn </p><p>　　The concept of using binding tables (see Section 1.12) is applicable in the example of Figure 2.2. Wa

19、ll switch 1 is logically connected to all four lights. Wall switch 2 is bound only to the lights in the living area. One of the devices in the network has the task of storing and updating the binding table. </p>&

20、lt;p>　　A ZigBee-enabled recess light can be more expensive than a regular recess light, but the installation cost of a ZigBee-enabled light is lower because it requires no additional wiring to a wall switch. Using wir

21、eless remotes to control the lights is not a new concept. ZigBee provides the opportunity to implement this concept on a large scale by ensuring long battery life and interoperability of products from various vendors in

22、a reliable and low-cost network. </p><p>　　In addition to potential cost savings, ZigBee-enabled lights can have other benefits in a house. For example, the ZigBee devices embedded in the recess lights can a

23、ct as routers to relay a message across the house, or the lights can be programmed to dim whenever the television set is turned on. The ZigBee light control mechanism has been used for street light controls as well.</

24、p><p>　　2.1.5 Multizone HVAC Systems </p><p>　　The multizone control system allows a single heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) unit to have separate temperature zones in the house. Z

25、oning the HVAC system can help save energy by controlling the flow of air to each room and avoiding cooling or heating unnecessary areas. Figure 2.3 is a simplified diagram that shows motors controlling air dampers and r

26、egulating the flow of air to different zones. ZigBee devices control these motors based on the commands they receive from the main</p><p>　　2.2 Consumer Electronics: Remote Control </p><p>　　In

27、consumer electronics, ZigBee can be used in wireless remote controls, game controllers, a wireless mouse for a personal computer, and many other applications. In this section, we briefly review the application of ZigBee

28、in wireless remotes. An infrared (IR) remote controller communicates with televisions, DVDs, and other entertainment devices via infrared signals. The limitation of IR remotes is that they provide only one-way communicat

29、ion from the remote to the entertainment device. Also, IR</p><p>　　2.3 Industrial Automation </p><p>　　At the industrial level, ZigBee mesh networking can help in areas such as energy management

30、, light control, process control, and asset management. In this section, application of ZigBee in asset management and personnel tracking is briefly reviewed. Asset Management and Personnel Tracking Passive radio freque

31、ncy identification (RFID) tags have been in use for several years. Although a passive RFID tag does not have any battery, the RFID reader unit can be a battery-powered instrument. A passive</p><p>　　Active R

32、FIDs, such as ZigBee devices, are battery powered and generally are more expensive than passive RFIDs. ZigBee-based active RFIDs have longer range than passive RFIDs and can provide additional services such as estimating

33、 the location of assets or personnel. Chapter 7 covers the details of ZigBee-based location methods. The basic concept of location estimation is shown in Figure 2.4, where location of personnel is tracked inside a typica

34、l office building with offices and cubes. There are </p><p>　　2.3.2 Livestock Tracking </p><p>　　Livestock are vulnerable to disease, and it is important to track and identify a diseased animal

35、quickly. Rapid disease response reduces the number of producers impacted by a disease outbreak or other animal health events [6] . Passive RFID tags have been used as an inexpensive solution for livestock tracking and c

36、an be sufficient for some applications. Passive RFID tags have limited range and can only provide previously stored information such as an identification number. IEEE 802.15.4-based a</p><p>　　2.4 Healthcare

37、 </p><p>　　One of the applications of IEEE 802.15.4 in the healthcare industry is monitoring a patient’s vital information remotely. Consider a patient who is staying at his home but for whom it is important

38、 that his physician monitor his heart rate and blood pressure continuously. In this system, an IEEE 802.15.4 network can be used to collect data from various sensors connected to the patient. The 802.15.4 standard uses 1

39、28-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) technology to securely transfer data betwe</p><p>　　Figure 2.5 is a simplified diagram of a remote monitoring system. A patient wears a ZigBee device that interfaces

40、 with a sensor, such as a blood pressure sensor, that gathers the information on a periodic basis. Then this information is transmitted to a ZigBee gateway. A ZigBee gateway provides the interface between a ZigBee networ

41、k and other networks, such as an Internet Protocol (IP) network. The patient information is then transmitted over the Internet to a personal computer that the physicia</p><p>　　2.5 Other Applications </p&

42、gt;<p>　　2.5.1 Hotel Guest Room Access </p><p>　　ZigBee-based systems can replace the magnetic key card systems used in hotels to access guest rooms. The traditional room access plastic cards have a m

43、agnetic strip on their back; the card reader installed on the guest door reads the information encoded into the magnetic strip to allow or deny access to the room. Installing this reader for each door requires wiring thr

44、ough the door. Alternatively, a ZigBee- based room access system includes a portable ZigBee device that acts as the key and a bat</p><p>　　2.5.2 Fire Extinguishers </p><p>　　Fire extinguishers s

45、hould be checked every 30 days to make sure all the canisters are charged and pressures are correct. Instead of checking the extinguishers manually, in a ZigBee-based monitoring system a sensor is attached to each exting

46、uisher to monitor its status and wirelessly communicate with the coordinator when maintenance is needed. A ZigBee-based monitoring system not only saves time and labor cost, it also helps improve fire safety by immediate

47、ly alerting authorities if a fire exting</p><p>　　ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 網(wǎng)絡應用實例</p><p>　　ZigBee非常廣泛的應用，包括智能家居、庫存跟蹤和醫(yī)療保健，但又不僅限于此。本章回顧了許多可以運用ZigBee設備提高效率和降低成本的應用實例。完整的ZigBee協(xié)議具備可靠的網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)絡性能的優(yōu)點。然而，如果應用很

48、簡單，也可能僅使用IEEE 802.15.4層。</p><p><b>　　智能家居</b></p><p>　　智能家居是ZigBee無線網(wǎng)絡的一個主要應用領域。在本節(jié)中，回顧了大量這樣的用例。在智能家居中典型的數(shù)據(jù)率只有10 Kbps。圖1.1展示了在一個典型的住宅建筑中的一些可行的ZigBee應用。在本章中對圖1.1中展示的大多數(shù)應用作了簡要介紹。</p

49、><p><b>　　安全系統(tǒng) </b></p><p>　　一個安全系統(tǒng)可以由多個傳感器組成，包括運動探測器、玻璃破碎傳感器和安全攝像頭。這些設備需要通過有線或無線網(wǎng)絡與中央安全面板通訊?；赯igBee的安全系統(tǒng)簡化了安全系統(tǒng)的安裝和更新過程。盡管ZigBee的數(shù)據(jù)率很低，但它仍然可以無線傳輸質量可接受的圖像。例如，ZigBee已被應用于一個錄制門外訪客視頻傳送到住宅

50、里一個專用監(jiān)控器的無線攝像系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　圖1.1 可能啟用ZigBee設備的典型居住建筑</p><p><b>　　抄表系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　電表需要定期讀取數(shù)據(jù)生成水電費賬單。一種方法是手動讀取房主房屋前的電表數(shù)值，然后輸入到一個數(shù)據(jù)庫。 一個基于ZigBee的自動抄表系統(tǒng)（AMR）可以自發(fā)創(chuàng)建一個連接住宅區(qū)電表與

51、電表公司辦公室的無線網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)絡。AMR通過遠程監(jiān)控住宅的電力、煤氣和水的使用的機會，并且淘汰了人力每月挨家挨戶去查電表的方式。</p><p>　　AMR的作用不僅僅是傳輸每月水電使用量數(shù)據(jù)；它還可以收集詳細的使用信息，自動檢測泄漏和設備問題，協(xié)助入侵檢測?；赯igBee的無線設備不僅執(zhí)行監(jiān)控任務，他們還可以通過和室內(nèi)的裝置通信來管理使用高峰期。例如，當用電量激增時，可以關閉ZigBee電熱水器一段時間來降低高峰

52、期用電量。</p><p><b>　　灌溉系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　一個基于傳感器的灌溉系統(tǒng)能使水資源管理更有效率。田野里的傳感器能夠把不同深度土壤的濕潤程度傳給灌溉面板。控制器根據(jù)土壤的濕度，植物種類，一天中的時間和季節(jié)等情況來確定灌溉時間。分布式無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡消除了在田野中建立有線傳感器基站的困難，降低了維修成本。</p><p>

53、;<b>　　燈控系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　燈光控制是在室內(nèi)或商業(yè)建筑中使用ZigBee的一個典型例子。在傳統(tǒng)的照明裝置中，必須從電燈到開關扯一根電線來開啟或關閉電燈。例如，安裝一個新壁燈的時候，需要一條新的到開關的電線。如果壁燈和開關都配備了ZigBee設備的話，那么電燈和開關之間將不再需要電線連接。這樣，室內(nèi)的任何開關都可以被指派來打開和關閉一盞特定的電燈。</p>

54、<p>　　圖1.2是一個墻上開關和電燈間無線連接的例子。在我們的示例中, 電燈位于居民建筑的入口處，居住區(qū)和走廊。在入口處的墻壁開關可以打開或關閉任何四個燈。相反, 居住區(qū)墻上的開關僅與位于居住區(qū)的電燈進行通信。居住區(qū)的電燈彼此挨得很近，因此一個ZigBee設備就能夠控制這兩個燈。</p><p>　　使用綁定表的概念也適應于圖1.2的例子。墻上開關1邏輯上與所有的4盞燈相連，開關2只與居住區(qū)的電燈

55、綁定，網(wǎng)絡的其中一個設備負責存儲和更新綁定表。</p><p>　　一個支持ZigBee的壁燈要比常規(guī)的壁燈更貴，但是它的安裝費用卻較低，因為它不需要額外的電線連接到墻上的開關。使用無線來遙控電燈已經(jīng)不是一個新的概念，通過確保較長的電池壽命和來自不同經(jīng)銷商的產(chǎn)品的互操作性，ZigBee提供了在可靠的，低成本的網(wǎng)絡中大范圍實現(xiàn)這個概念的機會。</p><p>　　除了潛在的成本節(jié)省外，在室內(nèi)

56、，ZigBee電燈還有其他的好處。例如，嵌入到壁燈內(nèi)的ZigBee設備可以充當路由器，在房間內(nèi)轉發(fā)信息，或者，壁燈可以被編程設計為當電視打開時變暗。ZigBee燈控機制同樣也已經(jīng)被用于路燈控制。</p><p>　　圖1.2 住宅建筑中的ZigBee無線網(wǎng)絡光控系統(tǒng)</p><p><b>　　多層供暖系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　在多層

57、的控制系統(tǒng)允許單個的供暖，通風和空調(diào)單元在室內(nèi)有各自的溫度區(qū)域。HVAC分區(qū)系統(tǒng)通過控制每個房間的空氣流動可以幫助節(jié)省能源，避免對不必要的區(qū)域進行冷卻或加熱。圖1.3是一個簡化的圖表，它顯示了發(fā)動機控制空氣濕度和管理不同房間的空氣流動。</p><p>　　ZigBee設備根據(jù)它們從主HVAC區(qū)域控制面板和溫度傳感器接收到的命令來控制這些發(fā)動機。另一種使用多區(qū)域控制系統(tǒng)的方法是通過有線而非無線網(wǎng)絡的方式來連接區(qū)域

58、控制面板，發(fā)動機和溫度傳感器。無線系統(tǒng)有較低的復雜度和額外的布線成本，但是這部分的成本可能會稍微低一些?？偣驳南到y(tǒng)花費和將來的更新復雜度是在這兩種應用方法間進行選擇的決定因素。</p><p><b>　　. </b></p><p>　　圖1.3 采用ZigBee空氣阻尼器的多層空調(diào)</p><p><b>　　消費電子：遠程控制&

59、lt;/b></p><p>　　在消費電子中，ZigBee可以被用在遠程無線控制，游戲控制器，個人電腦的無線鼠標和許多其他應用中。在這部分中，我們簡單的介紹了ZigBee在遠程無線控制中的應用。</p><p>　　紅外（IR）遠程控制器通過紅外信號與電視，DVD和其他娛樂設備進行通信，紅外遙控的限制就是它們只提供從遙控端到娛樂設備的單方向通信。此外，紅外信號不能穿透墻壁和其他物體

60、，因此需要對紅外線進行適當操作。然而，射頻信號可以很輕易的穿透大部分物體。</p><p>　　在遠程控制方面，IEEE 802.15.4是對IR技術的一個合適的替代，因為基于ZigBee的無線通信具有低成本和較長的電池壽命的優(yōu)點。IEEE 802.15.4能夠在遠程控制和娛樂設備間建立雙向的通信。例如，歌曲信息和在屏幕編程選項能夠被下載到遙控器本身，即使被遠程控制的娛樂設備與遙控器不是在同一個房間。</p

61、><p><b>　　工業(yè)自動化</b></p><p>　　在工業(yè)級水平上，ZigBee網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)絡可以用于能源管理，照明控制，過程控制和資產(chǎn)管理。在這部分中，對ZigBee在資產(chǎn)管理和人員跟蹤中的應用進行了簡單的介紹。</p><p><b>　　資產(chǎn)管理和人員跟蹤</b></p><p>　　被動式射

62、頻識別（RFID）標簽沒有任何電池供電，RFID閱讀器可以作為一個電池供電的工具。被動式RFID標簽僅能發(fā)送一些很簡單的信息，例如ID號，但這已經(jīng)足夠許多資產(chǎn)管理應用進行使用了。</p><p>　　主動式RFID，像ZigBee設備，是電池供電的，并且通常比被動式的RFID要貴?；赯igBee的主動式RFID與被動式的相比，具有更長的通信距離，能夠提供額外的如財產(chǎn)或人員的跟蹤服務。第七章中涉及到了ZigBee

63、定位方法的詳細信息。圖1.4顯示了位置估計的基本概念，在一幢典型的有辦公室和辦公桌的辦公大樓中，對人員位置進行跟蹤。其中有三個固定的已經(jīng)知道位置的節(jié)點，員工攜帶的ZigBee移動節(jié)點會廣播一個信號，由三個固定節(jié)點所接收。信號在傳播的過程中會變?nèi)?，因此，每個固定節(jié)點接收到的信號振幅也不一樣。有多種算法能夠提取三個固定節(jié)點接收到的信號強度，并計算出移動節(jié)點的大致位置。從移動節(jié)點發(fā)出的信號在到達固定節(jié)點之前被墻壁和房間內(nèi)的其他物體反射，這降低

64、了位置估算的準確度。第七章中介紹了幾種提高位置估算準確度的方法。</p><p><b>　　牲畜跟蹤</b></p><p>　　牲畜很容易得病，因此快速的鑒別出一只得病的牲畜就顯得很必要了?？焖偌膊№憫獪p少了受疾病爆發(fā)或其他動物疾病事件影響的生產(chǎn)者的數(shù)量。</p><p>　　圖1.4 在一個辦公大樓使用ZigBee無線網(wǎng)絡進行人員跟蹤&l

65、t;/p><p>　　被動式RFID標簽已經(jīng)被用作牲畜跟蹤的一個廉價解決方案，并且能夠滿足一些其他的應用。被動式RFID通信距離有限，且只能提供預先存儲的信息，例如ID號。</p><p>　　基于IEEE 802.15.4的主動式標簽雖然成本比被動式高，但IEEE 802.15.4標簽有更長的通信距離，而且可以提供額外的信息，如動物心跳和動物大致位置等。</p><p&g

66、t;<b>　　醫(yī)療保健</b></p><p>　　IEEE 802.15.4在醫(yī)療方面的一個應用就是遠程監(jiān)控病人的重要信息。例如，一個病人待在自己家里，而他的醫(yī)生又很有必要持續(xù)監(jiān)控他的心率和血壓。在這樣的系統(tǒng)中，可以使用一個IEEE 802.15.4網(wǎng)絡從連接到病人身上的不同傳感器來收集數(shù)據(jù)。IEEE 802.15.4標準使用128位先進加密標準（AES）技術在ZigBee設備和其他網(wǎng)絡

67、間安全的傳輸數(shù)據(jù)。</p><p>　　圖1.5是一個簡化的遠程監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)圖表。一個病人帶著ZigBee設備，該設備與傳感器連接，例如血壓傳感器，它會定期的收集信息。然后這些信息會被發(fā)送到一個ZigBee網(wǎng)關，ZigBee網(wǎng)關提供了ZigBee網(wǎng)絡與其他網(wǎng)絡的連接，如一個因特網(wǎng)協(xié)議（IP）網(wǎng)絡。然后，病人的信息通過因特網(wǎng)被發(fā)送到一臺個人電腦，醫(yī)生或者護士就使用這臺電腦來監(jiān)控病人。通過在家里監(jiān)控病人，這套系統(tǒng)能夠幫助

68、醫(yī)院更好的照顧病人并且減輕醫(yī)院過于擁擠的情況。</p><p>　　圖1.5 使用ZigBee無線網(wǎng)絡進行室內(nèi)病人監(jiān)護</p><p><b>　　其他應用</b></p><p><b>　　酒店客房訪問</b></p><p>　　基于ZigBee的系統(tǒng)可以替代磁性鑰匙卡用來在酒店內(nèi)訪問客人房間

69、。傳統(tǒng)的房間訪問塑料卡背面有一個磁條，安裝在客房門口的卡片閱讀器能讀出編碼到磁條中的信息，以此來判讀允許還是拒絕訪問房間。為每個們安裝這樣的閱讀器需要在門與門間布線。作為選擇，基于ZigBee的房間訪問系統(tǒng)包括一個充當鑰匙的便攜式ZigBee設備和一個在門內(nèi)開門、鎖門的電池供電的ZigBee設備。不像傳統(tǒng)方法，基于ZigBee的房間訪問系統(tǒng)不需要在每個門都布線，這降低了安裝成本。</p><p><b>