外文翻譯--- 土石壩的施工

1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　Rapid construction of the embankment dam</p><p>　　Abstract : In recent decades, the soil core rockfill dam has gradually become the world's constr

2、uction of the high dam-one of the mainstream, With the new earth and the huge investments in machinery and construction technology of filling a higher level, Meanwhile dams in-depth testing, greatly expanding the embankm

3、ent dam scope of the materials and the use of materials for model for more extensive embankment dam will provide favorable conditions to change the long-standing embankment dam with a </p><p>　　Key words : e

4、mbankment dam Rapid construction Construction</p><p>　　1 Overview </p><p>　　Also known as the embankment dam dam local materials, the necessary soil in situ stone mining in general, but can al

5、so make full use of the excavated material. having to basic requirements, low deformation based on the character, filling construction, and can be divided into RCC-grade. Fill-rockfill dam, directional blasting rockfill

6、dam, the hydraulic fill dams, hydro-filled dam and masonry dam in different ways. Parabolic which administered rockfill dam no longer, directional blasting rockfill</p><p>　　2 The need for rapid construction

7、 </p><p>　　With the dam construction technology, concrete gravity dam dam the technology continues to improve, while the rubber dam and other new dam-constant use, there is a traditional embankment dam filli

8、ng a large quantity of a long time to build the shortcomings become extremely prominent, how to fully exploit the technology itself embankment dam low, right foundation adaptability, full use of local materials to the tr

9、aditional advantages to speed up the construction schedule, as Pa-an important optio</p><p>　　2.1 Based on the uncertainty, the need to accelerate the progress of measures </p><p>　　With the hyd

10、ropower development progress in basic bad place to build a large embankment dams, In order to meet the capacity and infrastructure foundation impervious to the needs, often based on the completion of treatment can only b

11、e reclaimed after construction, however, foundation of a more complicated, especially in deep-cover construction projects, infrastructure projects are large, unpredictable factors, often need cutoff Vibroflotation, curta

12、in grouting, grouting consolidation of the found</p><p>　　2.2 Hydro-meteorological, filling intensity of the proposed new standards </p><p>　　Embankment dam of the hydro-meteorological factors a

13、re extremely sensitive and in the rainy season, soil moisture greatly influenced, directly restricts dam reclamation, construction intensity will be affected; winter, the soil on the cold, and if it does not take active

14、measures is impossible to filling and filling winter rainy season, there is a high input, low output of the predicament, Construction units are often reluctant to assume, therefore, take full advantage of filling the &qu

15、ot;golden sea</p><p>　　2.3 New Construction equipment and materials massive expansion of the scope of application is the basis for rapid construction </p><p>　　With the improvement in the degree

16、 of mechanization, large capacity of earth and equipment used in construction, improved ergonomics, thus laid for the rapid construction of the necessary material foundation for the formation of materials to expand the s

17、cope of application. the original dam material unsuitable materials can also be used as filling material, this rapid filling of the embankment dam with a new pillar.</p><p>　　3 Field data mining </p>

18、<p>　　Yard of the embankment dam importance is self-evident, it is also most likely to affect the smooth filling of the dam weaknesses, according to engineering practice. Generally, the material yard depth of geolog

19、ical exploration work is far less dam, especially the largest volume filling of rockfills. Several exploratory often alone or topographic survey conducted geological description of the venue, and changes in the tender do

20、cuments is a great possibility, or geological conditions undergone majo</p><p>　　3.1 Road Construction </p><p>　　To meet the need for rapid construction of a large number of machinery and equipm

21、ent investment is inevitable, At present, more and more vehicles to transport large tonnage trends, the number of transport vehicles also require a corresponding increase on the road increasingly high demand, the practic

22、e has proven that better roads, transport vehicles higher attendance, Filling a corresponding increase efficiency, the saying goes, "is the road repair, road construction is progress" is the reason, </p>

23、<p>　　3.2 Rapid construction of the main methods and attention to the matter </p><p>　　Completed all the preparations have reclaimed conditions, the construction units, as planned dam filling. strength

24、en the convergence process, reduce intermediate links, is the rapid construction of the highest priority. </p><p>　　3.2.1 Reasonable zoning routine dam, filling work is the key to rapid construction </p&g

25、t;<p>　　Because it was larger than the embankment dam for the dam surface area routine provided the necessary scenes, generally be divided into processes Shop filling materials, paving, watering and compaction, qu

26、ality control, etc., If impermeable soil surface planing will be conducted hair, according to the actual situation, the Section will be divided into several processes with a few, If Section few equal to the number of man

27、ufacturing processes, people, machines, not idle; If the number is greater </p><p>　　3.2.2 Ping filling up with the Provisional Section Filling </p><p>　　To speed up the construction schedule, t

28、he general-use starting filling construction and construction - has several advantages : reducing the seams, then Singapore, cutting processes, ensuring the quality of filling; ensure the greatest possible surface rock f

29、illing, benefits large mechanized construction; to continue after filling in when entering the layout of the material impervious road construction; Transport filter materials and transition material is not large dump tru

30、ck across the imperm</p><p>　　3.2.3 Large equipment investment</p><p>　　Dam filling in volume under certain circumstances, to shorten the filling time, it is inevitable to increase filling stren

31、gth, Filling the strength and ability to achieve the desired purpose, equipment investment is very important, although the new equipment, keep large equipment into projects, but the present belongs to the overall constru

32、ction of water conservancy vicious competition, the successful low-cost environment, in a project into a large number of new equipment, equipment for the cons</p><p>　　3.2.4 Winter Construction strengthen re

33、search and organizations, is to speed up the dam filling a direction </p><p>　　Because of the winter, Dam filling (especially impermeable soil sites) are often at the stage of filling or not filling very low

34、 intensity, Filling caused by the dam, in general, in southern China, the impact of Winter Construction 2 ~ 3, and the North, Winter Construction longer than the South, and how to maintain a normal winter construction ac

35、celerate the dam filling a matter of orientation, as this issue is a breakthrough, Quick filling embankment dam will bring a qualitative leap.</p><p>　　Therefore, rapid construction, it should be the owners

36、and the construction of a correct view of the issues, such as settlement and the arch effect, use finite element analysis and prototype observation equipment laid for the actual measurement, and to monitor stress and def

37、ormation of the dam; Dam to aggregate gradation control, good size distribution during the construction period to try and fill dense lower late settlement; use large, The vibration of heavy rolling equipment, and improve

38、 the </p><p>　　References : </p><p>　　[1] Embankment dam during flooding period of construction characteristics and strength of the construction mitigation measures Libing</p><p&g

39、t;　　[2] Xiaolangdi dam filling construction technology and construction Wangbi</p><p>　　[3] Sichuan water conservancy embankment dam with the dam construction materials brief Luenxi</p><p>　

40、　[3] Chang Reservoir dam after the closure of the rapid construction Xinyuqing</p><p><b>　　土石壩的施工</b></p><p>　　摘要：近幾十年來，土質(zhì)心墻堆石壩已逐漸成為世界上高壩建設(shè)的主流壩型之一，隨著新型土石方機械的大量投入及填筑施工工藝水平不斷提高，同時筑壩材

41、料試驗的深入，極大地拓寬了土石壩的用料范圍和用料模式，為土石壩更廣泛地提供了有利條件，改變了土石壩長期存在著建設(shè)工期長、填筑強度低的不足，進一步加快了施工進度，在確保填筑施工質(zhì)量及安全運行的前提下探討土石壩的快速施工很有必要的事情。 </p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：土石壩 快速 施工 </p><p><b>　　1 概述 </b></p>

42、;<p>　　土石壩又稱當(dāng)?shù)夭牧蠅?，所需土石料一般就地開采，同時還可充分利用各種開挖料，且具有對基礎(chǔ)要求低、適應(yīng)基礎(chǔ)變形強的特點，根據(jù)填筑施工，一般可分為碾壓式土石壩、拋填式堆石壩、定向爆破堆石壩、水力沖填壩、水中填土壩及砌石壩幾種，其中拋填式堆石壩基本不用，定向爆破堆石壩存在著后期沉降大、不能在壩內(nèi)埋設(shè)原型觀測設(shè)備等不足，目前也用的很少，水力沖填壩、水中填土主要用在特殊地區(qū)的壩高較低的中小型工程，砌石壩嚴(yán)格說應(yīng)屬于圬工壩

43、類，目前廣泛運用的是薄層鋪筑并分層壓實的碾壓式土石壩。 </p><p>　　2 快速施工的必要性 </p><p>　　隨著壩工技術(shù)的，砼重力壩、拱壩的技術(shù)不斷提高，同時橡膠壩等新型壩型不斷的運用，傳統(tǒng)土石壩存在著填筑量大帶來的建設(shè)時間長的缺點顯得極為突出，如何在充分發(fā)揮土石壩本身的技術(shù)要求低、對壩基適應(yīng)性強、當(dāng)?shù)夭牧鲜褂贸浞值膫鹘y(tǒng)優(yōu)勢下加快施工進度，成為壩型選擇的重要方面，在確保填筑施

44、工質(zhì)量及安全運行的前提下快速施工是各方均關(guān)心的。 </p><p>　　2.1 基礎(chǔ)處理的不確定性，需要采用加快施工進度等措施 </p><p>　　隨著水電開發(fā)的進展，在基礎(chǔ)不良的地方也開始修建大型土石壩，而為了滿足壩基承載力及基礎(chǔ)防滲的需要，往往在完成基礎(chǔ)處理后方可進行填筑施工，然而，地基情況較為復(fù)雜，特別是在深覆蓋層上修建工程，基礎(chǔ)處理工程量大、不可預(yù)見因素多，經(jīng)常需要防滲墻、振沖、

45、帷幕灌漿、固結(jié)灌漿等對地基進行綜合處理，處理難度大、檢查復(fù)雜，根據(jù)對多個工程的資料，基礎(chǔ)處理完工及交面時間往往較開工時所制定計劃時間滯后，造成填筑開工時間拖延，而下閘蓄水或竣工期往往卻不予以調(diào)整，造成有效填筑時間縮短，施工單位也不得不采用快速施工措施，才能按合同按期（甚至提前）完成工程。 </p><p>　　2.2 水文氣象的，對填筑強度提出新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) </p><p>　　土石壩對水文氣

46、象的因素極為敏感，在雨季，土料的含水量影響極大，直接制約著大壩填筑，施工強度將受到影響；冬季，土料上凍，如不采取積極措施，也無法進行填筑，且冬雨季填筑施工，存在著高投入、低產(chǎn)出的窘境，往往是施工單位不愿意承擔(dān)的，因此，充分利用填筑的“黃金季節(jié)”，盡量避免冬雨季施工（或減少冬雨季填筑量），是施工單位首選的，相對應(yīng)，在“黃金季節(jié)”填筑的工程量也往往極為可觀，能否快速施工成為避免冬雨季大方量填筑的首要問題。 </p><p

47、>　　2.3 新型施工設(shè)備的大量投入和材料適用范圍的拓展，是快速施工的基礎(chǔ)     隨著機械化程度的提高，大容量的土石方設(shè)備運用到施工中，提高了工效，從而為快速施工打下了必要的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，填筑材料適用范圍的拓展，原來不適合作壩料的材料也可作為填筑料，這也為土石壩快速填筑提供了新的支撐點。</p><p><b>　　3 料場的開采 </b></p&

48、gt;<p>　　料場對土石壩的重要性不言而喻，卻也是最容易影響大壩順利填筑的軟肋，根據(jù)工程實踐，一般而言，料場的地質(zhì)勘探工作深度遠不如壩址，特別是填筑量最大的堆石料，往往僅靠幾個探洞或地形勘查進行地質(zhì)描述，進場后，與招標(biāo)文件發(fā)生變化的可能性很大，要么地質(zhì)條件發(fā)生重大變化，招標(biāo)文件中有用料變成無用料，要么就是開采面積變小，無法形成大規(guī)模開采（或臺階開采）條件，不利于大規(guī)模機械開采，直接制約大壩能否按期填筑，同時級配是否良好

49、，也是影響大壩能否快速填筑的關(guān)鍵，在防滲土料方面，含水量的高低也成為大壩能否快速填筑的關(guān)鍵，因此，完善而慎重地進行料場復(fù)查及復(fù)勘工作顯得尤為重要，搞好料場復(fù)查和儲量計算，做到心中有數(shù)。如具備條件，最好在大壩填筑前儲備一部分成品料來削峰平谷。 </p><p><b>　　3.1 施工道路 </b></p><p>　　為滿足快速施工的需要，大量的機械設(shè)備投入是不可避免

50、的，而目前運輸汽車越來越向大噸位趨勢，運輸車輛數(shù)量也要求相應(yīng)增多，對道路的要求越來越高，工程實踐證明，道路越好，運輸車輛出勤率越高，填筑效率也相應(yīng)提高，俗話說“修路就是修車、修路就是進度”就是這個道理，一般工程上均采用泥結(jié)石路面，如果具備條件，在局部車流量大的地段采用砼路面，將會極大的提高運輸效率，在道路布置上，應(yīng)盡量根據(jù)實際情況布置成環(huán)行雙車道，避免車輛的相互干擾，提高單車效率。</p><p>　　3.2 快

51、速施工的主要方法及注意的事項 </p><p>　　在完成各項準(zhǔn)備，具備填筑條件后，對施工單位而言，按計劃進行壩體填筑，加強各工序的銜接、減少中間環(huán)節(jié)，是快速施工的重中之重。 </p><p>　　3.2.1 合理的壩面分區(qū)流水作業(yè)，是填筑工作快速施工的關(guān)鍵 </p><p>　　由于土石壩體型較大，為壩面分區(qū)流水作業(yè)提供了必要的場面，一般將填筑工序分為鋪料、攤鋪、

52、灑水、壓實、質(zhì)檢等工作，如防滲土料還需進行表面刨毛處理，根據(jù)實際情況，將分為工段數(shù)與工序數(shù)，如果工段數(shù)與工序數(shù)相等，人、機、地不閑；如果工段數(shù)大于工序數(shù)，人、機不閑，地閑；如果工段數(shù)小于工序數(shù)，人、機閑，地不閑，流水作業(yè)不能正常進行，進行工段數(shù)及工序數(shù)的確定和劃分有很多種方法。在填筑前由于施工情況并不很明朗，一般采用先按現(xiàn)有設(shè)備進行計算后，按流水作業(yè)的要求和注意事項初步擬出工序數(shù)目、工作段面積及工段數(shù)目，再根據(jù)前期填筑對設(shè)備及運行時間的

53、統(tǒng)計，進一步進行修正，確保施工有序進行。 </p><p>　　3.2.2 平起填筑與臨時斷面填筑 </p><p>　　為加快施工進度，一般采用平起填筑施工，平起施工有幾個優(yōu)點：減少了接縫、接坡、削坡等工序，保證了填筑質(zhì)量；保證有盡可能大的堆石填筑面，利于大機械化的施工；有利于在以后繼續(xù)填筑時布置進入防滲料區(qū)的施工道路；運輸反濾料及過渡料的大型自卸汽車不橫穿防滲料區(qū)；有利于減小料界偏差和

54、相鄰料平起填筑時的跨縫碾壓；均衡壩體的施工強度，在防滲土料與反濾過渡料的填筑關(guān)系上，有先土后砂及先砂后土兩種作法，為加快施工進度及控制邊界，一般均采用先砂后土施工工藝。 </p><p>　　3.2.3 大型設(shè)備的投入 </p><p>　　在壩體填筑量一定的情況下，要縮短填筑時間，必然要增大填筑強度，而填筑強度的能否達到預(yù)期目的，設(shè)備的投入是極為重要的方面，雖然目前新型設(shè)備、大型設(shè)備不斷

55、投入到工程中，但在目前水利建設(shè)整體屬于惡性競爭、低價中標(biāo)的大環(huán)境下，要在一個工程中投入大量新型設(shè)備、大型設(shè)備進行高強度的施工也比較困難，因此，我們可以看到，在許多工程，均拿著施工中小型工程的設(shè)備去完成大型工程的修建，實踐證明，這種小馬拉大車的情況并不能保證大壩快速、正常的施工，比如先進的碾壓設(shè)備，堆石料鋪料厚度就可以達到1.5m甚至2m，而常使用的16t平面碾僅能碾壓0.8~1.0m左右，明顯地看出設(shè)備對填筑進度的影響。 </p&

56、gt;<p>　　3.2.4 加強冬季施工研究和組織，是加快壩體填筑的一個方向 </p><p>　　由于受冬季的影響，大壩填筑（特別是防滲土料部位）往往在該階段不能填筑或填筑強度極低，致使壩體填筑受到影響，一般而言，在我國南方，冬季施工影響為2~3個月，而北方，冬季施工影響比南方更長，如何在冬季保持正常施工，是加快壩體填筑的一個方向性問題，如該問題得到突破性進展，將對土石壩快速填筑帶來質(zhì)的飛躍。

57、</p><p>　　因此，快速施工，應(yīng)是業(yè)主及施工單位正確看待的問題，如沉降及拱效應(yīng)問題，可采用有限元分析及埋設(shè)原型觀測儀器進行實際量測，以監(jiān)控大壩應(yīng)力及變形情況；重視壩料級配控制，良好的級配能夠在施工期盡量沖填密實而降低后期沉降；采用大型、重型的振動碾壓機具，提高壓實度而降低孔隙率等措施；而要做到均衡施工，各方均應(yīng)從科學(xué)的角度，全面、正確的分析合理工期，以實現(xiàn)資源利用最大化的目標(biāo)，而不是簡單的求高、求快、求效

58、益，方能達到快速施工、業(yè)主及施工單位“雙贏”的目標(biāo)。 </p><p><b>　　參考文獻：</b></p><p>　　[1] 土石壩攔洪度汛期的施工特點及施工強度的緩解措施 李 兵 </p><p>　　[2] 小浪底大壩填筑施工技術(shù)和施工 王 碧 李玉潔 王奇峰 </p><p>　　[3] 四川省水

59、利工程土石壩建設(shè)與筑壩材料簡述 陸恩施 </p><p>　　[4] 昌馬水庫截流后大壩的快速施工  辛玉慶</p><p><b>　　謝 辭</b></p><p>　　在此畢業(yè)設(shè)計即將結(jié)束之際，首先向我們的指導(dǎo)老師陸明老師表示衷心的感謝和崇高的敬意。同樣的感謝幫助過我的同學(xué)。在設(shè)計期間，陸老師在百忙中抽出時間

60、來指導(dǎo)我們的設(shè)計，并且解答相關(guān)的疑難問題，可以說這次設(shè)計不僅是我個人的成果，同時還凝結(jié)著老師們的心血。</p><p>　　當(dāng)然，在設(shè)計期間，本組成員之間的互助互愛、團結(jié)更是必不可少的。有問題自己決不了的提出來大家一起解決，這無疑增強了我們自己動手翻閱書籍、刻苦鉆研、獨立思考問題的能力，也是對我們大學(xué)期間以來所學(xué)基礎(chǔ)課和專業(yè)課的一次綜合測試，是將理論系統(tǒng)化、綜合化應(yīng)用于實踐的評估，也為我們將來走向工作崗位奠定基礎(chǔ)