外文翻譯--在光伏誤差輻射監(jiān)測(cè)能量測(cè)量的數(shù)據(jù)與采樣速度

1、<p><b>　　附 錄</b></p><p>　　Solar Energy Copyright Elsevier Science </p><p>　　DATA SAMPLING SPEED VERSUS ENERGETIC MEASUREMENT ERRORS OF IRRADIATION MONITORING IN PHOTOVOLTAIC

2、 </p><p>　　Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,2-24-16,Nakamachi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184, Japan.(Communicated by GERARD WRIXON.)</p><p><b>　　Abstract:</b></p><p

3、>　　To measure solar irradiation and photovoltaic array output energy a measuring accuracy cannot be guaranteed unless the data sampling interval is appropriately selected.From this viewpoint,actual irradiance has been

4、 measured by comparatively high speed sampling of l-4s for 44 months and the daily errors of the numerical integral have been estimated for various step sizes.Approximation formulae of the error versus the step size have

5、 been statistically obtained as well as their probability density </p><p>　　Introduction:</p><p>　　In a photovoltaic system the input solar energy has a basic day-and-night cycle and an uncertai

6、n, time varying factor caused by meteorological conditions.When a measurement is performed to obtain long-term performance parameters such as irradiation,the amount of generated energy,etc.,the accuracy of the measuremen

7、t may not be maintained if the sampling speed of data acquisition is decided regardless of the fluctuating rate of solar radiation.</p><p>　　Since simplified measurements may have to be adopted in the future

8、 with the spread of photovoltaic systems,some instructions must be clearly prepared as a system monitoring standard.The author presents an analysis of this need.</p><p>　　For this purpose, actual irradiance

9、profile has been measured by comparatively high speed sampling for 44 months at the Electro- technical Laboratory in Tsukuba Science City(Kurokawa and Mine,1989;Kurokawa,1994).By using these data, the daily errors of num

10、erical integration have been evaluated for various time step sizes.Then,the errors for each step size have been analyzed for a certain term to obtain statistical parameters such as standard deviation 0 and average value.

11、Approximation formulae h</p><p>　　Data Acquisition:</p><p>　　In order to know the true integral of irradiance profiles,original irradiance data were taken at a comparatively high speed sampling

12、rate for 44 months from September 1986 to April 1990 at Tsukuba Science City.The city is located 60 km north of Tokyo and its climatic conditions seem to be ordinary as far as Japan is concerned.</p><p>　　Me

13、asuring equipment used is illustrated in Fig.1.Noises,which may be generated in signal conditioners,were also suppressed very carefully by using an isolation amplifier and electronic filter.In addition,a digital averagin

14、g technique synchronized with the utility grid frequency was adopted and drastically decreased the noise level.More than 100 data were sampled and averaged for just 40ms,which corresponds to 2 cycles of the frequency.Thi

15、s becomes one sample of raw data for this study.</p><p>　　Total data acquisition flow is illustrated in Fig.2.The normal raw data sampling period was 1s but it was made longer,up to 4s,in case of a slower fl

16、uctuating speed of the irradiance to reduce data volume.Daily data were stored in a 2HD disk for every day.</p><p>　　By applying the trapezoidal rule to the measured irradiance data, typical examples of whic

17、h are shown in Figs3(a) and 4(a),the integrated value of irradiance,i.e.irradiation, si is given by.</p><p>　　The integrating interval is indicated by h.Iteration of eqn(1) gives as daily integral of Si unti

18、l ti=sunset.</p><p>　　The various intervals are denoted as hj for j=l-60.The sampling interval of the original data is ho.The range of hi corresponds to 10s to 2h logarithmically as shown in Table 1.S,and Sj

19、 are given as S for h=ho and h=hi,respectively.Then,per cent integration error,ej is defined by.</p><p>　　The statistical values obtained for a comparatively short term are apt to show some irregularity in t

20、he trends of standard deviations as presented in Fig.6.However, it is observed that the overall results for the whole 44 months gave enough smoothness as shown in Fig.9.Therefore, the 44 month results are to be studied a

21、s described below.</p><p>　　By using the data in Fig.9,approximation formulae were formed.As shown in Figs 10 and 11,the relationship showing and cs versus hj is determined by.</p><p>　　To obtai

22、n enough precision for both smaller h regions and larger ones,two-region approximation was adopted.For example,it gives m=0.0315 and d=0.220 for h=60 and their ratios to statistical data are 1.07 and 0.980,respectively.A

23、lthough the former looks slightly large,the data of m contain larger irregularities.They seem to be a reasonable approximation for data smoothing.</p><p>　　Probability:</p><p>　　As a tentative c

24、onclusion of the preceding statistics,it is understood that the standard deviation of integration errors is mostly a noteworthy factor for determining an appropriate integration interval.However,its probabilistic meaning

25、 is not precisely known so far.This section studies it.</p><p>　　The frequency of the error classes covering +40 at respective intervals has been plotted as histograms as shown in Figs 12-14.Figure 12 is giv

26、en for h=60s,Fig.13 for h=600s and Fig.14 for h=3600s.From these figures,it is supposed that their distribution shapes are fairly similar in all intervals.Therefore,each histogram is superimposed by normalizing the integ

27、ration errors with each standard deviation 6.This result is given as a histogram inFig.15.The Gaussian distribution is also drawn in the s</p><p>　　在光伏誤差輻射監(jiān)測(cè)能量測(cè)量的數(shù)據(jù)與采樣速度</p><p><b>　　耿介黑川&l

28、t;/b></p><p>　　東京大學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)和科技，16年2月24日Nakamachi</p><p>　　小金井市，東京184，日本</p><p><b>　　摘要：</b></p><p>　　為了測(cè)量太陽(yáng)輻射和光伏陣列輸出能量，除非數(shù)據(jù)采樣間隔是適當(dāng)選擇，否則測(cè)量精度無(wú)法保證。從這個(gè)角度看，實(shí)際輻照已被1-

29、4秒的比較高的速度采樣測(cè)量44個(gè)月，用數(shù)值積分的每日誤差估計(jì)各種步長(zhǎng)。用逼近公式的誤差與步長(zhǎng)以及統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)獲得其概率密度函數(shù)覆蓋±4σ。最后，諾模圖是決定一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)牟蓸娱g隔。總結(jié)的例子表明，偏離誤差超過(guò)±1％的組件可以為每1個(gè)月或6個(gè)月發(fā)生一次，如果選擇步長(zhǎng)為105或65.5s，則總誤差變?yōu)?0.0485±1％，或-0.0336±1％，其中包括根據(jù)筑波測(cè)得的數(shù)據(jù)平均誤差分量。版權(quán)1996愛思唯爾網(wǎng)絡(luò)科

30、技有限公司。</p><p><b>　　引言:</b></p><p>　　在太陽(yáng)能光伏系統(tǒng)中輸入的太陽(yáng)能有一個(gè)基本的晝夜周期和一個(gè)不確定的，隨時(shí)間變化氣象條件造成的的因素。當(dāng)測(cè)量是獲得長(zhǎng)期作為輻射度，產(chǎn)生的能量等性能參數(shù)，如果數(shù)據(jù)采集的采樣速度是決定于太陽(yáng)能的輻射，而不是太陽(yáng)能的波動(dòng)率，測(cè)量精度可能無(wú)法維持。</p><p>　　由于簡(jiǎn)化了

31、測(cè)量可能要通過(guò)在未來(lái)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的傳播，一些指令必須明確準(zhǔn)備作為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)測(cè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。作者提出這方面的需求的分析。 為此，實(shí)際輻射譜在筑波科學(xué)城電工技術(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn)室用比較高的速度采樣，用了44個(gè)月（黑川和煤礦，1989年;黑川紀(jì)章，1994年）來(lái)測(cè)量。通過(guò)使用這些數(shù)據(jù)，數(shù)值積分的日常錯(cuò)誤已被評(píng)估為不同的時(shí)間步長(zhǎng)。然后，每一步的大小誤差都進(jìn)行了分析，以獲得一定期限，如標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差0和平均值的統(tǒng)計(jì)參數(shù)。近似公式也已表達(dá)這些值和步長(zhǎng)之間的關(guān)系。此

32、外，誤差的概率密度函數(shù)輪廓也已估計(jì)。最后，通過(guò)應(yīng)用的近似公式和概率密度函數(shù)，諾模圖是確定最大允許步長(zhǎng)，以保證監(jiān)測(cè)精度。</p><p><b>　　數(shù)據(jù)采集:</b></p><p>　　為了了解真正的輻照型材的組成，原輻射數(shù)據(jù)均在一個(gè)比較高的速度采樣率采樣，用時(shí)44個(gè)月，從1986年9月至1990年4月在筑波科學(xué)城。科學(xué)城位于東京以北60公里，其氣候條件對(duì)日本來(lái)說(shuō)是

33、普通的城市。</p><p>　　測(cè)量設(shè)備使用說(shuō)明圖1噪音，可能產(chǎn)生的信號(hào)調(diào)理，也非常仔細(xì)地進(jìn)行抑制，使用隔離放大器和電子過(guò)濾器。此外，通過(guò)與電網(wǎng)頻率同步數(shù)字平均技術(shù)，大幅降低噪音水平。超過(guò)100多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)采樣，平均只有40毫秒，這相當(dāng)于2個(gè)周期的頻率。這將成為本研究的原始數(shù)據(jù)的一個(gè)樣本。</p><p>　　總數(shù)據(jù)采集流程如圖2所示。正常的原始數(shù)據(jù)采樣周期從1秒提高到4秒，可用于輻射波動(dòng)速

34、度較慢的情況下減小噪音量。每日數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)在每天的2HD磁盤。</p><p><b>　　定義及統(tǒng)計(jì):</b></p><p>　　通過(guò)測(cè)量輻射數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用梯形法則，其中典型的例子是在圖3（a）和4（a）所示，集成的輻射值，即照射，是由不同的時(shí)間間隔為表示，j=1-60。原始數(shù)據(jù)的采樣間隔是。范圍相當(dāng)于10秒至2小時(shí)，對(duì)數(shù)如表1所示。</p><p>

35、;　　一個(gè)設(shè)置上繪制的參考期的散點(diǎn)圖，圖5的一個(gè)例子所示。然后，平均值m，每個(gè)間隔的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差σ的計(jì)算。如圖6計(jì)算的例子，對(duì)應(yīng)圖5。集成一個(gè)特定的時(shí)間間隔，h=60s，在圖7，這些統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果用了44個(gè)月。這些每年還表示在圖8上。他們觀察到任何明顯的季節(jié)性趨勢(shì)不能。因此，本文進(jìn)一步研究只涉及到整個(gè)學(xué)期。</p><p>　　一個(gè)比較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)獲得的統(tǒng)計(jì)值，容易出現(xiàn)在一些不規(guī)則的趨勢(shì)圖6的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差。然而，據(jù)觀察，整個(gè)44

36、個(gè)月的整體成績(jī)給予了足夠的平整度，如圖9。因此，44個(gè)月的結(jié)果是要研究如下所述。</p><p><b>　　概率</b></p><p>　　由于前面的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的初步結(jié)論，據(jù)了解，集成誤差的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差主要是一個(gè)值得注意的因素，確定一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)恼祥g隔。但是，它的概率的意義不正是迄今已知的。本節(jié)研究它。</p><p>　　覆蓋在各自的時(shí)間間隔4σ類