人機(jī)工程學(xué)中英文資料外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　人機(jī)工程學(xué)</b></p><p>　　中英文資料外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)</p><p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯譯稿1</b></p><p><b>　　可用性和期望值</b></p><p>　　來自Willliam S.Green, Patrick

2、W.Jordan.產(chǎn)品的愉悅：超越可用性</p><p>　　根據(jù)人機(jī)工程學(xué)會（HFES）的觀點(diǎn)，人機(jī)工程學(xué)著眼于“發(fā)現(xiàn)和共享可用于各種系統(tǒng)和設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)的、關(guān)于人的特點(diǎn)的知識”。人們通常只是把它作為生物力學(xué)和人體測量所關(guān)注的內(nèi)容，實(shí)際上它是從更廣泛的意義上的一種對人（產(chǎn)品用戶）的全面和綜合的理解。</p><p>　　HFES從二戰(zhàn)中有軍方從事的系統(tǒng)分析中發(fā)展而來。其中的三種主要研究的是人體

3、測量、復(fù)雜信息的解釋和管理，以及在部隊(duì)和裝備調(diào)配中應(yīng)用的系統(tǒng)分析。系統(tǒng)分析在尺度和復(fù)雜性方面跨度很大，大的系統(tǒng)分析有類似于諾曼底登陸準(zhǔn)備的大型系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃，小到去理解如何從合理性和規(guī)模的角度才最佳的布置和裝備人員。諾曼底登陸是20世紀(jì)最復(fù)雜的事件之一。他要求建立一個(gè)在戰(zhàn)斗開始之前還不確定的龐大的人員和物資的合理分配系統(tǒng)。在更小的規(guī)模上，裝備和軍事人物的布置意味著如何去組織、訓(xùn)練和安排戰(zhàn)士，最大限度的發(fā)揮他們的長處。士兵必須迅速地接受訓(xùn)練，并

4、且能夠有效地使用和維護(hù)在二戰(zhàn)中發(fā)展起來的一系列技術(shù)裝備。其中，對于飛行員、潛艇人員和坦克駕駛員有神采的限制。復(fù)雜的新裝備的開發(fā)要求找到最好的稅收、密碼便醫(yī)院、破譯人員、雷達(dá)和聲納操作員、轟炸機(jī)駕駛員和機(jī)組人員。</p><p>　　在戰(zhàn)后，隨著公司及其產(chǎn)品在尺度、領(lǐng)域和復(fù)雜性方面的增長，很多系統(tǒng)分析人員在商用領(lǐng)域找到了發(fā)展機(jī)會。盡管是戰(zhàn)后的發(fā)展才導(dǎo)致了1957年人機(jī)工程協(xié)會（HFES）的建立，但人機(jī)研究的起源可以

5、追溯到大批量生產(chǎn)方式的成型階段，是當(dāng)時(shí)提高生產(chǎn)效率的要求。隨著工作方式從手工生產(chǎn)和農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的轉(zhuǎn)移，新的工廠工作的概念逐步發(fā)展起來。福特的流水生產(chǎn)線和泰勒的效率理論開始對生產(chǎn)的規(guī)劃和教育產(chǎn)生影響。即使在家庭生活中，婦女們也開始接受了現(xiàn)代家庭管理理論，并運(yùn)用這些理論來組織和規(guī)劃家庭。在20世紀(jì)末，一種涵蓋面更廣的人機(jī)工程正在發(fā)展之中。新的人機(jī)工程學(xué)是為了適應(yīng)已經(jīng)被廣泛意識到的對用戶行為模式更深入的需求而誕生的，它開始應(yīng)用定型研究方法，并探

6、索人的情感和認(rèn)知因素。HFES有很多技術(shù)組，涵蓋年齡、任職工程和作出決定、人體差異、工業(yè)人積雪、醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)和康復(fù)、宏觀人機(jī)工程學(xué)、安全和視覺能力等方面。但是，目前多數(shù)人機(jī)工程學(xué)專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的研究及終于可用性，而不是產(chǎn)品的被渴求性。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有很多新的趨勢，開始改變公司試圖了解他們用戶的需求、要求和愿望的方式。很多公司使用群體文化學(xué)方法作為在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的早期階段的一種研究工具。群體文化學(xué)的方法出自于文化

7、人類學(xué)，是應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品研究領(lǐng)域的一種定型研究的方法。事實(shí)證明這些方法在市場調(diào)研的早期階段和幫助產(chǎn)品開發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)展可以進(jìn)一步將其轉(zhuǎn)化為人們所追求的造型和功能特征的可執(zhí)行性見解等方面都十分有效。人機(jī)工程學(xué)發(fā)生變化的第二個(gè)原因是對于品牌管理的關(guān)注。很多公司認(rèn)識到賦予產(chǎn)品一個(gè)很強(qiáng)的品牌形象是一種很明顯的競爭優(yōu)勢。有Schmitt和Simonson撰寫的《市場推廣美學(xué)》一書中闡述了視覺形象系統(tǒng)的價(jià)值，以及為什么產(chǎn)品的各個(gè)方面清晰的、始終如一的傳達(dá)給用

8、戶。一個(gè)成功的品牌有一系列不同因素構(gòu)成，能創(chuàng)造出市場中的完整形象，包裹外觀和產(chǎn)品功能、名稱、廣告、價(jià)格和用戶感知的價(jià)值。通過從更廣的角度透視有關(guān)人的特性的因素，這種人及研究的新方向探討了一個(gè)公司的核心價(jià)值如何能與其用戶的生活方式目標(biāo)聯(lián)系在一起。比如，哈雷·戴維森已經(jīng)是一個(gè)世界上最強(qiáng)有力的品牌形象之一，他將標(biāo)識、核心產(chǎn)品（摩托車）和補(bǔ)充性的生活方式產(chǎn)品（服飾和裝飾品）與他們用戶的生活方式融</p><p>

9、;　　盡管人機(jī)工程專業(yè)研究人員主要來自于系統(tǒng)工程、生理學(xué)、認(rèn)知心理學(xué)的專業(yè)人士和教師構(gòu)成，但這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的起源和表現(xiàn)形式都很廣泛。在近一個(gè)世紀(jì)的時(shí)間里，廣告、市場、工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)、視覺傳達(dá)設(shè)計(jì)、建筑和娛樂產(chǎn)業(yè)都應(yīng)用不同的人機(jī)工程來幫助他們定義相關(guān)的參數(shù)，評估產(chǎn)品成功與否。雖然這些領(lǐng)域的研究不可能不夠正規(guī)，并且缺乏傳播和交流的研究方法的專業(yè)雜志和論壇等渠道，但近年來提取用戶行為模式和喜好的方法被認(rèn)為是對工業(yè)和研究領(lǐng)域息息相關(guān)，而且是至關(guān)重要的。這些

10、領(lǐng)域的關(guān)于人機(jī)工程的新觀點(diǎn)觸及界定人的特性和與人互動的意義問題。2001年，在新加坡舉辦的一次人機(jī)工程會議上使用“有效的人機(jī)因素”作為主題。會議得到了國際人機(jī)工程協(xié)會的支持，并且嘗試把產(chǎn)品的可用性和被渴求性（用戶的期望值）兩方面結(jié)合起來。</p><p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯原文1</b></p><p>　　Usability and Desirability&

11、lt;/p><p>　　From: Willliam S.Green, Patrick W.Jordan.</p><p>　　Pleasure With Products: Beyond Usability</p><p>　　According to file Human Factors Ergonomics Society (HFES), the discipli

12、ne of human factors focuses on the “discovery and exchange of knowledge concerning the characteristics of human beings that are applicable to the design of systems and devices of all kinds.” What is often thought of as a

13、 focused approach in biomechanics and anthropometrics is actually a much broader understanding of who and what a person is. As you will learn in this section, there are many other members of the product develo</p>

14、<p>　　The HFES evolved from the systems analysis conducted by the military during WWII. The three main types of research were anthropometrics，interpreting and managing complex information, and systems analysis in t

15、he deployment of troops and equipment. The systems analysis varied in scale and complexity, ranging from the large-scale systems planning used in preparing the invasion of Normandy to the understanding of how to best pla

16、ce and equip personnel from an aptitude and size point of view. The D-Da</p><p>　　After the war, as post-war companies and the products they produced grew in size, scope, and complexity, many of the systems

17、analysts found opportunities in the commercial sector. While this post-war focus gave rise to the formation of HFES in 1957, the early origins of human factors can be traced back to the development of mass production and

18、 the need to improve efficiency in production. As the nature of work shifted away from craft production and agrarian labor, new concepts for working in fac</p><p>　　There are a number of new trends that are

19、beginning to change the way companies attempt to know their customers and their needs, wants, and desires. Many companies are using ethnography as a research tool in early stages of product development. Ethnographic tech

20、niques are qualitative processes that take methods from cultural anthropology and apply them to the field of product research. These techniques are proving to be valuable in early phases of marketing and in helping produ

21、ct teams develop t</p><p>　　While the human factors discipline is comprised primarily of professionals and faculty from the fields of systems engineering，physiology，and cognitive psychology, both the origins

22、 and current manifestations of the field are far broader. For nearly a century advertising, marketing, industrial design, communication design, architecture, and the entertainment industry have all used a variation of hu

23、man factors to help to define the parameters and evaluate the success of their products. Although the</p><p>　　外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯譯稿２ </p><p><b>　　設(shè)計(jì)困難與樂趣</b></p><p>　　來自Pierre-Henri

24、dejean</p><p><b>　　簡介</b></p><p>　　人們普遍的傾向認(rèn)為，困難有礙于樂趣。所有工作需要進(jìn)行了可用性分析，市場運(yùn)作的也驗(yàn)證這個(gè)理論。在本文中，我們討論的一些情況下設(shè)計(jì)的易用性和使用樂趣。目的是要表明的其重要性，以使用樂趣作為出發(fā)點(diǎn)，而不是僅僅為了使用，同時(shí)最大限度地提高產(chǎn)品的可用性。</p><p>　　基于

25、一些實(shí)際的例子，分析問題之間的聯(lián)系，探究可用性和使用樂趣。事實(shí)上，這種現(xiàn)象存在一定的矛盾，其中一個(gè)明確的關(guān)系是可用性和使用的困難。 </p><p><b>　　困難和樂趣的關(guān)系</b></p><p><b>　　樸素和簡單的快樂</b></p><p>　　我們一些通過法國工業(yè)部進(jìn)行了的試驗(yàn)研究表明，經(jīng)驗(yàn)往往是在一定程

26、度上困擾的整個(gè)概念的發(fā)展。事實(shí)上，這誤導(dǎo)甚至包括最人們?nèi)粘Ｗ尯唵畏ㄕZ。方便舒適的和隨和的概念相互關(guān)聯(lián)，并表達(dá)“簡單德精神”（簡單的想法）和“快樂簡單”（簡單的快樂）并不是非常討人喜歡的。最后，聰明的人們找到簡單的解決辦法，但條件是他們要客服困難或復(fù)雜的問題。這同樣是非常寶貴的，一個(gè)人能夠選擇最有效的產(chǎn)品或最簡單而有效的方法。另一方面是質(zhì)量，誰會在選擇產(chǎn)品的時(shí)候忽略這些呢。所有的是從設(shè)計(jì)出發(fā)，而不是用戶：這點(diǎn)就忽視可用性。 </p&

27、gt;<p><b>　　困難和快樂</b></p><p>　　比賽往往根據(jù)其激烈程度決定其而受到歡迎。你甚至可以談?wù)撆d奮度來衡量話題的難度。但是，也有一些細(xì)微的差別加以考慮。在電子游戲舉例來說，如果的困難是尋求在游戲本身所提供的服務(wù)項(xiàng)目，以某種方式，簡化和設(shè)施的贊賞中獲得的服務(wù);這就是說，設(shè)立游戲在指示開始了游戲技術(shù)方面的運(yùn)作，正在盡可能容易尋求后，才達(dá)到實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目的而獲得

28、一種快感。以同樣的方式，在許多活動中，增加知識，技能或靈巧是首選的其難度。據(jù)分析有兩種快樂：學(xué)習(xí)，只有結(jié)果和在過程中，但更重要的是結(jié)果。對于業(yè)余廚師，獲取訣竅可能是首選的結(jié)果。研究人員的難題，尋找適用的辦法是，或所需的設(shè)備建立自己的實(shí)驗(yàn)，同樣如果不是更多的樂趣，獲得的結(jié)果，他已經(jīng)或多或少的預(yù)期。 </p><p><b>　　力量和優(yōu)越性</b></p><p>　　

29、在接受困難的情況下，努力提供自己或他人一個(gè)優(yōu)勢相比。舉例來說，如果它是困難的，了解如何處理一個(gè)古老的樂器如六分儀、小提琴，一旦得知這是一個(gè)非常高興的做法。這個(gè)想法的利益所作的努力，感情的定性鑒別，必須結(jié)合這一事實(shí)。這種現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)是不可能觀察游戲或活動的業(yè)余愛好者，但需要在一個(gè)非常不同的層面在職業(yè)生活。壟斷訣竅或能力構(gòu)成了權(quán)力，造成困難的許多人。在另一個(gè)層面，但同樣，豐富的文化經(jīng)驗(yàn)可以作為一個(gè)樂趣。感情的能力是多方面的。在可用性研究我們注意

30、到兩個(gè)態(tài)度這一事實(shí)。拒絕或不信任有關(guān)系的，過于簡單或過于自動，導(dǎo)致人們害怕失去他們的能力。其直接后果是在一個(gè)國家非常簡化的工作任何人可以做的。事實(shí)上，這并非是一個(gè)泰勒的基本思路。 </p><p><b>　　壓縮困難</b></p><p>　　在某些情況下，簡單可以創(chuàng)建恐懼。這種情況時(shí)，例如行動涉及高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，也沒有時(shí)間限制。信息安全，例如適用于這種態(tài)度。在這里闡述的

31、一個(gè)程序是首選的方法過于簡單。不可理解的診斷，而是一個(gè)長期的基礎(chǔ)上的解釋，成為放心就麻煩擔(dān)心。對于一些人是醫(yī)學(xué)太愉快會導(dǎo)致懷疑上升到其效率。認(rèn)真和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)方面成為一個(gè)因素的信譽(yù)，因此非常高興。在布局招待會銀行的代理人是非常敏感的話題，將給予客戶一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的印象，它甚至可能會走得那樣遠(yuǎn)，造成的印象是緊縮。有了這樣的裝飾，銀行家將與更多的快樂感覺更可信的有關(guān)他的客戶更加放心，從而使他工作更容易。</p><p>　　我們注

32、意認(rèn)識到可用性的重要性，如果造成社會問題，如失業(yè)率增加目前的生態(tài)問題表現(xiàn)出的傾向這個(gè)方向，甚至可能導(dǎo)致積極的，圖清洗和打撈廢品本身并不愉快的活動，即使感覺有尊重自然和生態(tài)方面的問題，既是一個(gè)基本的趨勢和解決一個(gè)的方案，賺錢對股市可能會阻礙他的不道德方面的資金使用情況，從而獲得這種思維方式，在美國建立道德基金使投資者放心，他的儲蓄不放置在支持的項(xiàng)目，他認(rèn)為是Ｃ.While非法獲得資本，他將感到很高興在促進(jìn)股市，支持可持續(xù)發(fā)展的不同宗教法令

33、規(guī)定，禁止某些樂趣一樣貪婪和欲望，而技術(shù)進(jìn)步摧毀一些災(zāi)難性的后果，很高興這些，低熱量的健康食品有助于贊賞良好的食物，同時(shí)又不造成的健康問題。</p><p>　　有些人覺得一定有一定困難的樂趣，比通過懲罰的手段更普遍。相當(dāng)?shù)於ㄒ饬x的藥物導(dǎo)致高興而可能被認(rèn)為是效率低下。</p><p>　　處理樂趣和產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的困難</p><p>　　我們已經(jīng)看到，樂趣在使用并不總是

34、與可用性聯(lián)系在一起.那是在困難的情況下使用可提高趣味性的互動，例如通過提高用戶的自尊，顯然，文化層面應(yīng)該在這里表達(dá)的，以及在其他部分產(chǎn)品（ Dejean德索薩和1999年）文化方面遇到困難和樂趣不同的探索應(yīng)該是取得了文化價(jià)值的一定的困難;文化態(tài)度與困難應(yīng)加以探討。一種可能的困境設(shè)計(jì)者是多少產(chǎn)品的運(yùn)作模式應(yīng)顯示給用戶。與“黑匣子”的產(chǎn)品可能是非常簡單的，因?yàn)橛脩舨⒉恍枰绾卧趯?shí)際工作，怎樣解決產(chǎn)品出現(xiàn)問題，那么用戶可能根本不知道如何正

35、確的，這是他或她將不會了解這一過程背后的方式，該產(chǎn)品適用于其他手握玻璃瓶裝產(chǎn)品。凡用戶更多地參與這一進(jìn)程可能需要更多的努力去學(xué)習(xí)。一旦解決了這些用戶將能夠理解運(yùn)作的產(chǎn)品和可以拿出一些創(chuàng)新性的解決辦法應(yīng)該發(fā)生的問題，他們從某種意義上說，已授權(quán)通過后作出的額外努力學(xué)習(xí)如何使用產(chǎn)品放在首位。 </p><p>　　最后，引入樂趣的可用性是至關(guān)重要的。這是一個(gè)因素，延長了紀(jì)律這是一個(gè)長期而痛苦和面向有益返回產(chǎn)品人體工程學(xué)

36、設(shè)計(jì)的人體工程學(xué)的工作條件建立一個(gè)參考樂趣，因此更有必要模型和參數(shù)可能會允許我們來處理這一概念在科學(xué)的方法，從而在非常接近的問題，其復(fù)雜性增加了其學(xué)習(xí)的樂趣！</p><p>　　外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯原稿２ </p><p>　　Difficulties and Pleasure？</p><p>　　From:PIERRE-HENRIDEJEAN</p>&

37、lt;p>　　INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　There is a general tendency to believe that difficulties prevent pleasure. For all work carried out on usability, marketing pleads implicitly for this thesis, without, however

38、, defending it. In this paper we shall discuss a number of contexts of use in which usability and pleasure are in opposition to each other. The aim is to show the importance of pleasure-based as opposed to usability-base

39、d approaches to product design, in order to maximize the quality of user experience.</p><p>　　The starting point is based on some practical examples, where context or circumstances throw into question the li

40、nk between usability and pleasure in use. Indeed, cases will be highlighted in which there is a clear link between usability and difficulty in use. </p><p>　　RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIFFICULTIES AND PLEASURE<

41、;/p><p>　　Simplicity and simple pleasure…</p><p>　　Some of our research, carried out for French Ministry of Industry, has shown that there is often a degree of stigma attached to the whole concept

42、of simplicity. Indeed, this stigmatization of simplicity is even inherent in the French language. The meaning of the words ‘easy-comfortable’ and ‘easy-going’ are associated with the concept ‘without merit’, and the expr

43、essions ‘simple dispirit’ (simple minded) and ‘plaisir facile’ (simple pleasure) are not very flattering for the people they refer to.</p><p>　　Finally, and more concretely, there is genius in the ability to

44、 find simple solutions, on the condition that they do not devalue difficult or complex problems. It is likewise very valuable that a person is able to select either the most efficient product or the most simple and effic

45、ient method. On the other hand, the quality of the person who chooses this product or method will be disregarded. All the honour goes to the designer and not to the user: the first ambiguity of usability.</p><

46、p>　　Difficulty and pleasure </p><p>　　Games are often appreciated according to their degree of difficulty. You might even talk about an increasing pleasure parallel to the level of difficulty. There are ,

47、 however, some nuances to be taken into consideration. In the case of electronic games for instance, if the difficulty is sought after in the game itself-the service provided by the project in some way-simplicity and fac

48、ility are appreciated in the access to the service; that is to say, the setting up of the game. Whereas in the ins</p><p>　　In the same way, in many activities, the increase in knowledge, skills or dexterity

49、 is preferred for the level of difficulty their acquisition represents. By analysis there are tow kinds of pleasure: learning where only the result counts and acquisition where the process is more important than the resu

50、lt.</p><p>　　For the amateur cook, acquiring the knack might be preferred to the result. For the researcher the puzzle that the search for the applicable approach represents, or the equipment needed for sett

51、ing up his experiments, is equally if not more pleasurable that obtaining the result that he had already more or less anticipated. </p><p>　　Power and superiority </p><p>　　Difficulty is accept

52、ed in the case where the effort provides a power or a superiority compared to oneself or others. For instance if it is difficult to learn how to handle an ancient instrument like a sextant, a violin, … once learnt it is

53、a great pleasure to practice. The idea of the benefit of the effort made, the feeling of qualitative differentiation, must be linked to this fact.</p><p>　　The phenomena is already possible to observe in gam

54、es or activities for amateurs, but takes on a very different dimension in professional life. </p><p>　　The monopoly on know-how or ability constitutes a power that creates difficulties for many people. On an

55、other level but in the same vein, cultural enrichment can be experienced as being a pleasure. The feeling of competence is valorizing. In studies of usability we have noted two attitudes this fact. The refusal or distrus

56、t in relation to systems which are too simple or too automatic, cause people to be afraid of losing their competence. The immediate consequence in the context of a country very</p><p>　　Reassuring difficulti

57、es</p><p>　　In certain circumstances, simplicity can create fear. This is the case when for instance actions involve high stakes and there is no time limit. The security of information, for example, applies

58、to this attitude. Here an elaborated procedure is preferred to an approach which is too simple.</p><p>　　A comprehensible diagnosis, but one based on long explanations, becomes reassuring in relation to a tr

59、oublesome worry. For some people medicine which is too pleasant will cause doubts to rise as to its efficiency. </p><p>　　The serious and rigorous aspect becomes a factor of credibility and hence of pleasure

60、. In the layout of bank receptions the agents are very sensitive to aesthetics that will give the customers a serious impression; it might even go as far as causing an impression of austerity. With such a decoration, the

61、 banker will work with greater pleasure feeling more credible in relation to his/her customers thus more at ease, which will in turn make his/her, work easier.</p><p>　　Fatigue and pleasure </p><p

62、>　　Tired but happy! This is the expression corresponding to a satisfaction which has demanded quite deal of physical or intellectual effort. Here as well, personal investment and pleasure are harmoniously united. To p

63、revent pleasure being replaced by stress, it is, however, most important that the demands on availability of time and mind are strong. The feeling of satisfaction in relation to the result obtained might be related to th

64、e effort made to obtain this result. For many people sports give s</p><p>　　Ethics and pleasure</p><p>　　We have placed religious as well as non-religious considerations in this category, these

65、concern systems of value accepted by the social groups which have multiplied across the modern world. </p><p>　　We have observed that usability was badly regarded if it caused social problems such as increas

66、ing unemployment The current ecological problems are showing tendencies in this direction and can even lead to active intervention Cleaning and the salvage of waste products are not in themselves pleasurable activities

67、even though the feeling of having respected nature can exist．Progress in ecological problems in ethical terms is both a basic tendency and an element of solution </p><p>　　The pleasure of earning money on th

68、e stock market might he thwarted by the immoral aspect of the utilization of the funds thus gained This way of thinking has lead to the creation of ethical funds in the USA．Here the investor is assured that his savings a

69、re not placed in the support of projects that in his view are immoral．On the contrary．While gaining capital he will feel a pleasure in contributing to stocks that support sustainable development Different religions have

70、decreed rules forbidding </p><p>　　Some people feel a certain pleasure in the punishments afflicted to them More commonly．a(chǎn)nd In a rather lay sense a medication that leads to pleasure could be suspected of b

71、eing inefficient. </p><p>　　11.3 MANAGING PLEASURE AND DIFFICULTY IN PRODUCT DESIGN</p><p>　　We have seen that pleasure in use is not always associated with usability in deed．There are occasions

72、 where difficulty in use can increase the pleasurebility of interaction for example by raising the users’ sense of self-esteem</p><p>　　It is evident that a cultural dimension ought to be expressed here, as

73、well as in other components of the product (De Souza and Dejean 1999)Cultures face difficulties and pleasure differently An exploration ought to be made of the cultural valuation of certain difficulties；the difficulties;

74、 cultural attitudes in relation to difficulties should be explored.</p><p>　　A possible dilemma for the designer is deciding how much of the product's mode of functioning should be revealed to the user.

75、With ‘black box’ products operation may be very simple because the user is not required to understand anything of how the product actually works However．if something goes wrong, then the user may have no idea how to corr

76、ect this as he or she will not understand the process behind the way in which the product works On the other hand ‘glass box ‘products．Where the user is m</p><p>　　In conclusion，the introduction of pleasure

77、in the criteria of usability is essential. It is an element of renewal for a discipline which was for a long while oriented towards suffering and a beneficial return of product ergonomics to the ergonomics of working con

78、ditions The creation of a reference for pleasure is thus all the more necessary Models and parameters might then allow us to approach this notion in a scientific way, thus approaching the very question whose complexity a