農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　附錄</b></p><p>　　設(shè)施蔬菜生產(chǎn)是一項(xiàng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，它要求固定的人工和資本輸入。因此,蔬菜加工企業(yè)要獲得成功，潛在的種植者應(yīng)該仔細(xì)地考慮所有必要的系數(shù)時(shí)時(shí)刻刻以各種方式為蔬菜生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)量作出承諾。在溫室維護(hù), 種植業(yè)和處理緊急狀態(tài)等方面都要求保持持續(xù)的警惕性。每4,000 平方英尺的溫室里的莊稼大約在25 到30 個(gè)小時(shí)時(shí)期內(nèi)都要進(jìn)行仔細(xì)照看。溫室設(shè)施

2、也要不斷的進(jìn)行維護(hù)和修理。有選擇的在原來(lái)的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)一些溫室進(jìn)行更新?lián)Q代。升溫、降溫和澆灌等日常系統(tǒng)必須經(jīng)常維護(hù)和定期檢查。另外, 后備計(jì)劃和備用系統(tǒng)必須是到位的，他們是用來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)任何一個(gè)主要系統(tǒng)遭到破壞后所可能發(fā)生的問題。如果在關(guān)鍵時(shí)候不能降溫，加熱或者制止水分的流失都有可能致使莊稼顆粒無(wú)收。隨著被用來(lái)維持生產(chǎn)和作物種植的技術(shù)、資本和勞動(dòng)力的投入， 生產(chǎn)商開發(fā)市場(chǎng)必須支付相對(duì)更高的價(jià)格使企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。設(shè)施蔬菜的生產(chǎn)很難在價(jià)格上和露

3、地種植的蔬菜相競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。 但是, 設(shè)施蔬菜可以更好的質(zhì)量和它所具有的反季節(jié)性受到市場(chǎng)上消費(fèi)者的青睞。企業(yè)應(yīng)該充分考慮消費(fèi)者的個(gè)性和偏好。這就是上面所提到得一天24小時(shí)的承諾。如果你不能以自己的特色去滿足顧客每時(shí)每刻的需求，那么你就不能</p><p><b>　　方位的選擇</b></p><p>　　在方位的選擇上幾個(gè)因素應(yīng)該得到重視。無(wú)論什么時(shí)候建造，方位應(yīng)該達(dá)到或者

4、接近所要求的水平。傾斜的方位也不是完全不合要求, 但是他們會(huì)提高建造成本，為和新的結(jié)構(gòu)相適應(yīng)，建造方位必須是水平或露臺(tái)。如果所選擇的地點(diǎn)允許建造溫室則該地點(diǎn)必須是日常固定的。廢棄物的處理也必須引起關(guān)注。 方位應(yīng)該選擇在靠近能源和水源的地方。舉個(gè)例子，水井里的水要比地表水好因?yàn)樗艿郊膊『秃Ｔ逦廴究赡苄孕?。水在設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中起著關(guān)鍵性的作用, 尤其它是組成各種各樣的水耕系統(tǒng)中不可缺少的一個(gè)。在作物循環(huán)之前水被用來(lái)測(cè)試肥料的施用情況的。水在

5、佐治亞來(lái)源于資源中的酸堿中和。另外, 水里也許溶解了重要的礦物質(zhì)，尤其是鈣和鎂。城市污水系統(tǒng)可能會(huì)給生產(chǎn)者帶來(lái)麻煩，主要是引起水的氫化，氫化了的水會(huì)不利于植物生長(zhǎng)。勞動(dòng)力的利用也是非常重要的。雖然在種植業(yè)上許多工作具有重復(fù)性和繁瑣性, 你不應(yīng)該期待優(yōu)秀的表現(xiàn)是建立在一個(gè)低的工資級(jí)別上。設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)對(duì)勞動(dòng)力的要求主要是是嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)和熟練, 或至少要經(jīng)過培訓(xùn),。從長(zhǎng)期上講設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力價(jià)格是相對(duì)便宜的并且來(lái)源也比較穩(wěn)定。同時(shí)也要考慮運(yùn)輸條件和市場(chǎng)的接

6、近程度。現(xiàn)代冷藏和運(yùn)輸?shù)陌l(fā)展減少了設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)對(duì)市場(chǎng)的</p><p><b>　　葉菜類的蔬菜</b></p><p>　　在溫室條件下生長(zhǎng)最好的葉菜類是生菜。盡管生菜具有多樣性，但許多不同的類型的生菜都能在溫室里栽種，包括特殊的類型。為溫室發(fā)展開發(fā)不同類型的蔬菜是有利于溫室發(fā)展的。一種生菜能在大約 35-45 天內(nèi)就能完成生長(zhǎng)周期。 由于溫室生菜比露地生菜收獲期提前因

7、此也比露地栽種的小。 種子在 75 ° F的溫度下發(fā)芽，在 2-3 天內(nèi)就會(huì)生長(zhǎng)，當(dāng)長(zhǎng)到足夠大來(lái)處理的時(shí)候，他們被移植到以生菜類型為基礎(chǔ)的生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中栽種，那是他們最后的生長(zhǎng)的地方。在漂流系統(tǒng)中，他們可能被移動(dòng)兩次。第一次是種子被播種后的10到11天后被移到一個(gè) 16平方英尺的空間里，第二次是在播種后的21天再移植到一個(gè)有著41平方英尺的空間里。</p><p><b>　　昆蟲和疾病控制<

8、;/b></p><p>　　現(xiàn)代的溫室設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)嘗試將昆蟲和疾病問題減到最少或消除，以便植物可以在許多情況下免除殺蟲劑自由地生長(zhǎng)。 阻止昆蟲進(jìn)入溫室是控制昆蟲問題的最好方法。 植物應(yīng)該每日對(duì)昆蟲群襲進(jìn)行檢查。如果殺蟲劑是被用, 殺蟲劑的材料一定要經(jīng)過仔細(xì)選擇，被限制在田間使用的農(nóng)藥也可能也不允許在溫室中使用。另外，就是確定的成分的殺蟲劑在應(yīng)用時(shí)也要小心謹(jǐn)慎。例如，因?yàn)樘囟ǖ牟牧?在能乳化成分比較集中的殺蟲劑

9、中，在溫室條件下會(huì)對(duì)植物造成很大損害。水和營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的移動(dòng)可以清除植物表面上多余的水，它可以減少疾病的發(fā)生。對(duì)容易患病的植物通過植入疾病的抗體也可以減少疾病的發(fā)生。綜上所述，在藥劑的選擇上務(wù)必要謹(jǐn)慎。</p><p>　　GreenhouseVegetable Production</p><p>　　Prepared by George E. Boyhan, Darbie Granberr

10、y and W. Terry Kelley</p><p>　　Cooperative Extension Service ? The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　Greenhouse

11、 vegetable production is a highly intensive enterprise requiring substantial labor and capital inputs. Because of this, potential growers should carefully consider all of the factors necessary for a successful enterprise

12、.Greenhouse vegetable production is in many ways a 24-hour-a-day commitment. Greenhouse maintenance, crop production and handling emergencies require constant vigilance. Every 4,000 square feet of greenhouse space requir

13、es an estimated 25 to 30 hours of crop care and up</p><p>　　Greenhouse-grown vegetables cannot compete withcomparable field-grown crops based on price; therefore,greenhouse-grown vegetables often are markete

14、d to buyers based on superior quality and off-season availability.Finally, the personality and skills of the person or</p><p>　　people involved in the enterprise should be considered.As mentioned earlier, th

15、is can be a 24-hour-a-day commitment.If you don’t have the personality to commit and to be available day or night as needed, then this is not for you. In addition, a successful greenhouse vegetableproduction operation re

16、quires mechanical aptitude,crop production skills and business acumen.Although greenhouse production is an intensive undertaking, it can be very satisfying and rewarding. One advantage of greenhouse ve</p><p&g

17、t;　　small amount of area required compared with field-grown produce. In addition, the return on investment can be good if the requisite markets can be found.</p><p>　　Site Selection</p><p>　　Sev

18、eral factors should be considered in selecting a suitable site. Whenever practical, the site should be level or nearly so. Sloped sites are not completely out of the question, but they do raise construction costs conside

19、rably because the site must be leveled or terracedto accommodate the new structure.Zoning regulations must be checked to determine if a greenhouse is allowed at the chosen location. In this regard, care concerning waste

20、disposal (irrigation waterrunoff, etc.) should be conside</p><p>　　important in greenhouse production, especially if one of the various hydroponic systems, as outlined here, is used.The water used in the fer

21、tilizer solutions must be tested before beginning the crop cycle. Water in Georgia can range from acid to alkaline depending on the source. In addition, the water may contain significant levels of dissolved minerals, par

22、ticularly calcium and magnesium.City water systems may be troublesome for growers,</p><p>　　especially if the water has been chlorinated. Chlorine can cause problems for plants, particularly lettuce.Availabi

23、lity of labor is very important. Althoughmuch of the work in crop production is repetitive and tedious, one should not expect suitable labor performance</p><p>　　at minimum wage levels. Labor that is conscie

24、ntious and skilled, or at least trainable, is less expensive and more reliable in the long run.Access to good roads and proximity to expected</p><p>　　markets should also be considered. Modern refrigeration

25、and transportation reduces the need to locate the facility near markets, but shipping costs are reduced when the facility is nearer the expected markets.</p><p>　　Leafy Vegetables</p><p>　　The m

26、ost important leafy vegetable grown under greenhouse conditions is lettuce. Many different types and varieties of lettuce can be grown under greenhouse conditions, including specialty types.Many varieties specifically de

27、veloped for greenhouse production are available. A crop of lettuce can be produced from seed in about 35 to 45 days. Greenhouse lettuce is harvested earlier and thus is smaller than those grown in the field. Seed are ger

28、minated at 75°F and should emerge in two to three days.</p><p>　　Insect and Disease Control</p><p>　　Modern greenhouse design has tried to minimize or eliminate insect and disease problems

29、so that plants can be grown pesticide free under many conditions. Preventing insects from entering the house is the best way of controlling insect problems. Plants should be inspected daily for insect infestations. If pe

30、sticides are to be used, care must be exercised in selecting materials. Products that are registered for field use may not be registered for greenhouse use. In addition, caution should be exer</p><p>　　for d