外文翻譯---機械產(chǎn)品方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計方法及發(fā)展趨勢

1、<p>　　附錄A：外文資料翻譯譯文 </p><p>　　機械產(chǎn)品方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計方法及發(fā)展趨勢</p><p>　　摘要：根據(jù)目前國內(nèi)外設(shè)計學(xué)者進(jìn)行機械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計時的主要思維特點，將產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計方法概括為系統(tǒng)化、結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識和智能四種類型。指出四種方法的特點及其相互間的有機聯(lián)系，提出產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計計算機實現(xiàn)的努力方向。</p><p>　　

2、關(guān)鍵詞：機械產(chǎn)品；方案設(shè)計方法；發(fā)展趨勢</p><p><b>　　引 言</b></p><p>　　科學(xué)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，產(chǎn)品功能要求的日益增多，復(fù)雜性增加，壽命期縮短，更新?lián)Q代速度加快。然而，產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計，尤其是機械產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計手段，則顯得力不從心，跟不上時代發(fā)展的需要。目前，計算機輔助產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計繪圖、設(shè)計計算、加工制造、生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃已得到了比較廣泛和深入的研究，

3、并初見成效，而產(chǎn)品開發(fā)初期方案的計算機輔助設(shè)計卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足設(shè)計的需要。為此，作者在閱讀了大量文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，概括總結(jié)了國內(nèi)外設(shè)計學(xué)者進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計時采用的方法，并討論了各種方法之間的有機聯(lián)系和機械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計計算機實現(xiàn)的發(fā)展趨勢。根據(jù)目前國內(nèi)外設(shè)計學(xué)者進(jìn)行機械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計所用方法的主要特征，可以將方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計方法概括為下述四大類型。</p><p><b>　　1、系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計方法</b>&l

4、t;/p><p>　　系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計方法的主要特點是：將設(shè)計看成由若干個設(shè)計要素組成的一個系統(tǒng)，每個設(shè)計要素具有獨立性，各個要素間存在著有機的聯(lián)系，并具有層次性，所有的設(shè)計要素結(jié)合后，即可實現(xiàn)設(shè)計系統(tǒng)所需完成的任務(wù)。</p><p>　　系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計思想于70年代由德國學(xué)者Pahl和Beitz教授提出，他們以系統(tǒng)理論為基礎(chǔ)，制訂了設(shè)計的一般模式，倡導(dǎo)設(shè)計工作應(yīng)具備條理性。德國工程師協(xié)會在這一設(shè)計思想

5、的基礎(chǔ)上，制訂出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)VDI2221“技術(shù)系統(tǒng)和產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)設(shè)計方法。制定的機械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計進(jìn)程模式，基本上沿用了德國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)VDI2221的設(shè)計方式。除此之外，我國許多設(shè)計學(xué)者在進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計時還借鑒和引用了其他發(fā)達(dá)國家的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計思想，其中具有代表性的是：</p><p>　　(1)將用戶需求作為產(chǎn)品功能特征構(gòu)思、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計和零件設(shè)計、工藝規(guī)劃、作業(yè)控制等的基礎(chǔ)，從產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的宏觀過程出發(fā)，利用質(zhì)量功能布置方法，系統(tǒng)地

6、將用戶需求信息合理而有效地轉(zhuǎn)換為產(chǎn)品開發(fā)各階段的技術(shù)目標(biāo)和作業(yè)控制規(guī)程的方法。</p><p>　　(2)將產(chǎn)品看作有機體層次上的生命系統(tǒng)，并借助于生命系統(tǒng)理論，把產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計過程劃分成功能需求層次、實現(xiàn)功能要求的概念層次和產(chǎn)品的具體設(shè)計層次。同時采用了生命系統(tǒng)圖符抽象地表達(dá)產(chǎn)品的功能要求，形成產(chǎn)品功能系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　(3)將機械設(shè)計中系統(tǒng)科學(xué)的應(yīng)用歸納為兩個基本問題：一是把

7、要設(shè)計的產(chǎn)品作為一個系統(tǒng)處理，最佳地確定其組成部分(單元)及其相互關(guān)系；二是將產(chǎn)品設(shè)計過程看成一個系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)設(shè)計目標(biāo)，正確、合理地確定設(shè)計中各個方面的工作和各個不同的設(shè)計階段。</p><p>　　由于每個設(shè)計者研究問題的角度以及考慮問題的側(cè)重點不同，進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計時采用的具體研究方法亦存在差異。下面介紹一些具有代表性的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計方法。</p><p><b>　　設(shè)計元素法<

8、;/b></p><p>　　用五個設(shè)計元素(功能、效應(yīng)、效應(yīng)載體、形狀元素和表面參數(shù))描述“產(chǎn)品解”，認(rèn)為一個產(chǎn)品的五個設(shè)計元素值確定之后，產(chǎn)品的所有特征和特征值即已確定。我國亦有設(shè)計學(xué)者采用了類似方法描述產(chǎn)品的原理解。</p><p><b>　　圖形建模法</b></p><p>　　研制的“設(shè)計分析和引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)”KALEIT，用層次

9、清楚的圖形描述出產(chǎn)品的功能結(jié)構(gòu)及其相關(guān)的抽象信息，實現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、功能關(guān)系的圖形化建模，以及功能層之間的聯(lián)接。</p><p>　　將設(shè)計劃分成輔助方法和信息交換兩個方面，利用Nijssen信息分析方法可以采用圖形符號、具有內(nèi)容豐富的語義模型結(jié)構(gòu)、可以描述集成條件、可以劃分約束類型、可以實現(xiàn)關(guān)系間的任意結(jié)合等特點，將設(shè)計方法解與信息技術(shù)進(jìn)行集成，實現(xiàn)了設(shè)計過程中不同抽象層間信息關(guān)系的圖形化建模。1.3 “構(gòu)思”

10、—“設(shè)計”法</p><p>　　將產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計分成“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計”兩個階段?！皹?gòu)思”階段的任務(wù)是尋求、選擇和組合滿足設(shè)計任務(wù)要求的原理解。“設(shè)計”階段的工作則是具體實現(xiàn)構(gòu)思階段的原理解。</p><p>　　將方案的“構(gòu)思”具體描述為：根據(jù)合適的功能結(jié)構(gòu)，尋求滿足設(shè)計任務(wù)要求的原理解。即功能結(jié)構(gòu)中的分功能由“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”實現(xiàn)，并將“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的物理聯(lián)接定義為“功能載體”，“功能載體”

11、和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的相互作用又形成了功能示意圖(機械運動簡圖)。方案的“設(shè)計”是根據(jù)功能示意圖，先定性地描述所有的“功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”，再定量地描述所有“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”和聯(lián)接件(“功能載體”)的形狀及位置，得到結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖。Roper，H.利用圖論理論，借助于由他定義的“總設(shè)計單元(GE)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素(KE)”、“功能結(jié)構(gòu)元素(FKE)”、“聯(lián)接結(jié)構(gòu)元素(VKE)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)零件(KT)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素零件(KET)”等概念，以及描述結(jié)構(gòu)元

12、素尺寸、位置和傳動參數(shù)間相互關(guān)系的若干種簡圖，把設(shè)計專家憑直覺設(shè)計的方法做了形式化的描述，形成了有效地應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有知識的方法，并將其應(yīng)用于“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計”階段。</p><p>　　從設(shè)計方法學(xué)的觀點出發(fā)，將明確了設(shè)計任務(wù)后的設(shè)計工作分為三步：1) 獲取功能和功能結(jié)構(gòu)(簡稱為“功能”)；2) 尋找效應(yīng)(簡稱為“效應(yīng)”)；3) 尋找結(jié)構(gòu)(簡稱為“構(gòu)形規(guī)則”)。并用下述四種策略描述機械產(chǎn)品

13、構(gòu)思階段的工作流程：策略1：分別考慮“功能”、“效應(yīng)”和“構(gòu)形規(guī)則”。因此，可以在各個工作步驟中分別創(chuàng)建變型方案，由此產(chǎn)生廣泛的原理解譜。策略2：“效應(yīng)”與“構(gòu)形規(guī)則”(包括設(shè)計者創(chuàng)建的規(guī)則)關(guān)聯(lián)，單獨考慮功能(通常與設(shè)計任務(wù)相關(guān))。此時，辨別典型的構(gòu)形規(guī)則及其所屬效應(yīng)需要有豐富的經(jīng)驗，產(chǎn)生的方案譜遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于策略1的方案譜。策略3：“功能”、“效應(yīng)”、“構(gòu)形規(guī)則”三者密切相關(guān)。適用于功能、效應(yīng)和構(gòu)形規(guī)則間沒有選擇余地、具有特殊要求的領(lǐng)域，

14、如超小型機械、特大型機械、價值高的功能零件，以及有特殊功能要求的零部件等等。策略4：針對設(shè)計要求進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)化求解。該策略從已有的零件出發(fā)，通過零件間不同的排序和連接，獲得預(yù)期功能 。</p><p><b>　　1.4、矩陣設(shè)計法</b></p><p>　　在方案設(shè)計過程中采用“要求—功能”邏輯樹(“與或”樹)描述要求、功能之間的相互關(guān)系，得到滿足要求的功能

15、設(shè)計解集，形成不同的設(shè)計方案。再根據(jù)“要求—功能”邏輯樹建立“要求—功能”關(guān)聯(lián)矩陣，以描述滿足要求所需功能之間的復(fù)雜關(guān)系，表示出要求與功能間一一對應(yīng)的關(guān)系。</p><p>　　Kotaetal將矩陣作為機械系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計的基礎(chǔ)，把機械系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計空間分解為功能子空間，每個子空間只表示方案設(shè)計的一個模塊，在抽象階段的高層，每個設(shè)計模塊用運動轉(zhuǎn)換矩陣和一個可進(jìn)行操作的約束矢量表示；在抽象階段的低層，每個設(shè)計模塊被表示為

16、參數(shù)矩陣和一個運動方程。1.5鍵合圖法</p><p>　　將組成系統(tǒng)元件的功能分成產(chǎn)生能量、消耗能量、轉(zhuǎn)變能量形式、傳遞能量等各種類型，并借用鍵合圖表達(dá)元件的功能解，希望將基于功能的模型與鍵合圖結(jié)合，實現(xiàn)功能結(jié)構(gòu)的自動生成和功能結(jié)構(gòu)與鍵合圖之間的自動轉(zhuǎn)換，尋求由鍵合圖產(chǎn)生多個設(shè)計方案的方法。2、結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化設(shè)計方法</p><p>　　從規(guī)劃產(chǎn)品的角度提出：定義設(shè)計任務(wù)時以功能化的產(chǎn)品

17、結(jié)構(gòu)為基礎(chǔ)，引用已有的產(chǎn)品解(如通用零件部件等)描述設(shè)計任務(wù)，即分解任務(wù)時就考慮每個分任務(wù)是否存在對應(yīng)的產(chǎn)品解，這樣，能夠在產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃階段就消除設(shè)計任務(wù)中可能存在的矛盾，早期預(yù)測生產(chǎn)能力、費用，以及開發(fā)設(shè)計過程中計劃的可調(diào)整性，由此提高設(shè)計效率和設(shè)計的可靠性，同時也降低新產(chǎn)品的成本。Feldmann將描述設(shè)計任務(wù)的功能化產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)分為四層，(1)產(chǎn)品→(2)功能組成→(3)主要功能組件→(4)功能元件。并采用面向應(yīng)用的結(jié)構(gòu)化特征目錄，對功能

18、元件進(jìn)行更為具體的定性和定量描述。同時研制出適合于產(chǎn)品開發(fā)早期和設(shè)計初期使用的工具軟件STRAT。</p><p>　　認(rèn)為專用機械中多數(shù)功能可以采用已有的產(chǎn)品解，而具有新型解的專用功能只是少數(shù)，因此，在專用機械設(shè)計中采用功能化的產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)，對于評價專用機械的設(shè)計、制造風(fēng) 險十分有利。</p><p>　　提倡在產(chǎn)品功能分析的基礎(chǔ)上，將產(chǎn)品分解成具有某種功能的一個或幾個模塊化的基本

19、結(jié)構(gòu)，通過選擇和組合這些模塊化基本結(jié)構(gòu)組建成不同的產(chǎn)品。這些基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以是零件、部件，甚至是一個系統(tǒng)。理想的模塊化基本結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的接口(聯(lián)接和配合部)，并且是系列化、通用化、集成化、層次化、靈便化、經(jīng)濟(jì)化，具有互換性、相容性和相關(guān)性。我國結(jié)合軟件構(gòu)件技術(shù)和CAD技術(shù)，將變形設(shè)計與組合設(shè)計相結(jié)合，根據(jù)分級模塊化原理，將加工中心機床由大到小分為產(chǎn)品級、部件級、組件級和元件級，并利用專家知識和CAD技術(shù)將它們組合成不同品種、不同規(guī)格的

20、功能模塊，再由這些功能模塊組合成不同的加工中心總體方案。</p><p>　　以設(shè)計為目錄作為選擇變異機械結(jié)構(gòu)的工具，提出將設(shè)計的解元素進(jìn)行完整的、結(jié)構(gòu)化的編排，形成解集設(shè)計目錄。并在解集設(shè)計目錄中列出評論每一個解的附加信息，非常有利于設(shè)計工程師選擇解元素。3、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識的設(shè)計方法</p><p>　　基于產(chǎn)品特征知識設(shè)計方法的主要特點是：用計算機能夠識別的語言描述產(chǎn)品的特征及其設(shè)

21、計領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R和經(jīng)驗，建立相應(yīng)的知識庫及推理機，再利用已存儲的領(lǐng)域知識和建立的推理機制實現(xiàn)計算機輔助產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計。</p><p>　　機械系統(tǒng)的方案設(shè)計主要是依據(jù)產(chǎn)品所具有的特征，以及設(shè)計領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R和經(jīng)驗進(jìn)行推量和決策，完成機構(gòu)的型、數(shù)綜合。欲實現(xiàn)這一階段的計算機輔助設(shè)計，必須研究知識的自動獲取、表達(dá)、集成、協(xié)調(diào)、管理和使用。</p><p><b>　　4、智能化設(shè)計

22、方法</b></p><p>　　智能化設(shè)計方法的主要特點是：根據(jù)設(shè)計方法學(xué)理論，借助于三維圖形軟件、智能化設(shè)計軟件和虛擬現(xiàn)實技術(shù)，以及多媒體、超媒體工具進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)設(shè)計、表達(dá)產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)思、描述 產(chǎn)品的結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　利用面向?qū)ο蟮募夹g(shù)，重點研究了按時序合成的機構(gòu)組合方案設(shè)計專家系統(tǒng)，并借助于具有高性能圖形和交換處理能力的OpenGL技術(shù)，在三維環(huán)境中從各

23、個角度對專家系統(tǒng)設(shè)計出的方案進(jìn)行觀察，如運動中機構(gòu)間的銜接狀況是否產(chǎn)生沖突等等。</p><p>　　5、各類設(shè)計方法評述及發(fā)展趨勢</p><p>　　綜上所述，系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計方法將設(shè)計任務(wù)由抽象到具體(由設(shè)計的任務(wù)要求到實現(xiàn)該任務(wù)的方案或結(jié)構(gòu))進(jìn)行層次劃分，擬定出每一層欲實現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)和方法，由淺入深、由抽象至具體地將各層有機地聯(lián)系在一起，使整個設(shè)計過程系統(tǒng)化，使設(shè)計有規(guī)律可循，有方法可依，易

24、于設(shè)計過程的計算機輔助實現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化設(shè)計方法視具有某種功能的實現(xiàn)為一個結(jié)構(gòu)模塊，通過結(jié)構(gòu)模塊的組合，實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計。對于特定種類的機械產(chǎn)品，由于其組成部分的功能較為明確且相對穩(wěn)定，結(jié)構(gòu)模塊的劃分比較容易，因此，采用結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化方法進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計較為合適。由于實體與功能之間并非是一一對應(yīng)的關(guān)系，一個實體通?？梢詫崿F(xiàn)若干種功能，一個功能往往又可通過若干種實體予以實現(xiàn)。因此，若將結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化設(shè)計方

25、法用于一般意義的產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計，結(jié)構(gòu)模塊的劃分和選用都比較困難，而且要求設(shè)計人員具有相當(dāng)豐富的設(shè)計經(jīng)驗和廣博的多學(xué)科 領(lǐng)域知識。</p><p>　　值得一提的是：上述各種方法并不是完全孤立的，各類方法之間都存在一定程度上的聯(lián)系，如結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化設(shè)計方法中，劃分結(jié)構(gòu)模塊時就蘊含有系統(tǒng)化思想，建立產(chǎn)品特征及設(shè)計方法知識庫和推理機時，通常也需運用系統(tǒng)化和結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化方法，此外，基于產(chǎn)品特征知識的設(shè)計同時又是方案智能

26、化設(shè)計的基礎(chǔ)之一。在機械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計中，視能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)特定功能的通用零件、部件或常用機構(gòu)為結(jié)構(gòu)模塊，并將其應(yīng)用到系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計有關(guān)層次的具體設(shè)計中，即將結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化方法融于系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計方法中，不僅可以保證設(shè)計的規(guī)范化，而且可以簡化設(shè)計過程，提高設(shè)計效率和質(zhì)量，降低設(shè)計成本。</p><p>　　機械產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計正朝著計算機輔助實現(xiàn)、智能化設(shè)計和滿足異地協(xié)同設(shè)計制造需求的方向邁進(jìn)，由于產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計計算機實現(xiàn)方法的研究起步較晚

27、，目前還沒有成熟的、能夠達(dá)到上述目標(biāo)的方案設(shè)計工具軟件。作者認(rèn)為，綜合運用文中四種類型設(shè)計方法是達(dá)到這一目標(biāo)有效途徑。雖然這些方法的綜合運用涉及的領(lǐng)域較多，不僅與機械設(shè)計的領(lǐng)域知識有關(guān)，而且還涉及到系統(tǒng)工程理論、人工智能理論、計算機軟硬件工程、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)等各方面的領(lǐng)域知識，但仍然是產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計必須努力的方向。國外在這方面的研究已初見成效，我國設(shè)計學(xué)者也已意識到CAD技術(shù)與國際交流合作的重要性，及其應(yīng)當(dāng)采取的措施。</p>&

28、lt;p>　　附錄B：外文資料翻譯原文 </p><p>　　The modern design method of the project of machinery product and deveolp trend</p><p>　　Abstract:Under the current domestic and foreign scholars for mechanical d

29、esign product design at the main thinking, product program design methods into a system, modular structure, the characteristics of knowledge-based products and intelligent four types. That the four methods and the charac

30、teristics of the organic inter-linkages, product design efforts Computer direction</p><p>　　Key words:mechanical products; Program design; Trend </p><p>　　INTRODUCTION </p><p>　　The

31、 rapid scientific and technological development, product performance requirements of the growing number and complexity of increased life expectancy shortened. updating speed. However, the design of the products, especial

32、ly machinery products in the design means, it appears powerless, lags behind the needs of the times. At present, computer-aided product design drawings, design, manufacture and production planning has been the subject of

33、 extensive and in-depth research and has achieved initial</p><p>　　Under the current domestic and foreign scholars for mechanical design product design methodology used in the main feature, The program will

34、be of modern design methods summarized as the following four categories.</p><p>　　1．Systematic Design </p><p>　　Systematic design of the main features : design as by a number of design elements

35、of a system, Each element is independence between the various elements of an organic link, and is layered, all combining elements of the design, system design can be realized for the task</p><p>　　Systematic

36、 design in the 1970s by a German scholar Professor Pahl and Beitz. They system theory as a basis to formulate a general model designed to promote the design of rational should have. German Engineers Association in the de

37、sign on the basis of formulate standards VDI2221 technology systems and product development design methods.</p><p>　　The mechanical product design process model, basically adopted the German standards VDI222

38、1 the design. In addition, Many scholars in China in product design program design and also quoted from other developed systematic design, which is representative ：</p><p>　　(1) The user needs functional ch

39、aracteristics as a product concept, design and structure of parts design, process planning, operational control of the foundation, and the macro-product development process, the use of quality function deployment, System

40、 users will demand information reasonably and efficiently converted to the various stages of product development objectives of the technical and operational control in order</p><p>　　(2) The level of organi

41、sms as products of life, and the help of life-support systems theory, the product design process can be divided successfully demand levels, realize the concept of functional requirements and the level of product design l

42、evel. While using the System icon lives abstract expression products to the functional requirements, and form functional product structure.</p><p>　　(3) The mechanical design of science into two basic quest

43、ions : First, to design the products as a system and to determine the best components (modules) and their mutual relations; Second, the process of product design as a system, based on the design goals, correctly, reasona

44、bly ascertain all aspects of design work and the various design stage. </p><p>　　As each of the designers to study issues and consider the perspective of the different emphasis program used in the design of

45、the specific research methods, there are also differences. Below introduced some representative systematic design methods. </p><p>　　1.1 Design Element Method </p><p>　　Used five design elements

46、 (functions, effects, effects vector elements and the surface shape parameters) described "product solution" think of a product design of the five elements value is determined, all the characteristics of the pr

47、oducts and eigen value already identified. My design scholars also used a similar method to describe the product's original understanding.</p><p>　　1.2 graphical modeling method </p><p>　　De

48、veloped an "analysis and design guidance system" KALEIT， with a clear level of graphic description of the product structure and the function of the abstract information, the realization of the structure, functi

49、on graphical modeling, and the functional link between the layers </p><p>　　Will be divided into design methods and supporting information exchange 2, Nijssen Information Analysis using methods can be used g

50、raphic symbols, with rich semantic model structure, Integration can be described conditions can be classified types of constraints can be achieved between the arbitrary combination of features Will design solutions and i

51、nformation technology integration, and realizing the process of designing different abstraction layers of information between the graphical modeling.</p><p>　　1.3 "idea" -- "design" </

52、p><p>　　Product design into "ideas" and "design" stage two. "Concept" stage of the mission is to find, select and mix design tasks required to meet the original understanding. &quo

53、t;Design" stage of the work is to realize the conceptual stage, the original understanding. </p><p>　　The program will be "ideas" specific description: According to the functional structure su

54、itable for the design tasks required to meet the original understanding. Functional structure of the sub-function by the "structural elements" to achieve, and "structural elements" of the physical lin

55、k between the definition of "functional vector" "function vector" and "structural elements" of the interaction it has developed the functional diagram (mechanical movement schematic). The pr

56、ogram "design" is ba</p><p>　　Roper, H. Using graph theory, using his definition of "total design modules (GE)" "structural elements (KE)", "functional elements (FKE)"

57、, "connecting structure elements (VKE)" "structural components (KT)", "structural elements parts (KET)" concept And describes elements of the structure size, location and transmission parame

58、ters of the interaction between a number of diagrams, Expert design and intuitive design of a formal description of the formation of the effective application of existing kn</p><p>　　Design methodology from

59、the point of view of the clear mandate of the design work is divided into three steps Design: 1) Access to function and functional structure (referred to as "functional"); 2) Find effects (referred to as the &q

60、uot;effect"); 3) Find structure (referred to as "the configuration Rules"). And the following four strategies used to describe the conceptual stage machinery products workflow: Strategy 1 : The considerati

61、on "functional" "Effect" and "configuration rules." Therefore, it </p><p>　　1.4 matrix design:</p><p>　　In the program design process "requirements-function&qu

62、ot; logic tree ("or" tree) Description, function of the interaction between, met the requirements of the functional design solution set to provide different design. According the "Request-functional"

63、logic tree "requirement - function" associated matrix, Description to meet the functional requirements for the complex relationship between shows that the functional requirements and the relationship between he

64、 gathers. </p><p>　　Kotaetal matrix mechanical system as a basis for designing programs, include mechanical systems design space for the functional decomposition of space, each of which only said that the de

65、sign of a module, abstract stage in the senior, Each module movement and a transformation matrix can operate bound vector; Abstract stage in the low-rise, Each module is represented as a matrix and equations of motion. &

66、lt;/p><p>　　1.5 bond graph:</p><p>　　Will form a system into functional components to generate energy, energy consumption, changing energy forms, such as various types of energy transfer, Bonding a

67、nd borrowing plans expression of functional components solutions, hope will be based on the functional model and Bond Graph integration, achieve functional structure of the automatic generation and functional structure a

68、nd bonding between the map automatically converted, seek from the bond graph produce multiple design method. </p><p>　　2 The modular design structure:</p><p>　　Products from the planning perspe

69、ctive: Definitions design tasks to the functional structure-based products, use existing product solutions (such as the common parts and components, etc.) to describe the design task that the decomposition of tasks on ea

70、ch task to consider whether there are corresponding product solutions, Thus, in the planning stage product design to eliminate possible contradictions, early production forecasts, costs, and the development of the design

71、 process of adjustment, whi</p><p>　　That the majority of machinery specialized function can be used existing product solutions, and with the new solution is only a small number of special features, Therefor

72、e, the exclusive use of mechanical design functions of the product mix, machinery specialized for the evaluation of the design, manufacturing risks are very favorable. </p><p>　　Promotion of the product func

73、tion on the basis of the analysis, Decomposition products will have some functions into one or several of the basic modular structure, through options and combinations of these basic modular structure formed into differe

74、nt products. These basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system. Ideal modular structure should be standardized interface (connectivity and with the Department), and is serialized, GE, integrated, hierarch

75、ical, flexible, economy, interc</p><p>　　Design options for the directory as a variation of the mechanical structure tools, design elements for the solution of integrity, Structure of the organization formed

76、 Solution Set design catalog. And the solution set design directory listed a comment on each of Additional Information Solutions, is very conducive to the solution design engineers to choose elements. </p><p&g

77、t;　　3. The characteristics of knowledge-based product design: </p><p>　　Knowledge-based product design characteristics of the main features : using computers to identify the language to describe the characte

78、ristics of the product and its design experts in the field of knowledge and experience, corresponding inference engine and knowledge base, Reuse stored domain knowledge and reasoning mechanism established by the Computer

79、 Aided Design program. </p><p>　　Mechanical systems design is mainly based on products with features and the design of experts in the field of knowledge and experience in policy-making and implementation cap

80、acity, completing the type, a composite. To achieve this stage of the computer-aided design, research must automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. </p><p&

81、gt;　　4. Intelligent Design: </p><p>　　Intelligent Design is the main features : design theory, using 3D graphics software Intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, and multimedia, hypermedi

82、a tools for product development design, Expression product ideas, describing the structure of products. </p><p>　　The use of object-oriented technology, focus on the chronology of the agencies synthesis pack

83、age design expert system, and with the help of high-performance graphics and the ability to handle the exchange of OpenGL technology, 3D environment from all angles of expert system design options for observation, If int

84、er-agency campaign convergence position of conflict, and so on.</p><p>　　5. Various design review and development trends: </p><p>　　In summary, Systematic Design will design tasks from the abstr

85、act to the concrete (from the design of the tasks required to accomplish the mission of the program or structure) hierarchical division drawing up each layer wishes to achieve the goals and methods of elementary, from ab

86、stract to concrete floors to be organically linked to the entire design process systematic so that the design rules to follow. There is a way to follow and easy computer-aided design process to achieve.</p><p&

87、gt;　　Modular design of the structure, as have some method of achieving functional structure for a module, module structure of the portfolio, product program design. For specific types of mechanical products, as part of i

88、ts function is clear and relatively stable, Modules of the structure more easily, so that the structure modular approach to program design would be more appropriate. As with the functional entities is not between one-to-

89、one correspondence between an entity can usually be a number of d</p><p>　　What is worth mentioning is : the above methods are not completely isolated, various methods exist to some extent on the links If mo

90、dular structure design, module division structure contains a systematic thinking, building products and design features inference engine and knowledge base, it is usually also need to use a systematic and structural modu

91、lar approach, In addition, the characteristics of knowledge-based products while the design of intelligent design program is one of the foundations.</p><p>　　Mechanical Products programs are moving towards c

92、omputer-aided design to achieve, Intelligent Design Collaborative and meet the needs of design and manufacturing direction. product design computer method of a late start, but there were no mature, be able to reach this

93、target program design software tools. The writer believes that the integrated use of four types of text is designed to achieve this objective effective way. Although these methods are integrated use of the field more, no