外文翻譯---機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法及發(fā)展趨勢

1、<p>　　附錄A：外文資料翻譯譯文 </p><p>　　機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法及發(fā)展趨勢</p><p>　　摘要：根據(jù)目前國內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行機(jī)械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)的主要思維特點(diǎn)，將產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計(jì)方法概括為系統(tǒng)化、結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識(shí)和智能四種類型。指出四種方法的特點(diǎn)及其相互間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系，提出產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的努力方向。</p><p>　　

2、關(guān)鍵詞：機(jī)械產(chǎn)品；方案設(shè)計(jì)方法；發(fā)展趨勢</p><p><b>　　引 言</b></p><p>　　科學(xué)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，產(chǎn)品功能要求的日益增多，復(fù)雜性增加，壽命期縮短，更新?lián)Q代速度加快。然而，產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)，尤其是機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計(jì)手段，則顯得力不從心，跟不上時(shí)代發(fā)展的需要。目前，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)繪圖、設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算、加工制造、生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃已得到了比較廣泛和深入的研究，

3、并初見成效，而產(chǎn)品開發(fā)初期方案的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足設(shè)計(jì)的需要。為此，作者在閱讀了大量文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，概括總結(jié)了國內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)采用的方法，并討論了各種方法之間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系和機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的發(fā)展趨勢。根據(jù)目前國內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)所用方法的主要特征，可以將方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法概括為下述四大類型。</p><p><b>　　1、系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法</b>&l

4、t;/p><p>　　系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：將設(shè)計(jì)看成由若干個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素組成的一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素具有獨(dú)立性，各個(gè)要素間存在著有機(jī)的聯(lián)系，并具有層次性，所有的設(shè)計(jì)要素結(jié)合后，即可實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)所需完成的任務(wù)。</p><p>　　系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)思想于70年代由德國學(xué)者Pahl和Beitz教授提出，他們以系統(tǒng)理論為基礎(chǔ)，制訂了設(shè)計(jì)的一般模式，倡導(dǎo)設(shè)計(jì)工作應(yīng)具備條理性。德國工程師協(xié)會(huì)在這一設(shè)計(jì)思想

5、的基礎(chǔ)上，制訂出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)VDI2221“技術(shù)系統(tǒng)和產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)方法。制定的機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)程模式，基本上沿用了德國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)VDI2221的設(shè)計(jì)方式。除此之外，我國許多設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者在進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)還借鑒和引用了其他發(fā)達(dá)國家的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)思想，其中具有代表性的是：</p><p>　　(1)將用戶需求作為產(chǎn)品功能特征構(gòu)思、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和零件設(shè)計(jì)、工藝規(guī)劃、作業(yè)控制等的基礎(chǔ)，從產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的宏觀過程出發(fā)，利用質(zhì)量功能布置方法，系統(tǒng)地

6、將用戶需求信息合理而有效地轉(zhuǎn)換為產(chǎn)品開發(fā)各階段的技術(shù)目標(biāo)和作業(yè)控制規(guī)程的方法。</p><p>　　(2)將產(chǎn)品看作有機(jī)體層次上的生命系統(tǒng)，并借助于生命系統(tǒng)理論，把產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)過程劃分成功能需求層次、實(shí)現(xiàn)功能要求的概念層次和產(chǎn)品的具體設(shè)計(jì)層次。同時(shí)采用了生命系統(tǒng)圖符抽象地表達(dá)產(chǎn)品的功能要求，形成產(chǎn)品功能系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　(3)將機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中系統(tǒng)科學(xué)的應(yīng)用歸納為兩個(gè)基本問題：一是把

7、要設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品作為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)處理，最佳地確定其組成部分(單元)及其相互關(guān)系；二是將產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)過程看成一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)，正確、合理地確定設(shè)計(jì)中各個(gè)方面的工作和各個(gè)不同的設(shè)計(jì)階段。</p><p>　　由于每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)者研究問題的角度以及考慮問題的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同，進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)采用的具體研究方法亦存在差異。下面介紹一些具有代表性的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法。</p><p><b>　　設(shè)計(jì)元素法<

8、;/b></p><p>　　用五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素(功能、效應(yīng)、效應(yīng)載體、形狀元素和表面參數(shù))描述“產(chǎn)品解”，認(rèn)為一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素值確定之后，產(chǎn)品的所有特征和特征值即已確定。我國亦有設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者采用了類似方法描述產(chǎn)品的原理解。</p><p><b>　　圖形建模法</b></p><p>　　研制的“設(shè)計(jì)分析和引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)”KALEIT，用層次

9、清楚的圖形描述出產(chǎn)品的功能結(jié)構(gòu)及其相關(guān)的抽象信息，實(shí)現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、功能關(guān)系的圖形化建模，以及功能層之間的聯(lián)接。</p><p>　　將設(shè)計(jì)劃分成輔助方法和信息交換兩個(gè)方面，利用Nijssen信息分析方法可以采用圖形符號、具有內(nèi)容豐富的語義模型結(jié)構(gòu)、可以描述集成條件、可以劃分約束類型、可以實(shí)現(xiàn)關(guān)系間的任意結(jié)合等特點(diǎn)，將設(shè)計(jì)方法解與信息技術(shù)進(jìn)行集成，實(shí)現(xiàn)了設(shè)計(jì)過程中不同抽象層間信息關(guān)系的圖形化建模。1.3 “構(gòu)思”

10、—“設(shè)計(jì)”法</p><p>　　將產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)分成“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計(jì)”兩個(gè)階段?！皹?gòu)思”階段的任務(wù)是尋求、選擇和組合滿足設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求的原理解?！霸O(shè)計(jì)”階段的工作則是具體實(shí)現(xiàn)構(gòu)思階段的原理解。</p><p>　　將方案的“構(gòu)思”具體描述為：根據(jù)合適的功能結(jié)構(gòu)，尋求滿足設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求的原理解。即功能結(jié)構(gòu)中的分功能由“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”實(shí)現(xiàn)，并將“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的物理聯(lián)接定義為“功能載體”，“功能載體”

11、和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的相互作用又形成了功能示意圖(機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)簡圖)。方案的“設(shè)計(jì)”是根據(jù)功能示意圖，先定性地描述所有的“功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”，再定量地描述所有“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”和聯(lián)接件(“功能載體”)的形狀及位置，得到結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖。Roper，H.利用圖論理論，借助于由他定義的“總設(shè)計(jì)單元(GE)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素(KE)”、“功能結(jié)構(gòu)元素(FKE)”、“聯(lián)接結(jié)構(gòu)元素(VKE)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)零件(KT)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素零件(KET)”等概念，以及描述結(jié)構(gòu)元

12、素尺寸、位置和傳動(dòng)參數(shù)間相互關(guān)系的若干種簡圖，把設(shè)計(jì)專家憑直覺設(shè)計(jì)的方法做了形式化的描述，形成了有效地應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有知識(shí)的方法，并將其應(yīng)用于“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計(jì)”階段。</p><p>　　從設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)，將明確了設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)后的設(shè)計(jì)工作分為三步：1) 獲取功能和功能結(jié)構(gòu)(簡稱為“功能”)；2) 尋找效應(yīng)(簡稱為“效應(yīng)”)；3) 尋找結(jié)構(gòu)(簡稱為“構(gòu)形規(guī)則”)。并用下述四種策略描述機(jī)械產(chǎn)品

13、構(gòu)思階段的工作流程：策略1：分別考慮“功能”、“效應(yīng)”和“構(gòu)形規(guī)則”。因此，可以在各個(gè)工作步驟中分別創(chuàng)建變型方案，由此產(chǎn)生廣泛的原理解譜。策略2：“效應(yīng)”與“構(gòu)形規(guī)則”(包括設(shè)計(jì)者創(chuàng)建的規(guī)則)關(guān)聯(lián)，單獨(dú)考慮功能(通常與設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)相關(guān))。此時(shí)，辨別典型的構(gòu)形規(guī)則及其所屬效應(yīng)需要有豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，產(chǎn)生的方案譜遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于策略1的方案譜。策略3：“功能”、“效應(yīng)”、“構(gòu)形規(guī)則”三者密切相關(guān)。適用于功能、效應(yīng)和構(gòu)形規(guī)則間沒有選擇余地、具有特殊要求的領(lǐng)域，

14、如超小型機(jī)械、特大型機(jī)械、價(jià)值高的功能零件，以及有特殊功能要求的零部件等等。策略4：針對設(shè)計(jì)要求進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)化求解。該策略從已有的零件出發(fā)，通過零件間不同的排序和連接，獲得預(yù)期功能 。</p><p><b>　　1.4、矩陣設(shè)計(jì)法</b></p><p>　　在方案設(shè)計(jì)過程中采用“要求—功能”邏輯樹(“與或”樹)描述要求、功能之間的相互關(guān)系，得到滿足要求的功能

15、設(shè)計(jì)解集，形成不同的設(shè)計(jì)方案。再根據(jù)“要求—功能”邏輯樹建立“要求—功能”關(guān)聯(lián)矩陣，以描述滿足要求所需功能之間的復(fù)雜關(guān)系，表示出要求與功能間一一對應(yīng)的關(guān)系。</p><p>　　Kotaetal將矩陣作為機(jī)械系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)，把機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)空間分解為功能子空間，每個(gè)子空間只表示方案設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)模塊，在抽象階段的高層，每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)模塊用運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換矩陣和一個(gè)可進(jìn)行操作的約束矢量表示；在抽象階段的低層，每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)模塊被表示為

16、參數(shù)矩陣和一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)方程。1.5鍵合圖法</p><p>　　將組成系統(tǒng)元件的功能分成產(chǎn)生能量、消耗能量、轉(zhuǎn)變能量形式、傳遞能量等各種類型，并借用鍵合圖表達(dá)元件的功能解，希望將基于功能的模型與鍵合圖結(jié)合，實(shí)現(xiàn)功能結(jié)構(gòu)的自動(dòng)生成和功能結(jié)構(gòu)與鍵合圖之間的自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換，尋求由鍵合圖產(chǎn)生多個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)方案的方法。2、結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化設(shè)計(jì)方法</p><p>　　從規(guī)劃產(chǎn)品的角度提出：定義設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)時(shí)以功能化的產(chǎn)品

17、結(jié)構(gòu)為基礎(chǔ)，引用已有的產(chǎn)品解(如通用零件部件等)描述設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)，即分解任務(wù)時(shí)就考慮每個(gè)分任務(wù)是否存在對應(yīng)的產(chǎn)品解，這樣，能夠在產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃階段就消除設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)中可能存在的矛盾，早期預(yù)測生產(chǎn)能力、費(fèi)用，以及開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)過程中計(jì)劃的可調(diào)整性，由此提高設(shè)計(jì)效率和設(shè)計(jì)的可靠性，同時(shí)也降低新產(chǎn)品的成本。Feldmann將描述設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)的功能化產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)分為四層，(1)產(chǎn)品→(2)功能組成→(3)主要功能組件→(4)功能元件。并采用面向應(yīng)用的結(jié)構(gòu)化特征目錄，對功能

18、元件進(jìn)行更為具體的定性和定量描述。同時(shí)研制出適合于產(chǎn)品開發(fā)早期和設(shè)計(jì)初期使用的工具軟件STRAT。</p><p>　　認(rèn)為專用機(jī)械中多數(shù)功能可以采用已有的產(chǎn)品解，而具有新型解的專用功能只是少數(shù)，因此，在專用機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中采用功能化的產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)，對于評價(jià)專用機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)、制造風(fēng) 險(xiǎn)十分有利。</p><p>　　提倡在產(chǎn)品功能分析的基礎(chǔ)上，將產(chǎn)品分解成具有某種功能的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)模塊化的基本

19、結(jié)構(gòu)，通過選擇和組合這些模塊化基本結(jié)構(gòu)組建成不同的產(chǎn)品。這些基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以是零件、部件，甚至是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)。理想的模塊化基本結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的接口(聯(lián)接和配合部)，并且是系列化、通用化、集成化、層次化、靈便化、經(jīng)濟(jì)化，具有互換性、相容性和相關(guān)性。我國結(jié)合軟件構(gòu)件技術(shù)和CAD技術(shù)，將變形設(shè)計(jì)與組合設(shè)計(jì)相結(jié)合，根據(jù)分級模塊化原理，將加工中心機(jī)床由大到小分為產(chǎn)品級、部件級、組件級和元件級，并利用專家知識(shí)和CAD技術(shù)將它們組合成不同品種、不同規(guī)格的

20、功能模塊，再由這些功能模塊組合成不同的加工中心總體方案。</p><p>　　以設(shè)計(jì)為目錄作為選擇變異機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的工具，提出將設(shè)計(jì)的解元素進(jìn)行完整的、結(jié)構(gòu)化的編排，形成解集設(shè)計(jì)目錄。并在解集設(shè)計(jì)目錄中列出評論每一個(gè)解的附加信息，非常有利于設(shè)計(jì)工程師選擇解元素。3、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識(shí)的設(shè)計(jì)方法</p><p>　　基于產(chǎn)品特征知識(shí)設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：用計(jì)算機(jī)能夠識(shí)別的語言描述產(chǎn)品的特征及其設(shè)

21、計(jì)領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，建立相應(yīng)的知識(shí)庫及推理機(jī)，再利用已存儲(chǔ)的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)和建立的推理機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)。</p><p>　　機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的方案設(shè)計(jì)主要是依據(jù)產(chǎn)品所具有的特征，以及設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行推量和決策，完成機(jī)構(gòu)的型、數(shù)綜合。欲實(shí)現(xiàn)這一階段的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)，必須研究知識(shí)的自動(dòng)獲取、表達(dá)、集成、協(xié)調(diào)、管理和使用。</p><p><b>　　4、智能化設(shè)計(jì)

22、方法</b></p><p>　　智能化設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)理論，借助于三維圖形軟件、智能化設(shè)計(jì)軟件和虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)，以及多媒體、超媒體工具進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)、表達(dá)產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)思、描述 產(chǎn)品的結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　利用面向?qū)ο蟮募夹g(shù)，重點(diǎn)研究了按時(shí)序合成的機(jī)構(gòu)組合方案設(shè)計(jì)專家系統(tǒng)，并借助于具有高性能圖形和交換處理能力的OpenGL技術(shù)，在三維環(huán)境中從各

23、個(gè)角度對專家系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)出的方案進(jìn)行觀察，如運(yùn)動(dòng)中機(jī)構(gòu)間的銜接狀況是否產(chǎn)生沖突等等。</p><p>　　5、各類設(shè)計(jì)方法評述及發(fā)展趨勢</p><p>　　綜上所述，系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法將設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)由抽象到具體(由設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)要求到實(shí)現(xiàn)該任務(wù)的方案或結(jié)構(gòu))進(jìn)行層次劃分，擬定出每一層欲實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)和方法，由淺入深、由抽象至具體地將各層有機(jī)地聯(lián)系在一起，使整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過程系統(tǒng)化，使設(shè)計(jì)有規(guī)律可循，有方法可依，易

24、于設(shè)計(jì)過程的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助實(shí)現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化設(shè)計(jì)方法視具有某種功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)為一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)模塊，通過結(jié)構(gòu)模塊的組合，實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)。對于特定種類的機(jī)械產(chǎn)品，由于其組成部分的功能較為明確且相對穩(wěn)定，結(jié)構(gòu)模塊的劃分比較容易，因此，采用結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化方法進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計(jì)較為合適。由于實(shí)體與功能之間并非是一一對應(yīng)的關(guān)系，一個(gè)實(shí)體通?？梢詫?shí)現(xiàn)若干種功能，一個(gè)功能往往又可通過若干種實(shí)體予以實(shí)現(xiàn)。因此，若將結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化設(shè)計(jì)方

25、法用于一般意義的產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)，結(jié)構(gòu)模塊的劃分和選用都比較困難，而且要求設(shè)計(jì)人員具有相當(dāng)豐富的設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和廣博的多學(xué)科 領(lǐng)域知識(shí)。</p><p>　　值得一提的是：上述各種方法并不是完全孤立的，各類方法之間都存在一定程度上的聯(lián)系，如結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化設(shè)計(jì)方法中，劃分結(jié)構(gòu)模塊時(shí)就蘊(yùn)含有系統(tǒng)化思想，建立產(chǎn)品特征及設(shè)計(jì)方法知識(shí)庫和推理機(jī)時(shí)，通常也需運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)化和結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化方法，此外，基于產(chǎn)品特征知識(shí)的設(shè)計(jì)同時(shí)又是方案智能

26、化設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)之一。在機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)中，視能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)特定功能的通用零件、部件或常用機(jī)構(gòu)為結(jié)構(gòu)模塊，并將其應(yīng)用到系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)有關(guān)層次的具體設(shè)計(jì)中，即將結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化方法融于系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法中，不僅可以保證設(shè)計(jì)的規(guī)范化，而且可以簡化設(shè)計(jì)過程，提高設(shè)計(jì)效率和質(zhì)量，降低設(shè)計(jì)成本。</p><p>　　機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)正朝著計(jì)算機(jī)輔助實(shí)現(xiàn)、智能化設(shè)計(jì)和滿足異地協(xié)同設(shè)計(jì)制造需求的方向邁進(jìn)，由于產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)方法的研究起步較晚

27、，目前還沒有成熟的、能夠達(dá)到上述目標(biāo)的方案設(shè)計(jì)工具軟件。作者認(rèn)為，綜合運(yùn)用文中四種類型設(shè)計(jì)方法是達(dá)到這一目標(biāo)有效途徑。雖然這些方法的綜合運(yùn)用涉及的領(lǐng)域較多，不僅與機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)有關(guān)，而且還涉及到系統(tǒng)工程理論、人工智能理論、計(jì)算機(jī)軟硬件工程、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)等各方面的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)，但仍然是產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)必須努力的方向。國外在這方面的研究已初見成效，我國設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者也已意識(shí)到CAD技術(shù)與國際交流合作的重要性，及其應(yīng)當(dāng)采取的措施。</p>&

28、lt;p>　　附錄B：外文資料翻譯原文 </p><p>　　The modern design method of the project of machinery product and deveolp trend</p><p>　　Abstract:Under the current domestic and foreign scholars for mechanical d

29、esign product design at the main thinking, product program design methods into a system, modular structure, the characteristics of knowledge-based products and intelligent four types. That the four methods and the charac

30、teristics of the organic inter-linkages, product design efforts Computer direction</p><p>　　Key words:mechanical products; Program design; Trend </p><p>　　INTRODUCTION </p><p>　　The

31、 rapid scientific and technological development, product performance requirements of the growing number and complexity of increased life expectancy shortened. updating speed. However, the design of the products, especial

32、ly machinery products in the design means, it appears powerless, lags behind the needs of the times. At present, computer-aided product design drawings, design, manufacture and production planning has been the subject of

33、 extensive and in-depth research and has achieved initial</p><p>　　Under the current domestic and foreign scholars for mechanical design product design methodology used in the main feature, The program will

34、be of modern design methods summarized as the following four categories.</p><p>　　1．Systematic Design </p><p>　　Systematic design of the main features : design as by a number of design elements

35、of a system, Each element is independence between the various elements of an organic link, and is layered, all combining elements of the design, system design can be realized for the task</p><p>　　Systematic

36、 design in the 1970s by a German scholar Professor Pahl and Beitz. They system theory as a basis to formulate a general model designed to promote the design of rational should have. German Engineers Association in the de

37、sign on the basis of formulate standards VDI2221 technology systems and product development design methods.</p><p>　　The mechanical product design process model, basically adopted the German standards VDI222

38、1 the design. In addition, Many scholars in China in product design program design and also quoted from other developed systematic design, which is representative ：</p><p>　　(1) The user needs functional ch

39、aracteristics as a product concept, design and structure of parts design, process planning, operational control of the foundation, and the macro-product development process, the use of quality function deployment, System

40、 users will demand information reasonably and efficiently converted to the various stages of product development objectives of the technical and operational control in order</p><p>　　(2) The level of organi

41、sms as products of life, and the help of life-support systems theory, the product design process can be divided successfully demand levels, realize the concept of functional requirements and the level of product design l

42、evel. While using the System icon lives abstract expression products to the functional requirements, and form functional product structure.</p><p>　　(3) The mechanical design of science into two basic quest

43、ions : First, to design the products as a system and to determine the best components (modules) and their mutual relations; Second, the process of product design as a system, based on the design goals, correctly, reasona

44、bly ascertain all aspects of design work and the various design stage. </p><p>　　As each of the designers to study issues and consider the perspective of the different emphasis program used in the design of

45、the specific research methods, there are also differences. Below introduced some representative systematic design methods. </p><p>　　1.1 Design Element Method </p><p>　　Used five design elements

46、 (functions, effects, effects vector elements and the surface shape parameters) described "product solution" think of a product design of the five elements value is determined, all the characteristics of the pr

47、oducts and eigen value already identified. My design scholars also used a similar method to describe the product's original understanding.</p><p>　　1.2 graphical modeling method </p><p>　　De

48、veloped an "analysis and design guidance system" KALEIT， with a clear level of graphic description of the product structure and the function of the abstract information, the realization of the structure, functi

49、on graphical modeling, and the functional link between the layers </p><p>　　Will be divided into design methods and supporting information exchange 2, Nijssen Information Analysis using methods can be used g

50、raphic symbols, with rich semantic model structure, Integration can be described conditions can be classified types of constraints can be achieved between the arbitrary combination of features Will design solutions and i

51、nformation technology integration, and realizing the process of designing different abstraction layers of information between the graphical modeling.</p><p>　　1.3 "idea" -- "design" </

52、p><p>　　Product design into "ideas" and "design" stage two. "Concept" stage of the mission is to find, select and mix design tasks required to meet the original understanding. &quo

53、t;Design" stage of the work is to realize the conceptual stage, the original understanding. </p><p>　　The program will be "ideas" specific description: According to the functional structure su

54、itable for the design tasks required to meet the original understanding. Functional structure of the sub-function by the "structural elements" to achieve, and "structural elements" of the physical lin

55、k between the definition of "functional vector" "function vector" and "structural elements" of the interaction it has developed the functional diagram (mechanical movement schematic). The pr

56、ogram "design" is ba</p><p>　　Roper, H. Using graph theory, using his definition of "total design modules (GE)" "structural elements (KE)", "functional elements (FKE)"

57、, "connecting structure elements (VKE)" "structural components (KT)", "structural elements parts (KET)" concept And describes elements of the structure size, location and transmission parame

58、ters of the interaction between a number of diagrams, Expert design and intuitive design of a formal description of the formation of the effective application of existing kn</p><p>　　Design methodology from

59、the point of view of the clear mandate of the design work is divided into three steps Design: 1) Access to function and functional structure (referred to as "functional"); 2) Find effects (referred to as the &q

60、uot;effect"); 3) Find structure (referred to as "the configuration Rules"). And the following four strategies used to describe the conceptual stage machinery products workflow: Strategy 1 : The considerati

61、on "functional" "Effect" and "configuration rules." Therefore, it </p><p>　　1.4 matrix design:</p><p>　　In the program design process "requirements-function&qu

62、ot; logic tree ("or" tree) Description, function of the interaction between, met the requirements of the functional design solution set to provide different design. According the "Request-functional"

63、logic tree "requirement - function" associated matrix, Description to meet the functional requirements for the complex relationship between shows that the functional requirements and the relationship between he

64、 gathers. </p><p>　　Kotaetal matrix mechanical system as a basis for designing programs, include mechanical systems design space for the functional decomposition of space, each of which only said that the de

65、sign of a module, abstract stage in the senior, Each module movement and a transformation matrix can operate bound vector; Abstract stage in the low-rise, Each module is represented as a matrix and equations of motion. &

66、lt;/p><p>　　1.5 bond graph:</p><p>　　Will form a system into functional components to generate energy, energy consumption, changing energy forms, such as various types of energy transfer, Bonding a

67、nd borrowing plans expression of functional components solutions, hope will be based on the functional model and Bond Graph integration, achieve functional structure of the automatic generation and functional structure a

68、nd bonding between the map automatically converted, seek from the bond graph produce multiple design method. </p><p>　　2 The modular design structure:</p><p>　　Products from the planning perspe

69、ctive: Definitions design tasks to the functional structure-based products, use existing product solutions (such as the common parts and components, etc.) to describe the design task that the decomposition of tasks on ea

70、ch task to consider whether there are corresponding product solutions, Thus, in the planning stage product design to eliminate possible contradictions, early production forecasts, costs, and the development of the design

71、 process of adjustment, whi</p><p>　　That the majority of machinery specialized function can be used existing product solutions, and with the new solution is only a small number of special features, Therefor

72、e, the exclusive use of mechanical design functions of the product mix, machinery specialized for the evaluation of the design, manufacturing risks are very favorable. </p><p>　　Promotion of the product func

73、tion on the basis of the analysis, Decomposition products will have some functions into one or several of the basic modular structure, through options and combinations of these basic modular structure formed into differe

74、nt products. These basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system. Ideal modular structure should be standardized interface (connectivity and with the Department), and is serialized, GE, integrated, hierarch

75、ical, flexible, economy, interc</p><p>　　Design options for the directory as a variation of the mechanical structure tools, design elements for the solution of integrity, Structure of the organization formed

76、 Solution Set design catalog. And the solution set design directory listed a comment on each of Additional Information Solutions, is very conducive to the solution design engineers to choose elements. </p><p&g

77、t;　　3. The characteristics of knowledge-based product design: </p><p>　　Knowledge-based product design characteristics of the main features : using computers to identify the language to describe the characte

78、ristics of the product and its design experts in the field of knowledge and experience, corresponding inference engine and knowledge base, Reuse stored domain knowledge and reasoning mechanism established by the Computer

79、 Aided Design program. </p><p>　　Mechanical systems design is mainly based on products with features and the design of experts in the field of knowledge and experience in policy-making and implementation cap

80、acity, completing the type, a composite. To achieve this stage of the computer-aided design, research must automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. </p><p&

81、gt;　　4. Intelligent Design: </p><p>　　Intelligent Design is the main features : design theory, using 3D graphics software Intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, and multimedia, hypermedi

82、a tools for product development design, Expression product ideas, describing the structure of products. </p><p>　　The use of object-oriented technology, focus on the chronology of the agencies synthesis pack

83、age design expert system, and with the help of high-performance graphics and the ability to handle the exchange of OpenGL technology, 3D environment from all angles of expert system design options for observation, If int

84、er-agency campaign convergence position of conflict, and so on.</p><p>　　5. Various design review and development trends: </p><p>　　In summary, Systematic Design will design tasks from the abstr

85、act to the concrete (from the design of the tasks required to accomplish the mission of the program or structure) hierarchical division drawing up each layer wishes to achieve the goals and methods of elementary, from ab

86、stract to concrete floors to be organically linked to the entire design process systematic so that the design rules to follow. There is a way to follow and easy computer-aided design process to achieve.</p><p&

87、gt;　　Modular design of the structure, as have some method of achieving functional structure for a module, module structure of the portfolio, product program design. For specific types of mechanical products, as part of i

88、ts function is clear and relatively stable, Modules of the structure more easily, so that the structure modular approach to program design would be more appropriate. As with the functional entities is not between one-to-

89、one correspondence between an entity can usually be a number of d</p><p>　　What is worth mentioning is : the above methods are not completely isolated, various methods exist to some extent on the links If mo

90、dular structure design, module division structure contains a systematic thinking, building products and design features inference engine and knowledge base, it is usually also need to use a systematic and structural modu

91、lar approach, In addition, the characteristics of knowledge-based products while the design of intelligent design program is one of the foundations.</p><p>　　Mechanical Products programs are moving towards c

92、omputer-aided design to achieve, Intelligent Design Collaborative and meet the needs of design and manufacturing direction. product design computer method of a late start, but there were no mature, be able to reach this

93、target program design software tools. The writer believes that the integrated use of four types of text is designed to achieve this objective effective way. Although these methods are integrated use of the field more, no