外文翻譯---汽車懸架系統(tǒng)概述

1、<p><b>　　附 錄Ⅰ：外文資料</b></p><p>　　Automotive Suspension System Overview</p><p>　　The impact of the Vehicle in many aspects, Suspension plays a very important role . </p>&l

2、t;p>　　The components of the suspension system perform six basic functions:</p><p>　　1.Maintain correct vehicle ride height.</p><p>　　2. Reduce the effect of shock forces.</p><p>

3、　　3. Maintain correct wheel alignment.</p><p>　　4. Support vehicle weight.</p><p>　　5. Keep the tires in contact with the road.</p><p>　　6. Control the vehicle’s direction of travel

4、.</p><p>　　Most suspension systems have the same basic parts and operate basically in the same way. They differ, however, in the way the parts are arranged. The vehicle wheel is attached to a steering knuckl

5、e. The steering knuckle is attached to the vehicle frame by two control arms, which are mounted so they can pivot up and down. A coil spring is mounted between the lower control arm and the frame.</p><p>　　W

6、hen the wheel rolls over a bump, the control arms move up and compress the spring. When the wheel rolls into a dip, the control arms move down and the springs expand. The spring force brings the control arms and the whee

7、l back into the normal position as soon as the wheel is on flat pavement. The idea is to allow the wheel to move up and down while the frame, body, and passengers stay smooth and level. The unequal length control arm or

8、short, long arm (SLA) suspension system has been common on </p><p>　　In the short, long arm suspension system, the upper control arm is attached to a cross shaft through two combination rubber and metal bush

9、ings. The cross shaft, in turn, is bolted to the frame. A ball joint, called the upper ball joint, is attached to the outer end of the upper arm and connects to the steering knuckle through a tapered stud held in positio

10、n with a nut. The inner ends of the lower control arm have pressed-in bushings. Bolts, passing through the bushings, attach the arm to the fra</p><p>　　For the upper and lower ball joint, the ball stud in th

11、e ball joint is a tapered stud at one end with a ball-shaped end. The ball end is supported in a similarly shaped housing called a socket. The shape of the housing allows the ball stud to turn around or move side to side

12、. A plastic or sintered iron bearing is positioned between the ball and socket .The bearing allows the ball stud to turn in relation to the housing for steering. The tapered stud and nut hold the ball joint in position i

13、n the</p><p>　　There are four basic types of springs used in suspensions: coil, torsion bar, leaf spring, and air spring. The coil spring is the most popular type of spring in both front and rear suspension

14、systems. It is simply a round bar of spring steel that is wound into the shape of a coil. Usually, the top and bottom coils are closer together than the middle coils. </p><p>　　A coil spring is commonly used

15、 on the short, long arm suspension system. Some cars have the spring mounted from the frame to the upper control arm. In either case, the shock absorber is mounted through the center of the spring. Most short, long arm s

16、ystems use a stabilizer bar between the two sides of the suspension. The sway bar connects both lower control arms to the frame crossmember. Movements affecting one wheel are partially transmitted to the opposite wheel t

17、hrough the frame to stabilize </p><p>　　The advantages of the coil spring are its compactness, lack of moving parts, and excellent weight supporting characteristics.</p><p>　　The disadvantage of

18、 a coil spring is its weakness in supporting side-to-side or lateral movement. When coil springs are used at the drive wheels, heavy traction bars or torque tubes are often required to maintain axle housing alignment.<

19、;/p><p>　　A number of vehicles use a torsion bar spring. It is a long, solid steel shaft that is anchored at one end to the suspensions control arm and at the other end to the vehicle's frame. Torsion is th

20、e twisting action that occurs in the bar when one end is twisted and the other end remains fixed. When a vertical impact on a wheel is transmitted through the control arm to the torsion bar, the bar twists to absorb the

21、impact. The bar's natural resistance to twisting quickly restores it to its original</p><p>　　A torsion bar can store a significantly higher maximum amount of energy than either an equally stressed leaf

22、or coil spring. The torsion offers important weight savings and it is adjustable. In addition, it requires significantly less space than a coil spring.</p><p>　　The leaf spring is made of several layers of s

23、pring steel stacked one upon the other, Usually, there is one main leaf that uses spring eyes for locating and fastening the spring toe frame or underbody. Several other progressively shorter leaves are placed on the mai

24、n leaf, and the assembly or leaf pack is held together in the middle by a center bolt and on the ends by rebound clips. Some spring packs use fiber. or plastic pads between leaves to reduce the internal leaf friction. So

25、me vehicles us</p><p>　　The leaf spring is usually mounted in three places. A bushing is installed in each of the spring eyes. A bolt through the bushing in the rear spring eye attaches the rear of the sprin

26、g directly to the vehicle frame. A shackle assembly is attached to the front spring eye and bushing and is then mounted through a shackle bushing to the frame. The shackle assembly allows the leaf spring to pivot up and

27、down. A pair of U-bolts and a tie plate are used to clamp the front or rear axle assembly to the </p><p>　　The main advantage of leaf springs is their ability to control vehicle sway and lateral movement. Fo

28、r these reasons, leaf springs are often used on the rear suspension of rear drive vehicles.</p><p>　　Many late-model luxury cars use air springs. The spring is essentially a rubber bag or bladder full of air

29、. A piston is attached to the lower control arm. Movement of the lower control arm causes the piston to move into the air bladder and compress the air in the bladder. Air pressure is used to regulate how easy or hard the

30、 bladder can be compressed. The air bladder is usually connected to an air compressor, which regulates the action of the air spring based on road conditions.</p><p>　　All suspension systems use a shock absor

31、ber at each wheel. When the coil, torsion bar, leaf spring, or air spring is deflected, it can oscillate (bounce up and down) uncontrollably, possibly causing the tires to lose contact with the road. This could cause the

32、 car to bounce up and down without any control. To prevent this from happening, shock absorbers are used, not to absorb shocks, but to control spring rate and dampen spring oscillations.The shock absorber is a hydraulic

33、device. One end of t</p><p>　　附 錄 Ⅱ：中文翻譯</p><p><b>　　汽車懸架系統(tǒng)概述</b></p><p>　　在影響汽車性能的眾多方面中，懸架起著十分重要的作用。</p><p>　　懸架系統(tǒng)的六項基本職能:</p><p>　　1.保持車輛有良好的

34、行駛平順性</p><p><b>　　2.衰減振動沖擊</b></p><p>　　3.保持正確的車輪定位</p><p><b>　　4.支持車身重量</b></p><p>　　5.保持輪胎與地面有良好的接觸</p><p>　　6.保持良好的操作穩(wěn)定性</p&g

35、t;<p>　　大多數(shù)懸架系統(tǒng)都有相同的基本部件和基本的工作原理。但是，各個部件的安裝順序和位置上卻有不一樣。車輪安裝在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上。轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)是由兩個控制臂安裝在車架上, 這樣有助于懸架繞支點上下運(yùn)動。車架和最低控制臂之間安裝一個螺旋彈簧。</p><p>　　當(dāng)車輪通過凸起的路面時，控制臂向上運(yùn)動壓縮彈簧。當(dāng)車輪駛過凹路面時，控制臂向下運(yùn)動，彈簧升長。當(dāng)車輪在平坦的路面上行駛時，彈簧力使得控制臂和車輪回

36、歸原來的位置。這種設(shè)計方法，可以保證在車輪上下運(yùn)動的情況下，確保車架、車身和乘客具有良好的平順性和通過行。不等長控制臂懸架系統(tǒng)在美國的汽車中已經(jīng)應(yīng)用很多年了。因為每個車輪都是通過一個轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)、球窩接頭、和能伸縮的控制臂與車架獨立的連接在一起，這種系統(tǒng)稱為獨立懸架。這種長短臂懸架系統(tǒng)名字的由來是因為兩個控制臂的用處，他們關(guān)系著車身到轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)和車輪的裝配。這兩個控制臂是不等長的，長的在下面短的在上面。這控制臂有時叫做A型控制臂因為從上面看起來其

37、形狀像字母A。</p><p>　　在長短臂懸架系統(tǒng)中，上控制臂是通過兩組橡膠襯套和金屬軸套與十字軸連接的。這個十字軸依次與車架脫離。一個球窩接頭就是在上面的球窩接頭附著在上控制臂外面并且通過一個錐形的螺栓和螺母與轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)連接起來。下控制臂的內(nèi)端被壓入襯套。螺栓通過襯套將其與車架連接。下控制臂窩球接頭通常被壓入控制臂內(nèi)以便通過處在正確位置的錐形螺栓和螺母與轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)連接。球窩接頭被用在控制臂上是因為它允許在多個方向上運(yùn)

38、動，它允許上下運(yùn)動以便滿足車輪通過凹陷或凸起路面的要求。這種類型的連接，當(dāng)車輪來回轉(zhuǎn)動時還可以左右運(yùn)動。</p><p>　　對于高低球窩頭轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)，在球窩接頭中，球頭螺栓的形狀是一端為球形另一端為錐形。球窩接頭的末端是通過一個形狀類似房子的叫插座的東西支持著。這種形狀類似房子的空間允許球頭螺栓向不同的方向進(jìn)行旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動。一個塑料的或者鐵軸承放置在球窩頭和插座之間。這個軸承使球頭螺栓的運(yùn)動與用作轉(zhuǎn)向的插座聯(lián)系起來，球

39、窩接頭通過錐形雙頭螺柱和螺母連接在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上。</p><p>　　目前，懸架系統(tǒng)主要使用四種類型的彈簧：螺旋彈簧，扭桿彈簧，鋼板彈簧，空氣彈簧。在前懸架和后懸架中，使用最廣泛的類型就是螺旋彈簧。因為它純粹是由一根圓形彈簧鋼變成螺旋線圈形狀的。通常情況下，頂部和底部螺旋線要比中間部分緊密一些。</p><p>　　螺旋彈簧普遍應(yīng)用在長短臂懸架系統(tǒng)中。有些汽車當(dāng)中將彈簧安裝在車架與上控制臂之間

40、。無論哪種方式，減振器都安裝在彈簧的中心線上。大多數(shù)長短臂懸架系統(tǒng)的兩面都有穩(wěn)定桿。搖臂桿活動的連接著低控制臂和車架橫構(gòu)件。防止隨車身轉(zhuǎn)動的車架影響到另一個車輪的運(yùn)動。搖臂桿與車架橫構(gòu)件之間采用橡膠襯套以便降低噪聲和衰減振動。搖臂連接桿末端的軸套和橫構(gòu)件的軸套是永久的安裝在搖臂連接桿的。</p><p>　　螺旋彈簧的優(yōu)點是：緊密度好，沒有可移動部件，重量分配合理等。</p><p>　　

41、螺旋彈簧的缺點是承受側(cè)向或橫向運(yùn)動差。如果將螺旋彈簧安裝在驅(qū)動輪上，往往需要用載重牽引拉桿或轉(zhuǎn)矩拉桿來維持其軸套位置。</p><p>　　一些車輛采用了扭桿彈簧。它是一根細(xì)長的、實心鋼軸，一端連接懸架控制臂，另一端連接車架。當(dāng)扭桿彈簧一端扭轉(zhuǎn)、另一端仍固定不動的時候，便產(chǎn)生扭矩。當(dāng)一個垂直力作用于車輪時，這個力通過控制臂傳遞到扭桿彈簧，扭桿通過扭轉(zhuǎn)變形將作用力吸收。彈簧本身的阻力矩使其很快恢復(fù)到它原來的位置，恢

42、復(fù)車輪與路面的良好接觸。</p><p>　　在同等壓力條件下，與鋼板彈簧和螺旋彈簧相比，扭桿彈簧能夠儲存更多的能量。扭桿可以提供重要重量儲蓄，并且還是可調(diào)節(jié)的。另外，與螺旋彈簧相比，扭桿彈簧占用的空間很小。</p><p>　　鋼板彈簧是由幾層彈簧鋼一個一個安裝的。通常，鋼板彈簧中有一個主片，上面打孔，以便將鋼板彈簧緊固定在車架上或車身下面。其他逐漸較短的鋼片安裝在主鋼片上，在中間用一個

43、中心螺栓固定，兩端用騎馬螺栓固定。一些鋼板彈簧在各鋼片間使用纖維、塑料板，以減小鋼板間的內(nèi)摩擦力。有的車輛使用少片鋼板彈簧來替代多個鋼片。一些制造商使用一種非金屬復(fù)合材料制造鋼板彈簧。鋼板彈簧通常是拱形的，從側(cè)面看兩端高、中間低。</p><p>　　鋼板彈簧通常安裝在三個地方。每個孔中都安有軸襯，螺栓經(jīng)軸襯將彈簧后端直接固定在車架上。同樣的方式將鋼板彈簧的前端以鉸鏈的形式固定在車身上。這種裝配方式允許鋼板彈簧繞

44、支點作上下運(yùn)動。用一對U型螺栓和墊板配合使用將鋼板彈簧固定在前、后車橋上。</p><p>　　鋼板彈簧最主要的優(yōu)點，是它能夠控制車輛左右擺動及側(cè)向運(yùn)動?；谶@些原因，鋼板彈簧主要應(yīng)用于后輪驅(qū)動車輛的后懸架上。</p><p>　　許多新型豪華轎車都使用空氣彈簧。空氣彈簧基本上就是一個充滿空氣的橡膠袋或氣囊。在最低控制臂上安裝一個活塞。控制臂的運(yùn)動推動活塞進(jìn)入橡膠袋，并在氣囊中壓縮空氣?？?/p>

45、氣壓力用來調(diào)節(jié)橡膠袋壓縮的程度?？諝庀鹉z袋通常是與空氣壓縮機(jī)相連接，以便根據(jù)道路條件調(diào)節(jié)空氣彈簧運(yùn)動。</p><p>　　所有懸架系統(tǒng)在每個車輪上都使用了減振器。當(dāng)螺旋彈簧、扭力彈簧、鋼板彈簧或空氣彈簧發(fā)生偏離，它會產(chǎn)生無法控制的擺動(上下彈跳)，可能造成輪胎與路面脫離。這有可能導(dǎo)致汽車在沒有任何約束的條件下發(fā)生擺振。為了防止這種情況的發(fā)生，采用了減震器，它的主要作用不是吸收震動，而是用于控制彈簧振動頻率和緩解