國際貿(mào)易專業(yè)外文翻譯---發(fā)展中國家需要相互開放市場

1、<p><b>　　外文文獻翻譯</b></p><p>　　發(fā)展中國家需要相互開放市場 </p><p>　　Developing Countries Need to Open Markets to Each Other</p><p>　　By David Dollar</p>

2、;<p>　　Fully half of the benefits to developing countries from stalled multilateral trade negotiations would come from getting better access to each other's markets. They would gain more by lowering their own

3、barriers to agricultural trade than they would by wealthy countries lowering their barriers, although the latter also must happen.</p><p>　　With two-thirds of the industrial goods tariffs paid by developing

4、countries going to other developing countries, further trade liberalization could attract foreign investment and advance developing country growth. Completing the Doha Round trade negotiations will require real leadershi

5、p on the part of the developing world, especially the big developing countries that have benefited so much from globalization. </p><p>　　The Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations is stalled and may v

6、ery well fall apart. This round of trade liberalization was supposed to be the World Trade Organization's "development round" that would provide benefits in particular to developing countries, which are hom

7、e to 1 billion people living on less than $1 per day and 2.6 billion living on less than $2. How would a new round of trade liberalization help poor countries?</p><p>　　Opening Agricultural Markets</p>

8、<p>　　The most obvious issue—and the one that has received the most attention—is the ongoing agricultural protection of rich countries. Japan protects rice and other markets. The United States and Europe subsidize

9、 and protect farmers. Completely liberalizing agricultural markets in rich countries would provide an immediate annual benefit to developing countries of $26 billion, according to a recent World Bank estimate. To put thi

10、s number in context, it is about one-half of the annual flow of foreign a</p><p>　　Less well publicized is the fact that opening the agricultural markets of developing countries would provide to these countr

11、ies a similar—even slightly larger—gain of $28 billion per year. This gain comes partly from the fact that trade liberalization will enable each country to expand production of goods and services that the country makes e

12、fficiently and sell them at better prices. Another benefit from trade is that consumers will buy at lower prices goods and services that their country does </p><p>　　In addition, developing country liberaliz

13、ation would stimulate South-South trade—trade among developing countries—providing benefits to other poor countries. Where it can be achieved, liberalization of markets for staple foods can particularly help reduce pover

14、ty, since these goods account for a large share of expenditure of poor households in developing countries.</p><p>　　Cutting Industrial Tariffs </p><p>　　While a lot of attention in trade discuss

15、ions focuses on the agriculture issue, there is an equally strong case for further liberalizing markets for industrial products. Many developing countries are now efficient producers of manufactured products, especially

16、labor-intensive ones such as textiles and electronics. In fact, 80 percent of the exports of developing countries are manufactured products.</p><p>　　The largest markets for industrial goods are in the rich

17、countries, but their import tariffs are already relatively low. Right now, about two-thirds of all industrial tariffs paid by developing-country producers are paid to other developing countries because import tariff rate

18、s for industrial products tend to be higher in developing countries.</p><p>　　Developing countries thus have a lot to gain from better access to each other's markets. This will enable more efficient firm

19、s to expand production and achieve scale economies and will encourage more specialization, as has been seen during European integration over recent decades.</p><p>　　The phrase "development round"

20、may suggest to some that the key objective of the current round is to get rich countries to drop their barriers against goods from poor countries. But that move alone would provide only half of the potential benefit that

21、 developing countries could gain from a more open trading system. Fully half of the potential benefit to developing countries of trade liberalization comes from better access to each other's markets.</p><p

22、>　　Dynamic Benefits</p><p>　　The benefits that I have discussed so far are what economists call "static benefits"—gains that could come quickly based on current production capabilities. Full tra

23、de liberalization would lead to the developed countries reducing production of certain agricultural products, while such production expanded in developing countries having adequate land and water. Developing countries wo

24、uld also expand production and export of labor-intensive manufactures, whereas developed country production would t</p><p>　　What we mean by dynamic benefits is that connecting to a large, global market tend

25、s to stimulate innovation and productivity growth at the firm level. Innovation is not just major technological breakthroughs; it is most commonly small changes in the process or products of a firm. Firms in protected ma

26、rkets tend to become complacent, whereas a large competitive market provides a significant outlet for good ideas and high-quality production.</p><p>　　The large market also provides for a finer division of l

27、abor. A developing country that lowers its own import barriers against manufactured products will typically find that its firms become part of global production networks in which different components and activities that

28、feed into one final product originate in different countries.</p><p>　　For developing countries to take part in sophisticated global production networks, they need to have investment climates in which it is

29、relatively easy for firms to start up and expand. They need good transport links to the wider world and efficient customs administration.</p><p>　　A final point about the Doha Round is that it is also trying

30、 to take up issues of liberalizing trade in services. Many modern services contribute to a good investment climate: finance, insurance, logistics, port management, and transport services, to name a few. Liberalizing impo

31、rts of these modern services can help developing countries build a stronger investment climate so that their firms can more easily take advantage of global market opportunities.</p><p>　　Political Leadership

32、 Needed</p><p>　　A comprehensive round of trade liberalization will provide benefits to all the countries that are members of the World Trade Organization. If that is true, then why is it so difficult to str

33、ike a deal?</p><p>　　The well-known political problem with trade liberalization is that a more open market provides diffuse benefits to the whole population, but also imposes large adjustment costs on some s

34、pecific industries. Of course, the protected farmers in the rich countries lobby against trade liberalization in their sectors. The protected industrial firms and service industries in developing countries likewise lobby

35、. So it takes real political leadership from each country to bring about a deal.</p><p>　　It is also both smart and humane to be aware of the losers and to design as much as possible compensation schemes to

36、ease the adjustment. Many countries have adjustment assistance programs to help workers retrain or relocate so that they can take advantage of the opportunities opened up by expanded trade.</p><p>　　Previous

37、 trade liberalization rounds have appeared close to collapse before an eleventh-hour deal emerged. So for the sake of poor countries, let's hope that political leadership is found all around. A Doha deal will require

38、 significant movement on the agricultural protection issue from the United States, Europe, and Japan. But it will also require real leadership on the part of the developing world, especially the big developing countries

39、that have benefited so much from globalization. Further </p><p>　　The opinions expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. government or of the World Bank and its m

40、ember countries.</p><p>　　發(fā)展中國家需要相互開放市場</p><p>　　作者 David Dollar</p><p>　　多邊貿(mào)易談判的僵局使發(fā)展中國家無法獲益，但可能獲得的惠益中有一半取決于發(fā)展中國家相互改善市場準入。雖然富國必須減少針對發(fā)展中國家的農(nóng)業(yè)貿(mào)易壁壘，但發(fā)展中國中相互減少壁壘將能帶來更大的好處。</p>

41、<p>　　考慮到三分之二的工業(yè)品關(guān)稅是發(fā)展中國家相互支付的，所以推進貿(mào)易自由化將可吸引外國投資，促進發(fā)展中國家的經(jīng)濟成長。完成多哈回合的貿(mào)易談判要求發(fā)展中國家發(fā)揮真正的主導作用，尤其是受益于全球化的發(fā)展大國。</p><p>　　多哈回合多邊貿(mào)易談判陷入僵局，很可能徹底破裂。這一回合的貿(mào)易自由化原本應該是世界貿(mào)易組織的“發(fā)展回合”，尤其要讓發(fā)展中國家受益，因為發(fā)展中國家有10億人口每天生活費不到一美元

42、，有26億人口低于每天兩美元。新一輪的貿(mào)易自由化將如何幫助貧困國家呢？</p><p><b>　　開放農(nóng)業(yè)市場</b></p><p>　　顯而易見的問題，也是最令人關(guān)注的問題，是富裕國家實行的農(nóng)業(yè)保護措施。日本保護稻米及其他農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場。美國與歐洲補貼并保護農(nóng)場主。據(jù)世界銀行的最新估計，如果富裕國家實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)市場的全面自由化，將立即使發(fā)展中國家獲益260億美元。這個數(shù)

43、字相當于富國每年向貧困國家提供的總援助額的二分之一。因此，富裕國家開放農(nóng)業(yè)市場是十分重要的。</p><p>　　鮮為人知的事實是，發(fā)展中國家可以通過相互開放農(nóng)業(yè)市場而同樣獲益，每年獲得的惠益可達280億美元，略高于上面的數(shù)字。產(chǎn)生該惠益的部份原因是：貿(mào)易自由化致使各個國家能夠在自己擅長的領域擴大商品及服務生產(chǎn)，并以更好的價格出售。貿(mào)易的另一個好處在于，消費者能夠以更低價格購買本國不擅長生產(chǎn)的商品及服務。<

44、/p><p>　　此外，發(fā)展中國家的自由化將刺激南南貿(mào)易──即發(fā)展中國家之間的貿(mào)易──以使其他貧困國家獲益。在實行自由化的地方，主要食品市場的自由化尤其有助于消除貧困，因為在發(fā)展中國家，此類商品占貧困家庭支出的很大一部份。</p><p><b>　　削減工業(yè)品關(guān)稅 </b></p><p>　　雖然許多貿(mào)易討論集中在農(nóng)業(yè)問題上，但推動工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的市

45、場進一步自由化同樣是重要的。許多發(fā)展中國家現(xiàn)已成為制造業(yè)的高效生產(chǎn)者，特別是在勞動力密集的紡織業(yè)與電子業(yè)等。事實上，發(fā)展中國家百分之八十的出口產(chǎn)品來自制造業(yè)。</p><p>　　工業(yè)品的最大市場在富裕國家，其進口關(guān)稅已經(jīng)較低。發(fā)展中國家廠商目前所支付的工業(yè)關(guān)稅有三分之二是付給其他發(fā)展中國家的，因為發(fā)展中國家的工業(yè)品進口關(guān)稅一般較高。</p><p>　　因此，發(fā)展中國家通過彼此改進市場準

46、入將獲得巨大惠益。它導致高效企業(yè)擴大生產(chǎn)，實現(xiàn)規(guī)模效益，并鼓勵進一步分工，一如我們在歐洲最近幾十年的整合中所見。</p><p>　　對某些人而言，“發(fā)展回合”或許意味著當前回合的關(guān)鍵目標是讓富裕國家消除對貧困國家商品的壁壘。但是，這樣做只能使發(fā)展中國家獲得開放貿(mào)易系統(tǒng)的潛在惠益的一半，另一半來自發(fā)展中國家相互改善市場準入。</p><p><b>　　動態(tài)惠益</b>

47、;</p><p>　　以上談到的惠益被經(jīng)濟學家稱為“靜態(tài)惠益”──即基于現(xiàn)有生產(chǎn)能力可迅速實現(xiàn)的收益。全面貿(mào)易自由化將導致發(fā)達國家減少某些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)，而這些生產(chǎn)將在具有充足土地與水源的發(fā)展中國家得以擴大。此外，發(fā)展中國家將擴大勞動力密集的制造業(yè)的生產(chǎn)與出口，而發(fā)達國家的生產(chǎn)將轉(zhuǎn)向重型機械、技術(shù)密集的產(chǎn)品以及服務業(yè)。但是，在上述靜態(tài)惠益之外，還有重要的動態(tài)惠益。動態(tài)惠益很難量化，但很可能比靜態(tài)惠益更重要。<

48、;/p><p>　　所謂動態(tài)惠益是指：與更大的全球市場相連接，可刺激企業(yè)創(chuàng)新并提高生產(chǎn)力。創(chuàng)新并非僅僅是重要的技術(shù)突破，它往往是企業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程及產(chǎn)品的小的改變。在受保護市場中，企業(yè)容易滿足于現(xiàn)有成就，而大規(guī)模的競爭性市場則為好的想法以及高質(zhì)量生產(chǎn)創(chuàng)造條件。</p><p>　　此外，大規(guī)模市場促進分工的細密化。一般而言，發(fā)展中國家在降低制造業(yè)產(chǎn)品的進口關(guān)稅之后，將會發(fā)現(xiàn)該國企業(yè)成為全球生產(chǎn)網(wǎng)絡的

49、一部份，在該網(wǎng)絡中，不同國家的各種元件與生產(chǎn)活動構(gòu)成同一件終端產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　為加入復雜的全球生產(chǎn)網(wǎng)絡，發(fā)展中國家需要具備以下投資環(huán)境：企業(yè)的創(chuàng)立和擴展相對容易；交通設施提供與外部世界溝通的便利；海關(guān)具有高效率。</p><p>　　最后，多哈回合力圖解決服務業(yè)貿(mào)易自由化的問題。許多現(xiàn)代服務業(yè)，如金融、保險、物流、港口管理、運輸服務等，對改善投資環(huán)境貢獻很大。開放上述現(xiàn)代服務業(yè)

50、的進口有助于發(fā)展中國家建立富有吸引力的投資環(huán)境，使本國企業(yè)得以更好地利用全球市場的各種機會。</p><p><b>　　需要政治領導力</b></p><p>　　這一回合的貿(mào)易自由化范圍極廣，將為世貿(mào)組織的所有成員國提供好處。既然如此，為什么如此難于達成協(xié)議呢？</p><p>　　眾所周知，貿(mào)易自由化的政治問題是：進一步開放市場將讓所有人

51、口廣泛受益，但是卻導致某些特定行業(yè)承擔很大的轉(zhuǎn)型成本。于是富國受保護的農(nóng)場主展開游說，反對該部門的貿(mào)易自由化。同樣，發(fā)展中國家受保護的工業(yè)企業(yè)及服務業(yè)也進行游說。因此，達成協(xié)議需要各國展現(xiàn)真正的政治領導力。</p><p>　　此外，出于明智與人道，應該注意受損失者，并設計盡可能好的補償方案以確保順利轉(zhuǎn)型。許多國家建立與轉(zhuǎn)型相關(guān)的協(xié)助項目，幫助工人再就業(yè)或遷居，使他們充份利用擴大貿(mào)易帶來的各種機會。</p&

52、gt;<p>　　以往各回合的貿(mào)易自由化也曾幾近失敗，然后在最后一刻達成協(xié)議。為了貧困國家的利益，我們衷心希望各國普遍展示政治領導力。多哈協(xié)議將要求美國、歐洲以及日本在農(nóng)業(yè)保護問題上做出重大調(diào)整。但是，它也要求發(fā)展中國家展現(xiàn)真正的領導力，特別是那些在全球化中獲益匪淺的發(fā)展大國。推動工業(yè)品與服務業(yè)的貿(mào)易自由化完全符合發(fā)展中國家的利益，但是，發(fā)展中國家的領導人必須說服自己的人民，并設計明智的方案幫助那些在轉(zhuǎn)型過程中利益暫時受到