地質(zhì)專業(yè)外文翻譯--風(fēng)化礦床

1、<p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　系 別： 地球科學(xué)與資源系 </p><p>　　專 　業(yè)： 資源勘查工程 </p><p>　　姓 名： </p><p>　　學(xué) 號：

2、 </p><p>　　2014年04月15日</p><p><b>　　中文2815字</b></p><p><b>　　外文資料翻譯譯文</b></p><p><b>　　風(fēng)化礦床  </b></p><p>　　摘 要：地殼表層

3、巖石或礦石經(jīng)風(fēng)化作用而形成的礦床。風(fēng)化作用大多發(fā)生在潛水面附近或其上，因此，風(fēng)化礦床的深度一般距地面不超過數(shù)十米，特殊情況下達 100～200米,個別可達1500～2000米。風(fēng)化礦床規(guī)模以中小型為主，個別大型或超大型礦床面積達數(shù)千平方公里，儲量幾億噸甚至超過 100億噸。礦石疏松，便于開采加工。風(fēng)化礦床中最多的是鐵礦和鋁土礦，其次是鎳、錳、鈾、銅、稀土元素、粘土、磷灰石、菱錳礦。其中鎳礦床和鋁土礦床在世界鎳和鋁的生產(chǎn)中占有重要地位，其

4、他礦種也對產(chǎn)地經(jīng)濟有重要影響。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：風(fēng)化；礦床；殘余；淋積</p><p>　　1 影響風(fēng)化成礦作用的因素 　</p><p><b>　　主要有以下幾方面：</b></p><p>　?、僭瓗r成分。風(fēng)化的原巖是成礦物質(zhì)來源。基性和超基性巖中鐵、鎳的含量既高,又易于風(fēng)化,有利于形成鐵、鎳

5、的風(fēng)化礦床。又如長石質(zhì)巖石風(fēng)化后可形成各種粘土或鋁土礦床。</p><p>　?、跉夂驐l件。它對風(fēng)化成礦作用有決定性影響。高溫有利于原巖的分解和其中堿和堿土金屬的帶出，氣候潮濕雨量充沛也有利于風(fēng)化作用，因此在熱帶亞熱帶地區(qū)最有利于風(fēng)化礦床的形成。</p><p>　?、鄣匦我蛩?。山區(qū)地形高差大，風(fēng)化產(chǎn)物不易保留；強烈夷平地形，也不利于風(fēng)化成礦作用持續(xù)進行；介于二者之間的中低山脈和丘陵地帶最

6、有利于風(fēng)化礦床的發(fā)育。</p><p>　?、軡撍?。在潛水面以上，強烈的化學(xué)中和淋濾作用使殘留物質(zhì)富集成礦，而其下則可能產(chǎn)生淋濾物質(zhì)的富集。因此潛水面的深度適中，巖石的分解和淋失相適應(yīng)，有利于風(fēng)化礦床的形成。</p><p>　?、莸刭|(zhì)構(gòu)造。規(guī)模大的裂隙帶和破碎帶，決定了風(fēng)化礦床的位置和延伸方向，同時也控制了風(fēng)化礦床的深度。構(gòu)造運動還影響風(fēng)化礦床的保存條件，在構(gòu)造上隆地區(qū)風(fēng)化礦床易受剝蝕

7、破壞，在沉降地區(qū)風(fēng)化礦床則被掩埋，只有在微弱沉降的情況下，風(fēng)化礦床才能被覆蓋而保存起來。</p><p>　　⑥時間因素。形成規(guī)模和質(zhì)量都好的風(fēng)化礦床，需要很長的時間。已知的風(fēng)化礦床，多數(shù)是在第三紀(jì)、第四紀(jì)或中生代形成的。由于世界各地地殼發(fā)育歷史不完全一致,它們的風(fēng)化礦床形成時間也不相同,但它們都是在歷次地殼運動后期，在穩(wěn)定的地臺上形成的。 </p><p><b>　　2礦床類

8、型 　</b></p><p>　　風(fēng)化礦床按礦床的形態(tài)可以分為沿地表發(fā)育的面型礦床，沿巖石破碎帶發(fā)育的線型礦床和沿兩種巖石的接觸面發(fā)育的接觸型礦床。按風(fēng)化剖面的分帶性及其形成機理可以分為風(fēng)化殼頂部的殘積砂礦床、潛水面上的殘余礦床及潛水面以下的淋積礦床。因為殘積砂礦是物理風(fēng)化產(chǎn)物，其成礦規(guī)律和礦床特點與其他成因的砂礦床（見沉積礦床）類似，因而也可歸為砂礦床。 </p><

9、p><b>　　3殘余礦床 　</b></p><p>　　地表巖石經(jīng)化學(xué)風(fēng)化和生物風(fēng)化作用后，一部分物質(zhì)被淋濾，而另一部分殘留在風(fēng)化殼中富集而成的礦床，也稱殘留礦床。風(fēng)化殘余物質(zhì)都是在地表條件下穩(wěn)定的物質(zhì)，其中鐵和鋁是最穩(wěn)定的，風(fēng)化后成為鐵礦和鋁土礦而富集在風(fēng)化殼上部成礦。二氧化硅、磷、錳、鈷、鎳、銅、鈾、釩穩(wěn)定性稍差，在其他條件有利時，可以形成氧化物、磷酸鹽及其他穩(wěn)定的含

10、氧鹽類而成為殘余礦床。重要的殘余礦床有下列幾種： 　?、偌t土型鐵礦床。超基性巖在炎熱潮濕地區(qū)經(jīng)過強烈風(fēng)化淋濾作用，巖石中的鎂和硅被地下水帶走，低價鐵大部分變?yōu)楦邇r鐵，形成難溶的含水高鐵氧化物，然后脫水成赤鐵礦。其結(jié)果形成了紅土型風(fēng)化殼，其上部含鐵高達50％以上成為富鐵礦。礦體內(nèi)常有原巖中殘留的富含鉻、鈦、釩礦物或風(fēng)化后殘留的鈷、鎳、錳礦物，可以直接冶煉成優(yōu)質(zhì)合金鋼。著名的西澳哈默斯利富鐵礦,礦石達244.8億噸，古巴卡臘賈斯鐵礦的天然

11、合金鋼富礦石也達到178億噸，此外,在印尼、菲律賓、前蘇聯(lián)、美國也都有分布。這類礦床在中國不甚發(fā)育，但華北的山西式鐵礦，至少有一部分是含鐵碳酸鹽巖石風(fēng)化產(chǎn)物。 　?、诩t土型鋁土礦礦床。發(fā)育在熱帶和亞熱帶地區(qū)的堿性巖和基性巖風(fēng)化殼中。這里經(jīng)強</p><p><b>　　4淋積礦床 　</b></p><p>　　指原巖中活動性較大的物質(zhì)，經(jīng)過風(fēng)化淋濾被地下

12、水帶至鄰近的巖石中富集形成的礦床。這種礦床的形成除由成礦元素的地球化學(xué)性質(zhì)決定外，還需要有明顯的地球化學(xué)屏障，主要是潛水運動的阻滯和物理化學(xué)環(huán)境的急劇改變。淋積鈾礦、銅礦是常見的淋積礦床。 　?、倭芊e鈾礦床。原巖風(fēng)化時，其中分散存在的鈾化合物被帶出到有利地段沉積富集成礦。鈾是變價元素，當(dāng)含鈾礦物中4價鈾氧化成為6價鈾,就易于淋濾帶去,在運移途中遇到鈾的沉淀劑，它就轉(zhuǎn)入沉積物中富集起來。這種鈾礦床的時空分布很廣，又可分為砂礫巖中的鈾礦床

13、和煤或瀝青質(zhì)巖石中的鈾礦床兩類。前者以美國科羅拉多高原的鈾釩礦床最著名，后者則是由于煤和瀝青是還原劑，促進了潛水中的鈾化合物沉淀富集而成礦的。 　　②淋積銅礦。經(jīng)常位于紅層中，分布較廣泛，銅常與鈾共生，也有單獨成礦的。該種礦床成因復(fù)雜，有同生沉積說和淋濾再沉積說。淋積成的銅礦石由銅的氧化物和含氧鹽（碳酸鹽等）組成，是分散存在的原生硫化物經(jīng)氧化、遷移，在潛水面附近堆積成的。 </p><p><b>　

14、　外文原文</b></p><p>　　Weathering mineral deposit</p><p><b>　　ABSTRACT</b></p><p>　　Rock or mineral surface weathering crust and formation of ore deposits.Weathering o

15、ccurs mostly near the phreatic surface or on it, therefore, the depth of the weathering deposits generally no more than dozens of meters from ground, special cases from 100 to 200 meters, the individual can reach 1500 ~

16、2000 meters.Weathered ore deposit scale is given priority to with small and medium, large or superlarge individual area of thousands of square kilometers, reserves of hundreds of millions of tons o</p><p>　　

17、Key words：Weathering; Deposit; Residual; Illuviation</p><p>　　1 Factors affecting weathering mineralization</p><p>　　Basically has the following several aspects</p><p>　　(1) The or

18、iginal rock composition. Weathering of original rock is the source of ore-forming materials. Basic and ultrabasic rock with high content of Fe, Ni, and easy to weathering, and beneficial to form the weathering of iron, n

19、ickel deposit. And like a feldspathic rock weathering can form various kinds of clay or bauxite deposit.</p><p>　　(2) The weather conditions. It has a decisive effect on weathering mineralization. High tempe

20、rature is beneficial to the decomposition of the original rock and brought out one of the alkali and alkaline earth metal, damp climate rainfall amount and conducive to weathering, therefore the most favorable for the fo

21、rmation of weathering deposits in tropical and subtropical region.</p><p>　　(3) The terrain factors. Mountainous terrain elevation difference is big, weathering products is not easy to keep; Strongly flatten

22、ed terrain, also go against weathering mineralization continuous; Between the low mountains and hills area the most beneficial to the growth of weathered ore deposit.</p><p>　　(4) The phreatic surface. Above

23、 the phreatic surface, strong chemical and leaching effect made residual material enrichment, and below it may produce leaching material enrichment. So the diving depth is moderate, the decomposition of the rock and leac

24、hing, favorable for the formation of weathered ore deposit.</p><p>　　(5) Geological structure. Big fissure zone and fracture zone, and determine the position of weathering deposits and extending direction, b

25、ut also control the depth of weathering deposits. Tectonic movement also affect the preservation conditions of weathering deposits, weathering deposits on the structural lung area vulnerable to erosion, weathering deposi

26、ts are buried in subsidence area, only in the case of small settlement, weathering deposits can be covered and preserved.</p><p>　　(6) Time factor.Good weathering deposits both scale and quality, take a long

27、 time.Known weathering deposits, mostly in the tertiary, quaternary or Mesozoic formation.History of the earth's crust development around the world are not completely consistent, their weathering deposits forming tim

28、e is different, but they are late in all previous crustal movement, formed in a stable platform.</p><p>　　2 Types of ore deposits</p><p>　　Weathering deposits according to the morphology of ore

29、 deposit can be divided into deposit along the surface of the earth's surface development type, linear deposits along the rock broken zone and along the contact surfaces of the two kinds of rock contact type deposit.

30、Zoning by weathering profile and its forming mechanism can be divided into the top of the crust of weathering eluvial placer deposit, diving residual ore deposit and dive below the surface on the surface of the deposit.B

31、ecause the</p><p>　　3 The residual deposit</p><p>　　Surface after chemical weathering and biological weathering rock, part of the material was leached, and the other part of the residual accumu

32、lation in the weathering crust of deposits, also known as residual ore deposit.Weathering residual substance is stable under the condition of the surface of the earth, including iron and aluminum is the most stable, afte

33、r weathering as iron ore and bauxite in the upper crust of weathering mineralization and enrichment.Silica, phosphorus, manganese and cobal</p><p>　　Has the following several important residual ore deposit&l

34、t;/p><p>　　(1) Red clay type iron ore deposit.Ultrabasic rock in hot, humid area after a strong weathering leaching effect, magnesium and silicon are groundwater away from the rock, most low iron into high iron

35、, high water cut of formation of refractory iron oxide, and then dehydration into hematite.The results form the laterite weathering crust, the upper iron up to more than 50% to become rich iron ore.Within the ore body is

36、 the original rock residue rich in chromium, titanium, vanadium mineral or after </p><p>　　(2) The red clay type bauxite deposits.Growth in tropical and subtropical regions of alkaline rock and rock weatheri

37、ng crust.Here by separate strong weathering of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions, make alkaline water, can dissolve and out of the silicon dioxide, and residual aluminum in the weathering crust formed sanshui LvShi an

38、d LvShi monohydrate, symbiosis with iron oxide and clay, be easy in refining of high quality aluminum ore, is an important source of aluminum.And Arkansas in the Un</p><p>　　(3) Type laterite nickel ore depo

39、sit.Also called silicate mineral deposit, composed of ultrabasic rock weathering.Production in the tertiary, quaternary or living with tropical and subtropical serpentinite weathering crust.When the ultrabasic rock weath

40、ering, with such quality as mixed with nickel in olivine and pyroxene into the serpentine, serpentine again after the decomposition, nickel analysis, namely into the solution, from top to bottom weathering crust, with se

41、condary nickel minerals and</p><p>　　(4) Residual clay deposits.Rock zhongfu aluminum silicate minerals in warm humid climate conditions of weathering, and form the accumulation of clay mineral is given prio

42、rity to, according to the original rock composition and weathering degree and formation kaolin ore deposit or bentonite deposit.Kaolin with montmorillonite as the main ingredient, it is in the process of acidic and alkal

43、ine silicate rock weathering, has yet to reach the free alumina phase, formed the silicate minerals, and mediu</p><p>　　(5) Residual rare earth elements deposits.Acidic magmatic rocks in the dispersion of ra

44、re earth minerals are released when the rock weathering, in ionic form by clay mineral adsorption, and the enrichment of mineralization in the weathering crust, also known as the ion adsorption type rare earths mineral d

45、eposits.China nanling region have granite weathering residual heavy rare earth elements deposits (yttrium).East China's rhyolitic porphyry contains light rare earth element is more, when rock w</p><p>　　

46、4 Deposit formed by superficial leaching</p><p>　　Refers to the original rock of active substances, after weathering leaching was taken to a nearby groundwater enrichment of the rock formation of the deposi

47、t.The formation of this deposit not only decided by the geochemical nature of ore-forming elements, also need to have clear geochemical barrier, mainly is the diving movement of the block and the physical and chemical en

48、vironment of rapid change.Spray deposition of the uranium ore, copper is a common deposit.</p><p>　　(1) Illuviation uranium deposits.The original rock weathering, the dispersion of uranium compounds was take

49、n out to the favorable sedimentary enrichment.Uranium is a base element, when containing 4 price of uranium in uranium ore become 6 price of uranium oxide, it is easy to be leaching bring, met with the precipitation of u

50、ranium in migration agent, it turns into the sediments of enrichment.The uranium deposits of time and space distribution is very wide, can divide again glutenite of uranium </p><p>　　(2) Copper deposition.Of

51、ten in the red layer, are widely distributed, copper and uranium symbiosis, often also has a separate mineralization.Complex causes, this kind of deposit with syngenetic sedimentary and leaching deposit again.Pour into t