外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯---臺灣的綠色建筑節(jié)約用水評價措施

1、<p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)：　</b></p><p>　　Evaluating Water Conservation Measures For Green Building In Taiwan</p><p>　　Green Building evaluation is a new system in which water conservation i

2、s prioritized as one of its seven categories for saving water resources through building equipment design in Taiwan. This paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with quantitat

3、ive methodology and case study. This evaluation index involves standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected result. The measure of evaluation index is a</p>

4、<p>　　in Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach.</p><p>　　Keywords: Green Building; Evaluation system; Water conservation; Building equipment </p><p>　　1. Introduction</p>

5、;<p>　　The environment was an issue of deep global concern throughout the latter half of the 20th century. Fresh water shortages and pollution are becoming one of the most critical global problems. Many organizati

6、ons and conferences concerning water resource policy and issues have reached the consensus that water shortages may cause war in the 21st century[1],if not a better solution .Actually, Taiwan is already experiencing sign

7、ificant discord over water supply. Building new dams is no longer an accep</p><p>　　that water savings are necessary not only for water conservation but also for reducing energy consumption [2,3].</p>

8、<p>　　Taiwan is located in the Asian monsoon area and has an abundant supply of rainwater. Annual precipitation averages around 2500mm. However, water shortages have recently been a critical problem during the dry

9、season. The crucial, central issue is the uneven distribution of torrential rain, steep hillsides, and short rivers. Furthermore, the heavy demand for domestic water use in municipal areas, and the difficulties in buildi

10、ng new reservoirs are also critical factors. Government departments are </p><p>　　Due to this global trend, the Architecture and Building Research Institute (ABRI), Ministry of Interior in Taiwan, proposed t

11、he “Green Building” concept and built the evaluation system. In order to save water resources through building equipment design, this system prioritizes water conservation as one of its seven categories. This paper focus

12、es on the water conservation measures for Green Building in Taiwan and a quantitative procedure for proving water-saving efficiency. The purpose of this wo</p><p>　　impact on the earth.</p><p>　

13、　2. Water conservation index</p><p>　　The water conservation index is the ratio of the actual quantity of water consumed in a building to the average water-consumption in general. The index is also called, “

14、the water saving rate”. Evaluations of the water-consumption quantity include the evaluation to the water-saving efficiency within kitchens, bathrooms and all water taps, as well as the recycling of rain and the secondha

15、nd intermediate water.</p><p>　　2.1. Goal of using the water conservation index</p><p>　　Although Taiwan has plenty of rain, due to its large population, the average rainfall for distribution to

16、 each individual is poor compared to the world average as shown in Fig. 1.Thus, Taiwan is reversely a country short of water. Yet, the recent improvements in citizens’ standards of living have led to a big increase in th

17、e amount of water needed in cities, as shown in Fig. 2, which, accompanied by the difficulty of obtaining new water resources, makes the water shortage problem even worse. Due</p><p>　　The promotion of bette

18、r-designed facilities which facilitate water-saving will become a new trend among the public and designers, because of concerns for environmental protection. The water conservation index was also designed to encourage ut

19、ilization of the rain, recycling of water used in everyday life and use of water-saving equipment to reduce the expenditure of water and thus save water resources.</p><p>　　2.2. Methodology for efficient use

20、 of water resources</p><p>　　Some construction considerations and building system designs for effective use of water resources are described below.</p><p>　　2.2.1. Use water-conservation equipme

21、nt</p><p>　　A research of household tap-water consumption revealed that the proportion of the water used in flushing toilets and in bathing, amounts to approximately 50% of the total household water consumpt

22、ion, as given in Table 1. Many construction designers have tended to use luxurious water facilities in housing, and much water has thus been wasted. The use of water-saving equipment to replace such facilities is certain

23、 to save a large amount of water. For example, the amounts of water used in taking a </p><p>　　2.2.2. Set up a rain-storage water supply device</p><p>　　The rain-storage water supply device stor

24、es rain using natural landforms or man-made devices, and then uses simple water-cleaning procedures to make it available for use in houses. Rain can be used not only as a substitute water supply, but also for re control.

25、 Its use also helps to decrease the peak-time water load in cities. The annual average rainfall in Taiwan is about 2500 mm, almost triple better than the global average. However, due to geographic limitations, we could n

26、ot build enough wat</p><p>　　2.2.3. Establishing the intermediate water system</p><p>　　Intermediate water is that gathered from the rain in cities, and includes the recycled waste-water which h

27、as already been disposed of and can be used repeatedly only within a certain range, but not for drinking or human contact. Flushing the toilet consumes 35% of all water. If everyone were to use intermediate water to flus

28、h toilets, much water could be efficiently saved. Large-scale intermediate water system devices are suggested to be built up regularly with in a big area. Each intermediate w</p><p>　　4. Method for assessing

29、 the recycling of rain</p><p>　　Systems for recycling rain and intermediate water are not yet economic beneficial, because of the low water fee and the high cost of water-disposal equipment. However, systems

30、 for recycling rain are considered more easily adoptable than those for recycling intermediate water. Herein, a method for assessing the recycling of rain is introduced to calculate the ratio (C) of the water-consumption

31、 quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption.</p><p>　　4.1. Calculation basis of recycling rainwater</p><p>　　The designer of a system for recycling rainwater must first de

32、termine the quantity of rainwater and the demand, which will determine the rainwater collection device area and the storage tank volume. Rainwater quantity can actually be determined by a simple equation involving precip

33、itation and collection device area. However, precipitation does not fall evenly spread over all days and locations. In particular, rain is usually concentrated in certain seasons and locations. Consequently, the critic&l

34、t;/p><p>　　in assessing rainwater systems used in buildings [4,7].</p><p>　　4.3. Case study and analysis</p><p>　　Following the above procedure, a primary school building with a rainwa

35、ter use system is taken as an example for simulation and to verify the assessment results. This building is located in Taipei city, has a building area of 1260 m and a total floor area of 6960 m ; it is a multi-disciplin

36、e teaching building. Roofing is estimated to cover 80% of the building area, and the rainwater collection area covers 1008 m .Rainwater is used as intermediate water for the restrooms, and the utilization condi</p>

37、<p>　　the out flow coefficient (Y) is 0.9. A typical meteorological precipitation in Taipei in 1992 was adopted as a database. The rainwater storage tank was set to an initial condition before the simulation proce

38、dure. Herein, four tank volumes were considered in the simulations of rainwater utilization—15, 25, 50, 100 m. The results indicate that increased storage tank volume reduces overflow and increases the utilization of rai

39、nwater. Given a 50 m storage tank, the quantity of rainwater collection c</p><p>　　The efficiency of rainwater storage tanks is assessed from the utilization rate of rainwater and the substitution rate of ta

40、p water. Differences in annual precipitation and rainfall distribution yield different results. Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate the results of the mentioned calculation procedure, to analyze differences in rainwater utilization

41、 and efficiency assessment. The simulation runs over a period often years, from 1985 to 1994, and includes storage tanks with four different volumes. When t</p><p>　　In the formula of the water conservation

42、index, C is a special weighting for some water recycling equipment that intermediates water or rain, and is calculated as the ratio of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumpti

43、on. Therefore, this assessment procedure can also offer an approximate value of C for the water conservation index.</p><p>　　5. Green building label and policy</p><p>　　“Green Building” is calle

44、d “Environmental Co-Habitual Architecture” in Japan, “Ecological Building” or “Sustainable Building” in Europe and “Green Building in North American countries. Many fashionable terms such as “Green consumption”, “Green l

45、iving”, “Green illumination” have been broadly used. In Taiwan, currently, “Green” has been used as a symbol of environmental protection in the country. The Construction Research Department of the Ministry of the Interio

46、r of the Executive Yuan has decided</p><p>　　5.1. Principles of evaluation</p><p>　　Green Building is a general and systematic method of design to peruse sustainable building. This evaluation sy

47、stem is based on the following principles:</p><p>　　(1) The evaluation index should accurately reflect environmental protection factors such as material, water, land and climate.</p><p>　　(2) Th

48、e evaluation index should involve standardized scientific quantification.</p><p>　　(3) The evaluation index should not include too many evaluation indexes; some similar quality index should be combined.</

49、p><p>　　(4) The evaluation index should be approachable and consistent with real experience.</p><p>　　(5) The evaluation index should not involve social scientific evaluation.</p><p>　

50、　(6) The evaluation index should be applicable to the sub-tropical climate of Taiwan.</p><p>　　(7) The evaluation index should be applicable to the evaluation of community or congregate construction.</p&g

51、t;<p>　　(8) The evaluation index should be usable in the pre-design stage to yield the expected result.</p><p>　　According to these principles, the seven-index system shown in Table 4 is the current G

52、reen Building evaluation system used in Taiwan. The theory evaluates buildings’ impacts on the environment through the interaction of “Earth Resource Input” and “Waste Output”. Practically, the definition of Green Buildi

53、ng in Taiwan is “Consume the least earth resource and create the least construction waste”. </p><p>　　Internationally, each country has a different way of evaluating Green Building. This system provides only

54、 the basic evaluation on “Low environment impact”. Higher level issues such as biological diversity, health and comfort and community consciousness will not be evaluated. This system only provides a basic, practical and

55、controllable environmental protection tool for inclusion in the government’s urgent construction environment protection policy. The “Green Building” logo is set to award Green</p><p>　　5.2. Water conservatio

56、n measure</p><p>　　This paper focuses on water conservation index in green building evaluation system. Water conservation is a critical category of this evaluation system, and is considered in relation to sa

57、ving water resources through building equipment design. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the desired result. The evaluation index is

58、also based on research in Taiwan and is practically applicable. Using water-saving equipment</p><p>　　A new building can easily reach the above water conservation index. This evaluation system is designed to

59、 encourage people to save more water, even in existing buildings. All this amounts to saying that large-scale government construction projects should take the lead in using such water-saving devices, as an example to soc

60、iety.</p><p>　　6. Conclusion</p><p>　　This paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with standardized scientific quantification. This evaluation index

61、contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected results. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential research on Taiwan and is a practical

62、 and applicable approach. The actual water-saving rate (WR) for Green Building projects should be <0.8, and the AR of the wa</p><p>　　The Green Building Label began to be implemented from 1st September 19

63、99, and over twenty projects have already been awarded the Green Building Label in Taiwan, while the number of applications continues to increase. For a country with limited resources and a high-density population like T

64、aiwan, the Green Building policy is important and represents a positive first step toward reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainable development. </p><p><b>　　中文譯文：</b></p>&

65、lt;p>　　臺灣的綠色建筑節(jié)約用水評價措施</p><p>　　在臺灣綠色建筑評價是一個新的制度，在它的一個7個類別中，通過建筑設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)節(jié)省水資源，使水資源保護(hù)置于優(yōu)先地位。本文介紹了綠色建筑計(jì)劃，提出了節(jié)約用水指標(biāo)用定量方法和案例研究。這個評價指標(biāo)涉及到規(guī)范的科學(xué)量化，可用于預(yù)先設(shè)計(jì)階段，以取得預(yù)期效果。在臺灣這項(xiàng)措施的評價指標(biāo)，也是基于一個現(xiàn)實(shí)的和適用的辦法的必需研究。 關(guān)鍵詞：綠色建筑;評價制度;

66、節(jié)約用水;建筑設(shè)備</p><p><b>　　1 、導(dǎo)言</b></p><p>　　環(huán)境問題在整個20世紀(jì)的后半段受到了全球深層關(guān)注。淡水短缺和污染正成為一個最嚴(yán)重的全球性問題之一。許多組織與會議就有關(guān)水資源政策和問題達(dá)成了共識：如果沒有更好的解決方法，在21世紀(jì)水資源短缺可能導(dǎo)致戰(zhàn)爭[ 1 ] 。其實(shí)，臺灣已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了明顯的不和諧的超負(fù)荷供水。由于相應(yīng)的環(huán)境問題，

67、建設(shè)新的水壩已不再是一個可以接受的解決當(dāng)前的水資源短缺問題的辦法。以前的研究得出結(jié)論： 節(jié)水是必要的，不僅是為了節(jié)約用水，而且還為降低能源消耗[ 2,3 ] 。 臺灣位于亞洲季風(fēng)區(qū)，可以獲得充足的雨水。年降水量平均約為2500毫米。但是，最近一個關(guān)鍵的問題在旱季缺水。關(guān)鍵的、核心的問題是分布不均，暴雨，陡峭的山坡和短的河流。此外，為滿足國內(nèi)城市地區(qū)對水的大量利用需求，在用水困難的地區(qū)建設(shè)新的水庫，也是至關(guān)重要的因素。

68、政府部門正全力傳播眾所周知的概念，節(jié)約用水。工業(yè)和商業(yè)在節(jié)約用水方面都取得了良好的進(jìn)展，而公共場所在節(jié)約用水方面的進(jìn)步卻一直非常緩慢。由于全球性趨勢，在臺灣的建筑與建筑研究所（ABRI） 還有財(cái)政部內(nèi)部，提出"綠色建筑"的概念，并建立了評價指標(biāo)體系。通過建筑設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)節(jié)省水資源</p><p>　　2、節(jié)約用水指標(biāo) 節(jié)約用水指標(biāo)應(yīng)是實(shí)際數(shù)量的水消耗在建筑物內(nèi)，一般以平均水耗計(jì)。這個指數(shù)

69、也被稱為"節(jié)水率" 。評價的水消費(fèi)量，包括節(jié)水效率的評估，廚房，浴室和所有水龍頭，以及回收的雨水和中水。</p><p>　　2.1 、使用節(jié)約用水指數(shù)的目標(biāo) </p><p>　　雖然臺灣有很多的雨，由于其人口眾多，平均雨量為分配給每一個人相比世界平均水平是很少的。如圖 1所示 。因此，臺灣是反而是用水緊缺的國家。然而，最近由于公民的生活水平的提高，導(dǎo)致城市用水需求較

70、大幅度增長。并如圖2所示 ，其中，再加上很難取得新的水資源，使水資源短缺問題更為嚴(yán)重。在過去由于不適當(dāng)?shù)墓┧O(shè)施的設(shè)計(jì)，低水費(fèi)，以及人們在使用水的一般性行為，使臺灣人往往使用了大量的自來水。在1990年，平均水的消費(fèi)量在臺灣每人每天是350升，而在德國每人每天約145升，和在新加坡每人每天約150升。這些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字顯示，需要臺灣人民節(jié)約用水。</p><p>　　促進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)更好的節(jié)水設(shè)施，方便節(jié)水將成為一個新趨勢，其

71、中，市民和設(shè)計(jì)師，因?yàn)殛P(guān)注的環(huán)保問題。節(jié)約用水指數(shù)也旨在鼓勵利用雨水，中水在日常生活中使用和使用節(jié)水型設(shè)備，以減少使用，從而節(jié)省水資源。</p><p>　　2.2 、有效利用水資源的方法 一些為有效利用水資源的施工考慮和建設(shè)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)描述如下面。</p><p>　　2.2.1 、使用節(jié)水型設(shè)備 研究家庭自來水消費(fèi)顯示，用在沖洗廁所和洗澡的比例大約占家庭總耗水量的50 ％，

72、如所給表1 。許多建筑設(shè)計(jì)師往往在房屋使用豪華的供水設(shè)施，以及大量的水造成浪費(fèi)。使用節(jié)水型設(shè)備來取代這些設(shè)施可以節(jié)省大量的水。舉例來說，用在淋浴間和浴室的水是不同的。一個單一的淋浴頭使用70升左右的水，而用浴缸洗澡大約使用150升。此外，當(dāng)前在臺灣房屋的建筑設(shè)計(jì)往往設(shè)計(jì)兩套浴缸和廁所，不少家庭都有自己的按摩浴缸。要使這種情況得以改善，只有通過淘汰浴缸和更換他們的淋浴噴頭，以節(jié)約更多的水?，F(xiàn)在在臺灣普遍使用節(jié)水型設(shè)備包括新型水龍頭，節(jié)水型

73、廁所，多次使用水的壁櫥，節(jié)水型淋浴噴頭，自動傳感器沖廁裝置系統(tǒng)等。這些節(jié)水設(shè)備不僅用于房屋，而且還可用在其他類型的建筑物。如公共建筑物，特別是要帶頭使用節(jié)水型設(shè)備的公共建筑。</p><p>　　2.2.2 、建立一個雨水儲存供水設(shè)備</p><p>　　雨水儲存供水設(shè)備儲存雨水是利用自然地貌或人為制造的設(shè)備，利用簡單的水凈化程序，就可以供給用戶使用。雨水不僅可以用來替代淡水供應(yīng)，而且可以

74、作為消防用水。它的使用可以減少雨水的高峰期對城市的負(fù)荷。在臺灣平均每年降雨量是約2500毫米，幾乎高于全球平均水平的三倍。然而，由于地域限制，我們無法建立足夠的水存儲設(shè)備，如水壩，以保存所有雨水。很可惜的是，在臺灣每年約80 ％的雨水被浪費(fèi)，沒有被保存和儲存，直接流入海中。雨水儲存供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)被作為雨水收集系統(tǒng)，水處置系統(tǒng)，蓄水系統(tǒng)和供水系統(tǒng)。首先，它作為雨水收集系統(tǒng)用來收集雨水。然后，水流通過管道流向水處理系統(tǒng)，之前被送到水的存儲系統(tǒng)。最

75、后，它通過另外的管道送到用戶的設(shè)施。在建筑物屋頂上留下的雨水，可以流向地下蓄水槽。這被認(rèn)為是一種收集雨水的有效手段。雨水經(jīng)過簡單處理，可用于雜務(wù)，如內(nèi)務(wù)清潔，清洗地板，安裝空調(diào)或澆灌植物。</p><p>　　2.2.3 、建立中水系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　中水是從城市收集的雨水，并包括已處理完畢的再造廢水，并可以在一定范圍內(nèi)反復(fù)使用，但不可飲用或與人接觸。沖廁所消耗的中水占所有中水的35

76、 ％ 。如果每個人使用中水沖洗馬桶，大量飲用水可以有效地節(jié)約。建議在一個大的區(qū)域建立大型中級中水系統(tǒng)設(shè)備。每個中水系統(tǒng)的設(shè)備可以從附近的政府建筑物，學(xué)校，住宅，酒店，和其他建筑物收集，處理和回收一定數(shù)量的廢水。所得到的水可用于沖洗廁所，清洗車輛，灌溉植物及清洗街道，或?yàn)榛▓@使用，并補(bǔ)充河流或湖泊的水。一個小規(guī)模的中水系統(tǒng)從日常使用生活污水的收集廢水，然后，通過適當(dāng)?shù)乃幚磉^程，改善水質(zhì)到一定程度，最后成為可以重復(fù)使用的非飲用水。有很多的

77、地方使用中水。它可用于衛(wèi)生目的，如公共噴泉，花園的灌溉設(shè)備和清洗街道。相比雨水利用系統(tǒng)，為了回收高污染廢水，成本較高，因?yàn)樾枰O(shè)立相關(guān)的水處理設(shè)備，因而處理費(fèi)用更加昂貴，并且產(chǎn)生較少的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。除了設(shè)置在一定區(qū)域的中水系統(tǒng)，如果我們又在這些大型社區(qū)或大型建筑工程建立中水系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展計(jì)劃，那就一定能有效地節(jié)約更多的水資源，而且積極的為整個國家改善環(huán)境作出貢獻(xiàn)。</p><p>　　4 、回收雨水的評價方法</p

78、><p>　　因?yàn)樗M(fèi)低和水處理設(shè)備成本高，回收雨水和中水系統(tǒng)還不能產(chǎn)生很好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。然而，回收雨水系統(tǒng)比重誰更容易實(shí)施。在這里引入一種評估回收雨水的方法回收雨水的消耗占消耗水總量的比值。</p><p>　　4.1 、計(jì)算的基礎(chǔ)上回收雨水</p><p>　　設(shè)計(jì)一個循環(huán)回收雨水系統(tǒng)，首先要確定雨水的數(shù)量和需求，這將決定雨水收集裝置區(qū)和儲罐數(shù)量。雨水的數(shù)量其實(shí)由一個

79、簡單的方程式和收集降水裝置區(qū)域決定。不過，降水不能均勻的分布在所有的日子和地點(diǎn)。特別是，降雨通常是集中在某些季節(jié)和地點(diǎn)。因此，臨界點(diǎn)評價是估計(jì)和評估氣象降水。氣象紀(jì)錄通常包括每年，每月，每日和每小時降水。每年及每月的降水只適合粗略的估計(jì)和評估。然而，這種近似結(jié)果帶來的問題是確定該地區(qū)的雨水收集裝置和大量的儲罐。因此，最常見的考慮是每日降水。每小時降水理論上可以支持更準(zhǔn)確地評估。然而，由于更多參數(shù)和計(jì)算數(shù)據(jù)的增加，使過程復(fù)雜和計(jì)算時間長，

80、導(dǎo)致效率低下。在這里，每個建筑物的雨水系統(tǒng)是通過每天的降水來估計(jì)。[ 4,7 ] 。</p><p>　　4.3、案例研究與分析</p><p>　　以下為上述的指導(dǎo)建筑，一所小學(xué)采取雨水利用系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)就是采用仿真和驗(yàn)證評估結(jié)果的例子。在臺北市有一個建筑面積1260平方米和總樓面面積6960平方米的多學(xué)科教學(xué)樓。大約屋面建筑面積的80 ％作為雨水收集面積約為1008平方米。雨水是用來作為中

81、水用在洗手間，每天利用約為20立方米，其流量系數(shù)（ y ）是0.9 。一組典型的氣象積累作為一個數(shù)據(jù)庫在臺北在1992年獲得通過。在使用仿真以前，雨水蓄洪池作為一個初始條件。在這里，四個儲水罐被認(rèn)為模擬雨水的利用-——15 ， 25 ， 50 ， 100立方米。結(jié)果表明，增加蓄水池容積，減少流量，可增加雨水利用。一個50立方米的儲罐雨水收集量與可利用的雨水量最接近。因此，這一儲罐取得足夠的容量。當(dāng)儲罐的容量是100立方米時，使用率幾乎是

82、100 ％，溢流量幾乎為零。盡管這一結(jié)果有利于得到利用，但如果容積大可能會占據(jù)很大的空間，從而對建設(shè)規(guī)劃產(chǎn)生不利影響。因此，設(shè)計(jì)的原則是必須平衡所有這些因素。例子中樓房有六層，屋頂面積相比總樓面面積很少。每年壁櫥消費(fèi)的水接近7280立方米，但每年最多收集雨水2136立方米。因此，大量補(bǔ)充自來水是必需的。這一結(jié)果也導(dǎo)致</p><p>　　從雨水和自來水利用率來評價雨水儲罐的效率。由于降水量和雨量分布不同因而產(chǎn)生了

83、不同的結(jié)果。圖5和圖6 的結(jié)果說明，，雨水利用率和效率是不同的。從1985年到1994年模擬運(yùn)行這一個時期，儲罐包括四個不同的容量。當(dāng)雨水儲罐容量是50立方米時，雨水的使用率超過80 ％ ，約25 ％的來自自來水。使用此方法和評估程序，在建筑設(shè)計(jì)才能確定雨水利用系統(tǒng)中雨水儲罐的容積和性能。</p><p>　　在公式的水利用指數(shù)， C在循環(huán)回收水消費(fèi)量雨水消費(fèi)總量比值計(jì)算中，一些中水或雨水的回收設(shè)備是一個特殊的比

84、重。因此，這個評估程序， C可以作為近似價值水利用指數(shù)。 </p><p>　　5 、綠色建筑的標(biāo)志和政策</p><p>　　在日本所謂的“綠色建筑”是 “與環(huán)境和諧的建筑”， 在歐洲成為“生態(tài)建筑”或“可持續(xù)發(fā)展建筑”，而在北美國家稱為“綠色建筑”。許多時髦的術(shù)語如“綠色消費(fèi)” ， “綠色生活” ， “綠色照明”已被廣泛采用。目前在臺灣， “綠色”已被作為環(huán)境保護(hù)一種象征。建設(shè)部行政院

85、已決定采取“綠色建筑” 計(jì)劃，標(biāo)志在臺灣生態(tài)和環(huán)境保護(hù)好的建筑。</p><p><b>　　5.1 、評價原則</b></p><p>　　綠色建筑是一個普遍的和有系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)方法的可持續(xù)發(fā)展建筑。這個評價體系是基于以下原則：</p><p>　?。?1 ）評價指標(biāo)應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確反映環(huán)保因素，如材料，水，土地和氣候。 （ 2 ）評價指標(biāo)應(yīng)包括規(guī)范的科

86、學(xué)的量化評價。</p><p>　?。?3 ）評價指標(biāo)不應(yīng)包括太多的指標(biāo)，一些類似的質(zhì)量指標(biāo)應(yīng)結(jié)合起來。</p><p>　?。?4 ）評價指標(biāo)應(yīng)與實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)一致并且容易讓人理解。（ 5 ）評價指標(biāo)不應(yīng)涉及社會科學(xué)的評價。</p><p>　　（ 6 ）評價指標(biāo)應(yīng)適用于臺灣的熱帶氣候，。</p><p>　　（ 7 ）評價指標(biāo)應(yīng)適用于評價社區(qū)

87、或聚集的建筑。（ 8 ）評價指標(biāo)應(yīng)在預(yù)先設(shè)計(jì)階段取得預(yù)期的結(jié)果。</p><p>　　根據(jù)這些原則，表4所示七指標(biāo)體系是臺灣當(dāng)前綠色建筑評價體系。通過動態(tài)的“地球的資源投入”和“廢物輸出”，從理論上評估建筑物對環(huán)境的影響。實(shí)際上，在臺灣定義綠色建筑是“消耗最少地球資源，并創(chuàng)造最少建筑廢料” 。在國際上，每個國家都有不同的方式評價綠色建筑。這個系統(tǒng)提供的基本評價是“低環(huán)境影響” 。更高層次的問題，例如生物多樣性，

88、衛(wèi)生和舒適和社會意識將不會進(jìn)行評估。這個系統(tǒng)提供了基本的，實(shí)用性和可控環(huán)境的保護(hù)工具，以便政府緊急制定保護(hù)施工環(huán)境的政策。 “綠色建筑”標(biāo)志設(shè)置是為了獎勵綠色建筑設(shè)計(jì)，并鼓勵政府和私營部門要注意綠色建筑的發(fā)展。圖、七是在臺灣綠色建筑的標(biāo)識[ 6,8 ] 。</p><p>　　5.2 、節(jié)約用水措施</p><p>　　本文的重點(diǎn)是在綠色建筑評價體系中節(jié)約用水指數(shù)。節(jié)約用水評價制度通過建立

89、設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)來達(dá)到節(jié)約水資源的目的。這個評價指標(biāo)包含了在預(yù)先設(shè)計(jì)階段進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的科學(xué)量化，以取得預(yù)想的結(jié)果。在研究的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行評價，在臺灣幾乎是適用的。使用節(jié)水型設(shè)備是最有效的方法節(jié)水;采用兩套節(jié)水型廁所和沒有浴缸的節(jié)水型淋浴設(shè)備特別有效的。各種其他類型的中水和雨水回收再利用的設(shè)備也進(jìn)行評估。特別是，雨水利用系統(tǒng)在建筑設(shè)計(jì)中讓人感到鼓舞。當(dāng)作為綠色建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的候選工程時，必須介紹循環(huán)用水系統(tǒng)或雨水利用系統(tǒng)，申請人應(yīng)向有關(guān)的委員會提出適當(dāng)?shù)挠?jì)算

90、報(bào)告，以核實(shí)其節(jié)水效率。這一方針，在臺灣實(shí)際上似乎是一個為達(dá)到綠色建筑目標(biāo)合理的政策。 一個新的建筑可以輕松地達(dá)到上述水利用指數(shù)。這個評價體系，旨在鼓勵人們以節(jié)省更多的水，即使在現(xiàn)有的建筑物中。所有這等于說，政府的大型建設(shè)項(xiàng)目作為一個例子要帶頭在社會使用這種節(jié)水型設(shè)備。</p><p><b>　　6 、結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　本文介紹了綠色建筑計(jì)

91、劃，并提出了節(jié)水指數(shù)并進(jìn)行規(guī)范化、科學(xué)化和量化。這個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的科學(xué)量化的評價指標(biāo)可用于預(yù)先設(shè)計(jì)階段，以取得預(yù)期的結(jié)果。這項(xiàng)措施的評價指標(biāo)也是基于臺灣現(xiàn)實(shí)的和適用的必要研究。綠色建筑實(shí)際的節(jié)水率（WR）應(yīng)< 0.8 ，和AR型節(jié)水型設(shè)備應(yīng)高于0.8 。因此，合格的綠色建筑項(xiàng)目應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)水率達(dá)20 ％以上。這個可持續(xù)的政策計(jì)劃的主要目標(biāo)是，不僅在節(jié)約水資源，但也減少在地球上對環(huán)境的影響。 綠色建筑標(biāo)簽從1999年9月1日開始實(shí)施