外文翻譯--中國對外投資和經(jīng)濟關(guān)系與波羅的海地區(qū)國家

1、<p>　　2180單詞,10800英文字符，3460漢字</p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</p><p>　　外文題目： Chinese Foreign Investments and Economic Relations with the Baltic Sea Region Countries <

2、;/p><p>　　出 處： Electronic Publications of Pan-European Institute </p><p>　　作 者： Laura Barauskaite </p><p>　　Chinese Foreign Investments a

3、nd Economic Relations</p><p>　　with the Baltic Sea Region Countries</p><p>　　一、Introduction</p><p>　　Nowadays China is one of the fastest growing countries in the world and especial

4、ly for this reason it demands more studies and various researches than ever before. In addition, investments to and from the country are growing as well, for instance at these days China is known as one of the leading fo

5、reign direct investment (FDI) recipients in the world and as country with growing interest for other countries’ markets. This is also due to China's economic, trade and investment climate, which have </p><

6、p>　　Before going in detail in describing Chinese and the Baltic Sea Region investments and economic relations, it is worth to discuss shortly the definition of FDI, its calculations and influence for a country’s econo

7、my. This literature review could be found in the second part of report.</p><p>　　As it was mentioned before, during the recent years China has been one of the fastest growing countries in the world and if on

8、e compares the growth in the world economy versus China's economy, it's quite remarkable how much China's share has increased. Due to this it is worth to compare China’s main economic indicators with those of

9、 the world and this is done in the third part of report. China plays an important role in the world economy and the country’s outward FDI has recently started to attr</p><p>　　二、A Literature Review of FDI De

10、finition</p><p>　?。ㄒ唬〧DI in the Global Economy</p><p>　　Foreign direct investment (FDI) is the name given to the process where a firm from country provides capital to an existing or newly-create

11、d firm in another country. For instance, a foreign firm may decide to set-up production in Finland and by so doing will be engaging in the process known as FDI. Over the last years the level of FDI in the world has risen

12、 rapidly .</p><p>　　During the period from 2000 to 2007 total FDI flow in the world increased around 22%, that means from 1,4 trillion US dollars in 2000 to more than 1,8 trillion US dollars in 2007. In addi

13、tion, from 2000 to 2003 it was significant decrease in global FDI flow, which dropped more than two times - from 1,4 trillion in 2000 to around 0,6 trillion in 2003. Nevertheless, from 2003 to 2007 it rose and reached, a

14、s it was mentioned before, more than 1,8 trillion US dollars. This significant increase shows</p><p>　?。ǘ〤alculation and Main Determinants of FDI </p><p>　　The OECD recommended procedure for ca

15、lculating FDI flows is given in Figure 2. It is calculated as the sum of four components: retained earnings, equity capital, intra-company loans and intra-company borrowing. Retained earnings are profits generated and k

16、ept by the overseas enterprise. These are classified as FDI, despite there is no cross-border transfer of capital, as the investor has the choice of either taking the retained earnings made by the overseas enterprise t

17、o their home country or</p><p>　　Jones and Wren (2006) in their book provide following local determinants of FDI: market size and growth, labor market, macroeconomic policy, inward investment policy, infrast

18、ructure, industrialization, pre-existing FDI and information. </p><p>　　To be more precise, the size of market is argued to have a positive effect on FDI location, this means that a large market attracts fi

19、rms more that smaller ones. The </p><p>　　same is with the growth of market – the bigger growth of market is declared the more </p><p>　　attractive it is for the FDI. Labor market also has signi

20、ficant impact on FDI – the bigger availability of labor is expected in the market, the bigger rage of choice has investor for its labor force. Moreover, when having analyses of labor market it also necessary take into co

21、nsideration such factors as the cost of labor and productivity. Talking about macroeconomics determinants it is usually are described such factors as taxes, various tariffs and exchange rate. Taxes and tariffs have neg

22、ati</p><p>　　inducement is grants, which seems to play a substantial role in the international </p><p>　　competition for FDI. </p><p>　　Infrastructure includes such indicators as t

23、ransport and communication networks in area or region, which improves the distribution of goods and services and the ability to recruit labor and to communicate with supplier and purchasers. The level of </p><

24、p>　　industrialization is expected to be associated with a high level of FDI, since country or region that is highly industrialized will have a large number of firms, potentially </p><p>　　increasing the p

25、ossibility of beneficial spillovers. Pre-existing FDI is understood as if an area that has attracted imports may be susceptible to FDI, as foreign firms will have gained a foothold in this economy and have information on

26、 its customs and potential. </p><p>　　Finally, the last determinant mentioned above was information, which has positive effect on FDI, this means that more information about area is available the more attra

27、ctive for foreign investor it is. (Jones and Wren, 2006) </p><p>　?。ㄈ〢dvantages and Disadvantages of FDI </p><p>　　Various advantages and disadvantage could be found of FDI, thus it is worth to

28、 discuss both. One of the main advantages could be kept technology, knowledge and additional funding source, which are placed to the host country. Given this, it is not surprising that FDI is highly valued, and that the

29、economic development agencies spend substantial sums in attracting them. The benefits are not only the direct investment, employment and output of these plants, with resulting income flows, but MNEs are</p><p&

30、gt;　　On the other hand there are also negative effects of FDI for the host economy. The disadvantages of FDI occur mostly in case of matters related to operation, distribution of the profits made on the investment and th

31、e personnel. One of the most indirect disadvantages of FDI is that the economically backward section of the host country is always inconvenienced when the stream of FDI is negatively affected. Moreover, the various disad

32、vantages of FDI are understood where the host country has some so</p><p>　　三、Chinese Role in the Global Economy</p><p>　　China's increasing prominence in the world economy has caught a lot o

33、f attention as well as its global trade. Nevertheless, if you compare the growth in the world trade versus China's trade, it's quite remarkable how much China's share has increased. Thus for these reasons it

34、is worth to pay attention to this country more than before. This part of report will focus on the main China’s demographic and economic indicators in comparison with the world ones.</p><p>　　As it could be s

35、een from Table 1 China plays really very important role in the world’s economy. In 2007 China had around 20% of the world population and stays first in the world according to this number. Labor force percentage is high a

36、s well which means that this country has a quarter of the world’s total labor force. </p><p>　　Further, China's share of the world's GDP rose to 6% at the end of 2007 (Table 1), compared with just 1,

37、8% in 1978 when its reform and opening-up began (NBS). This fast economic growth over the last 30 years had lifted China's GDP ranking in the world from tenth in 1978 to fourth in 2007 after the United States, Japan

38、 and Germany. Further, China’s GDP was more than 3 trillion US dollars in 2007, what is about 24% of USA’s, 75% of Japan's and 99,5% of Germany's GDP (China Daily, 2008). According</p><p>　　Added to

39、information mentioned above, GDP growth rate in 2007 was 11,4% </p><p>　　comparing with the world GDP growth rate which was 3,8%. Nevertheless, in 2008 the global economic crisis began to reduce China's

40、growth rate as well, thus especially for this reason China’s GDP growth rate in 2008 reached 9%. According to official China’s news, 9% rate was the lowest since 2001, when an annual rate of 8,3% was recorded, and it was

41、 the first time China's GDP growth fell into the single-digit range since 2003. Talking about 2009, it was reported recently that the Organization for</p><p><b>　　譯 文：</b></p><p&

42、gt;　　中國對外投資和經(jīng)濟關(guān)系與波羅的海地區(qū)國家</p><p><b>　　一、簡介</b></p><p>　　現(xiàn)在中國是世界上發(fā)展最快的國家，尤其是這個原因，它需要更多的研究，比以往的研究不同。在此外，投資到以及來自這個國家的投資也在增長，比如最近中國已經(jīng)被認(rèn)為是世界上領(lǐng)先的外資投資（FDI）接收國，以及對其他國家市場有著持續(xù)增長的興趣。這也是由于中國在198

43、7年以后發(fā)生巨大邊或和改革開放后的經(jīng)濟，貿(mào)易和投資環(huán)境，以及2001年加入世界貿(mào)易組織。此外，在談到中國在其他國家的投資，可以說，這一研究的目的主要是探討中國與波羅的海地區(qū)的投資和經(jīng)濟關(guān)系。</p><p>　　在描述中國和波羅地海地區(qū)的投資和經(jīng)濟關(guān)系的細節(jié)之前，很值得討論一下FDI的定義，它的預(yù)測和對一個國家經(jīng)濟的影響。本文獻回顧中可以在報告的第二部分中找到。</p><p>　　如之前

44、提到的，在最近幾年里中國已經(jīng)成為發(fā)展最快的國家之一，如果有人比較一下世界經(jīng)濟增長和中國經(jīng)濟增長，中國的市場份額增加了多少將會是非常顯著的。由于比較中國和世界的主要經(jīng)濟指標(biāo)是值得的，在報告的第三部分中有提到。中國站世界經(jīng)濟上扮演了一個重要角色，它的國家對外FDI最近開始吸引更多的關(guān)注和各種討論?；谶@些原因，應(yīng)該對中國在波羅的海地區(qū)的FDI進行分析。波羅的海地區(qū)包括十個國家：丹麥，愛沙尼亞，芬蘭，德國，拉脫維亞，立陶宛，挪威，波蘭，俄羅斯

45、和瑞典。在這個報告的第四部分中的重點將放在對波羅的海國家的主要經(jīng)濟指標(biāo)，然后是關(guān)于中國與這些國家的貿(mào)易。這應(yīng)有助于增進對所有的波羅的海國家以及與中國有關(guān)的貿(mào)易關(guān)系的知識。最后，第五部分的報告將包括描述中國的FDI，并與每個單獨的BSR國家的經(jīng)濟關(guān)系。</p><p>　　二、FDI定義的文獻回顧</p><p>　　（一）全球經(jīng)濟中的FDI</p><p>　　外國

46、直接投資（FDI）的含義是一個國家的企業(yè)提供資金到另外一個國家的現(xiàn)存或新建公司的過程。例如，一個外國企業(yè)可能決定到芬蘭建設(shè)生產(chǎn)，然后在這樣參與的過程就被稱之為FDI。在過去幾年里，世界FDI水平一直在迅速上升。</p><p>　　在2000至20007年間，世界FDI流量增加了大約22%，這意味這2000年1.4萬億美元，到2007年超過1.8萬億美元。此外，2000至2003年全球FDI流量明顯減少，從200

47、0年的1.4萬億到2003年的0.6萬億美元，跌落超過2倍。然而，2003至2007年則上升到之前提到過的，超過1.8萬億美元。這顯著增加，表明外國直接投資在整個世界的重要性以及在發(fā)展中國家和轉(zhuǎn)型，其中也有外國直接投資流量在上述期間巨大的經(jīng)濟和經(jīng)濟增長。這意味著，外國投資的流動應(yīng)經(jīng)常考慮通過利用世界經(jīng)濟的金融分析。這種顯著的增長，表明FDI在整個世界以及那些在上面提到的時期內(nèi)同樣有著巨大FDI流量增長的發(fā)展中國家和經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型國家的重要性。

48、這意味著，外國投資的流動決策應(yīng)經(jīng)常考慮通過對世界經(jīng)濟的金融分析來進行。</p><p>　　（二）FDI的計算和主要決定因素</p><p>　　經(jīng)合組織的關(guān)于FDI流量計算的推薦過程中圖2中可看的。這是通過四個組成部分的綜合來計算的：留存收益，股權(quán)資本，公司內(nèi)部貸款和公司內(nèi)部借款。留存收益由海外企業(yè)產(chǎn)生和留存。這些都被歸類為FDI，盡管沒有資本的跨境轉(zhuǎn)移，由于投資者可以選擇把海外企業(yè)產(chǎn)生

49、的留存收益帶回他們的本國或在投資到企業(yè)。</p><p>　　在他們的著作中提供了以下幾點FDI決定因素：市場規(guī)模和增長，勞動力市場，宏觀經(jīng)濟政策，外來投資政策，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，產(chǎn)業(yè)化，預(yù)先存在的FDI和信息。為了更加精確，市場規(guī)模對FDI來講處于積極影響的位置，這意味著大的市場能比小市場吸引更多的企業(yè)。對于市場的發(fā)展來說也是一樣的-市場更大的增長就意味著它對FDI有著更大的吸引力。勞動力市場也對FDI有著明顯的影響-

50、市場上預(yù)期勞動力供應(yīng)越多，投資者的選擇范圍也就越廣。此外，當(dāng)進行勞動市場分析的同時，也必須考慮到勞動力的生產(chǎn)效率和成本等因素。談到宏觀經(jīng)濟因素時，通常是指稅，各種關(guān)稅和匯率等。稅收和關(guān)稅對FDI有著負(fù)面影響，這意味著更高的稅收和更大范圍的關(guān)稅會降低市場的FDI。除了一般的宏觀經(jīng)濟政策和勞動力市場的監(jiān)管，政府及其機構(gòu)可以使用其他手段來吸引FDI，或其它金融或非金融性質(zhì)投資。此外，一個關(guān)鍵的誘因是贊助，這似乎是在國際FDI競爭中扮演一個替代

51、角色。</p><p>　　基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施包括地區(qū)或區(qū)域的交通和通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)等指標(biāo)，這提高了商品和服務(wù)的分布和招募勞動力的能力，并提供了供應(yīng)商和賣家的溝通平臺。工業(yè)水平預(yù)期和高水平的FDI有著緊密聯(lián)系，因為一個國家或地區(qū)的高度工業(yè)化會產(chǎn)生大量的企業(yè)，這潛在地增加了收益外溢的可能性。預(yù)先存在FDI被理解為，如果一個地區(qū)已進口可能受到吸引的FDI，比如外國公司將獲得這個經(jīng)濟的立足點，并已經(jīng)擁有當(dāng)?shù)睾ｊP(guān)和潛力的信息。</p

52、><p>　　最好，上述提到?jīng)Q定性因素是對FDI有著積極作用的信息，這意味著有關(guān)地區(qū)提供的信息越多，對外國投資者的吸引力越大。</p><p>　?。ㄈ〧DI的優(yōu)缺點</p><p>　　FDI有著各種優(yōu)點和缺點，因此它是值得討論的。其中的一個主要優(yōu)點是，最新的技術(shù)，知識和額外資金來源，這些都是放在被投資國家的。鑒于此，F(xiàn)DI的高度重視就并不奇怪了，而且經(jīng)濟發(fā)展機構(gòu)在

53、吸引它們上花了大量的資金。其收益不僅僅是直接投資，就業(yè)和本地物資的輸出，還有因此獲得的收入流，但跨國企業(yè)被認(rèn)為是有其它收益，通常會把收益以“外溢”的形式轉(zhuǎn)移到本土公司。外溢有兩種類型，不是產(chǎn)量就是市場準(zhǔn)入外溢。更加精確地來說，當(dāng)跨國公司進入當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟時，同時也增加了當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)的產(chǎn)值。市場準(zhǔn)入外溢是當(dāng)國內(nèi)企業(yè)能夠得到相關(guān)國外企業(yè)參與的市場知識時，比如分銷網(wǎng)絡(luò)或出口市場，并把這些信息用于他們自身的優(yōu)勢中。</p><p>

54、;　　在另外一方面，當(dāng)?shù)貒乙灿袑DI有負(fù)面作用。FDI的缺點主要表現(xiàn)在相關(guān)的操作，投資的利潤分配和人員。其中一個最直接的缺點是，當(dāng)FDI被負(fù)面影響時，經(jīng)濟落后的當(dāng)?shù)貒铱偸菐聿槐恪４送?，F(xiàn)DI的種種缺點也是可以理解的，當(dāng)?shù)貒矣心承﹪覚C密，這是注定不會被披露給世界各地的。已經(jīng)被觀察到的是，一個國家的國防已經(jīng)由于在該國的FDI而面臨風(fēng)險。經(jīng)常看到的是，某些并不為接收國工人所贊賞的外交政策被通過。投資者 和當(dāng)?shù)貒业恼Z言和文化差異也

55、同樣能對FDI制造問題。然而，F(xiàn)DI的另外一個主要缺點是，一個公司可能會有失去它的擁有權(quán)，而有機會被海外公司所擁有。這往往造成很多公司對引進FDI產(chǎn)生一定的疑慮。有時它被認(rèn)為這一個特定地理區(qū)域有相當(dāng)大的不穩(wěn)定性。這對投資這產(chǎn)生了很多不便。</p><p>　　三、中國在全球經(jīng)濟中的角色</p><p>　　中國的日益突出，在世界經(jīng)濟以及它的全球貿(mào)易中已經(jīng)引起了許多關(guān)注。不過，如果你比較世界

56、貿(mào)易和中國貿(mào)易的增長，會發(fā)現(xiàn)中國的市場份額增加是相當(dāng)顯著的。由于這些原因，對這個國家比以前更加關(guān)注是值得的。報告的這個部分將集中在中國主要的人口和經(jīng)濟指標(biāo)與世界其他國家的比較。</p><p>　　中國在世界經(jīng)濟中確實扮演著非常重要的角色。2007年，中國擁有大約占全世界20%的人口，是世界占比最高的。勞動力的比例很高，這意味著這個國家擁有全世界四分之一的勞動力。此外，到2007年底，中國在世界GDP總量的份額上

57、升到6%，而1987年改革開放時只有1.8%。在過去30年的經(jīng)濟快速增長，中國的GPD世界排名已經(jīng)從1978年的第十，上升到2007年的第四，僅次于美國，日本和德國。此外，中國2007的GDP超過3萬億美元，大約是美國的24%，日本的75%，德國的99.5%。據(jù)中國統(tǒng)計局稱，過去的30年無論是國力還是世界影響力都有重大變化，這要感謝改革開放政策。中國1979年至2007年的GDP增長率是9.8%，比1953年到1978的6.1%要高。在

58、過去30年里，經(jīng)濟增長率同樣比世界平均水平要高很多，并比日本和韓國在他們經(jīng)濟起飛時期的增長率分別是9.2%和8.5%還要稍高。還有一個要比上述增加的消息是，相比較世界GDP增長率的3.8%，2007年GDP增長率是11.4%。然而，在2008年經(jīng)濟危機也開始降低中國的增長率，正是由于這個原因，中國2008年的GDP增長率降到了9%。根據(jù)中國</p><p>　　此外，中國試圖加速其全球化過程，特別是2001年加入