外文翻譯----企業(yè)家與企業(yè)家精神概述

1、<p><b>　　附錄1</b></p><p>　　The entrepreneur and the entrepreneurial spirit outlines</p><p>　　First, Entrepreneur's definition</p><p>　　May divide into 4 kinds re

2、garding entrepreneur's definition and the description: </p><p>　　(1)System economical school of thought “technical structure social stratum”; he system economical school of thought embarks from “the tech

3、nical determinism”, the system economical school of thought embarks from “the technical determinism”, thought “the most important element of production” the decision society power forward and the social system evolution,

4、 in the feudal period most important productive forces essential factor is “the land”, in the capitalism time most important productive forces</p><p>　　(2)Schumpeter “the innovation function said”; in 1942 “

5、father of the innovation principle economic” the American nationality Austria economist bear bit in "Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy", caused “the entrepreneur” this unique productive forces essential facto

6、r to become the most important essential factor. The bear bit pointed out that, the so-called innovation is the entrepreneur the control which to the new product, the new market, the new production method, the new organi

7、zation's develo</p><p>　　(3)Caisson “the entrepreneur judges (Entrepreneurial judgments) to say”; Caisson (Casson.Mark) to entrepreneur and entrepreneur function limits.Casson believed that, entrepreneur

8、's function is the entrepreneur judges (Entrepreneurial judgments), the entrepreneur is specially the human who makes the judgment for the scarce resources coordination. In the entrepreneur function, besides affirmed

9、 Schumpeter “the innovation function”, proposed: 1st, arbitrage function; 2nd, creates the market the func</p><p>　　(4)In our country practical life entrepreneur definition, is Manager (Manager) regards as o

10、perator like factory manager entrepreneur (Entrepreneur).If the Chinese business owners state-owned enterprise's reform course, discovered the state-owned enterprise operator's choice used to appoint, enterprise

11、systems and so on the appointment, contract, has not had the satisfying effect. Our country scholars thought Chinese Enterprise is radically “the entrepreneur vacancy”, the operator only is “the na</p><p>　　

12、Second, the entrepreneurial spirit definition</p><p>　　In this terminology connotation analyzes from “the entrepreneurial spirit”, the spirit first is one energetic quality, “the spirit first is one thought

13、form, is ideology which one kind of actuation wisdom exercises the mind,” but “the spirit is incompletely indicated merely individual consciousness condition or the process psychology, the subjective concept, the spirit

14、is opposite in consciousness, it as if should be is abstract to the consciousness one kind of value.” The entrepreneurial spirit</p><p>　　In the people daily economic society life, the entrepreneurial spirit

15、 is symbolizing one kind individual talent which differentiates obviously with the average person, but how much height manifests not merely for the actual wealth or status, this kind of talent enables the entrepreneur na

16、turally to become the main undertaker who the social welfare promotes the responsibility, becomes the impetus economy development and the system vicissitude formidable power. The entrepreneur is the enterprise p</p>

17、;<p><b>　　附錄2</b></p><p>　　企業(yè)家與企業(yè)家精神概述</p><p><b>　　第一、企業(yè)家的定義</b></p><p>　　對于企業(yè)家的定義和描述可以分成4種：</p><p>　?。?）制度經(jīng)濟學(xué)派的“技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)階層”；制度經(jīng)濟學(xué)派從“技術(shù)決定論”出發(fā)

18、，制度經(jīng)濟學(xué)派從“技術(shù)決定論”出發(fā)，認為“最重要的生產(chǎn)要素”決定社會權(quán)力轉(zhuǎn)移和社會制度演進，在封建時代的最重要的生產(chǎn)力要素是“土地”，在資本主義時代最重要的生產(chǎn)力要素是“資本”，當(dāng)儲蓄超過投資時，資本的決定力下降，步入后資本主義時代（現(xiàn)代資本主義），最重要的生產(chǎn)力要素變成“專門知識以及與之相適應(yīng)的組織形式”，理論知識成為社會核心，成為決策的依靠，這時權(quán)力也從資本家轉(zhuǎn)向“技術(shù)階層”，技術(shù)階層是指科技人員、管理階層。美國經(jīng)濟學(xué)家小阿爾佛雷德

19、·錢得勒稱這是“經(jīng)理革命”；1973年，美國經(jīng)濟學(xué)家道格拉斯·諾斯研究從公元900-1700的西方經(jīng)濟史，提出制度的產(chǎn)生是源于交易成本的節(jié)約，企業(yè)制度的設(shè)計成為經(jīng)濟學(xué)界的焦點。同一時期，科斯的《企業(yè)的性質(zhì)》使我們可以從產(chǎn)權(quán)決定角度研究企業(yè)和企業(yè)家，近年來我國國企改革目標就是建立現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度，希望從產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系下解決企業(yè)經(jīng)營者的激勵、約束、監(jiān)督等問題；根據(jù)產(chǎn)權(quán)理論經(jīng)營權(quán)與所有權(quán)分離，產(chǎn)生委托代理關(guān)系，企業(yè)家的角色就是資產(chǎn)的

20、代理人，擁有企業(yè)法人財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)；“企業(yè)家”這個詞16世紀出現(xiàn)在法語中，</p><p>　　第二、企業(yè)家精神定義</p><p>　　首先，從“企業(yè)家精神”這個術(shù)語的內(nèi)涵上分析，精神首先是一種精神品質(zhì)，“精神首先是一種思想形式，是一種驅(qū)動智慧運思的意識形態(tài)，”但“精神不完全是僅僅表明個人意識狀況或過程的心理的、主觀的概念，精神相對于意識，它似乎應(yīng)該是對意識的一種價值抽象?！逼髽I(yè)家精神也是表

21、明企業(yè)家這個特殊群體的所具有的共同特征，是他們所具有的獨特的個人素質(zhì)、價值取向以及思維模式的抽象表達，是對企業(yè)家理性和非理性邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)的一種超越、升華。企業(yè)家群體獨有的顯著的精神特征就和其他群體特征區(qū)別開來，人們?nèi)粘Ｒ舶阉醋魇浅晒Φ钠髽I(yè)家個人內(nèi)在的經(jīng)營意識、理念、膽魄和魅力，并以此標尺可以識別、挑選和任用企業(yè)家。</p><p>　　企業(yè)家精神是一個非常廣義的概念，包含著非常豐富的內(nèi)容，很難對它下一個標準的、永恒

22、的定義。從狹義上來講，企業(yè)家精神（Entrepreneurship）是企業(yè)家這個特殊群體在長期的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營管理活動中形成的，以企業(yè)家自身特有的個人素質(zhì)為基礎(chǔ)，以創(chuàng)新精神為核心的，以風(fēng)險承載精神為標志的一種綜合性的精神品質(zhì)。</p><p>　　在人們?nèi)粘＝?jīng)濟社會生活中，企業(yè)家精神象征著一種與普通人明顯區(qū)分的個人稟賦，而不僅僅體現(xiàn)為實際財富或地位的多寡高低，這種稟賦使得企業(yè)家自然成為社會福利增進責(zé)任的主要承擔(dān)者，成為