外文翻譯----基于產(chǎn)業(yè)集群系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)新發(fā)展

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）譯文原文</p><p>　　系 部： 經(jīng)濟(jì)管理系 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 工商管理（會(huì) 計(jì) 學(xué)） </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)： 0742821135 </p><p>　　姓 名：

2、 </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師： </p><p>　　2011年04月20日</p><p>　　INNOVATION SYSTEM-BASED INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER IN INDONE

3、SIA AND SOME ASIAN COUNTRIES</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　This paper is described industrials development and their policies in Indonesia. Beside that, this study analyze indust

4、rial cluster development which is conducted by using innovation system approach and is made comparison it with some countries in Asia. This study shows that the industrial cluster is designed to be an agglomeration based

5、 on the network of the raw material for production, financing institutions, well provided human resources, and other economics infrastructure. There is lack of i</p><p>　　Keywords: cluster-based industrial d

6、evelopment, innovation system approach, Indonesian Industrial policy</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　Nowadays, economic activities are moving toward knowledge-intensive business, accompanied by r

7、apid development of technology in globalized economy era. This condition has impact on the tight competition, and rapid change in business environment. Domestic manufacturing products are directly compete with foreign pr

8、oducts and business world must accept reality that technology advancement has become a reason on the obsolete production facilities, short product life-cycle, and lower profit margin. At</p><p>　　For the las

9、t three decades, industrial agglomerations have played a leading role in the development of cities and regions and have formed a new industrial organizational basis for economic planning and development. The industrial c

10、lusters are determined by the trade dependency and concentration of small enterprises at the city and township level (Isbasoiu, 2007). It is also known that Alfred Marshal (Sonobe and Otsuka, 2006) has studied three bene

11、fits of the presence of industrial cluster, as fo</p><p>　　1. Information spillovers</p><p>　　2. Specialization and division of labor between companies</p><p>　　3. Development of sk

12、illed labor markets</p><p>　　Considering the benefits of industrial cluster for industrial development, Indonesia’s government has formulated National policy of Industrial Development (KPIN) to compel new di

13、rection for future national industry development, and solve problems blocking industrial development at present. This policy is arranged in order to face world global economic challenge and to be able to anticipate rapid

14、 environment change. International competition becomes new perspective for all countries, so the focus</p><p>　　Industrial development policy in KPIN consists of core and operational strategy, and also main

15、points of policy on industrial development policy, include development of 10 core industry clusters, development of supporting industries, and development of vanquish industry in the future. Policy in KPIN has also consi

16、dered national industry capability based on economic resources potential, industrial performance, and problems faced by national industry. Nevertheless, the strategy of industrial devel</p><p>　　Thus, the pr

17、esence of innovation-based industrial cluster can reduce import of raw or supporting material. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine the development of industrial cluster in Indonesia, as mentioned in National Policy of

18、 Industrial Development (KPIN). This paper also discuss about industrial cluster development based on innovation system carried out by Japan, Taiwan, and China. The result is then compared with Indonesia's industrial

19、 cluster development based on innovation system.</p><p>　　Development of Industrial Policy in Indonesia</p><p>　　In its development, the struggle of national industry at the end of 1960's ha

20、s enthusiastic progress, either in its structure, diversification, and market orientation. The development is not detached from external development influencing industrial policy implemented. Chronologically,industrial d

21、evelopment policy describe that in rehabilitation and stabilization periods (1967-1972), and periods when oil booming happened (1973-1981), the policy implemented is by supporting the development of impo</p><p

22、>　　Even though, in period of 1982-1996, price of oil had weakened. Therefore, industrial development policy was aligned by adding new mission: developing export-oriented industry, and deepening and strengthening indus

23、trial structure. By economic crisis in 1998, the policy is saving industry in order to make it preserved through Industrial Revitalization Program.</p><p>　　To define prospective industries, measurement of c

24、ompetitiveness was conducted, either from demand or supply side, to catch a glimpse of its capability to compete either in domestic area or overseas. The result of analysis for developed industry is grouped by two catego

25、ries, included export oriented and domestic oriented industry, which then divided into four categories: naturalresource-based industry, labor-intensive industry, capital-intensive industry, and technology intensive indus

26、try. In de</p><p>　　Future strategy of industrial development in Indonesia mentioned in KPIN adapts latest ideas at the moment related with globalization and 21st technology development in industrial develo

27、pment approach through cluster concept at context of building sustainable industrial competitiveness. Basically, industrial cluster is an exert of grouping the interrelating core industry, either supporting industries, r

28、elated industries, supporting services, economy infrastructure, and related institution. Besi</p><p>　　Based on the formulation of national industry policy, the development of industrial cluster is aimed to

29、achieve the followings:</p><p>　　Strengthening industries in the value chain includes core industries, related industries, and supporting industries by location advantages, which may stimulate comparative ad

30、vantages to be a competitive advantage.</p><p>　　Strengthening relationships among/between clusters in the same sectors or between/among clusters in the other sectors, all at once stimulate partnership betwe

31、en SMEs and large enterprises and other relevant interactive relationships, which then form industrial network and structure supporting increase of value-added through productivity improvement.</p><p>　　Stim

32、ulating the growth of related industries which need supplies of the same raw material and supporting material, therefore it can strengthen partnership between/among prioritized, related, or supporting industries.</p&g

33、t;<p>　　Concept of Cluster</p><p>　　Based on the studies by Alfred Marshal (Isbashoiu, 2007), three conditions for setting an industrial cluster are identified: the existence of a pool of adequate lab

34、or, the existence of specialized suppliers and the possibility of external spill-overs (the rapid transfer of knowhow and ideas inside the cluster). In addition, Walter Isard (Isbashoiu, 2007) expanded this concept using

35、 the export-oriented industries and its linkages to other industries in the region. According to him, these strong i</p><p>　　Porter popularized the concept of industrial clusters in his book The Competitive

36、 Advantages of Nations (cited by Isobashoiu, 1997), in which he examines two types of clusters:</p><p>　　vertical clusters, made up of industries that are linked through buyer-seller relationships;</p>

37、<p>　　horizontal clusters, that include industries which might share a common market for the products, use a common technology, labor force skills and similar resources.</p><p>　　Many academics point

38、out that regional clusters had their origins in particular local factor conditions, local demand, and the presence of a related industry.</p><p>　　Based on different kinds of knowledge (Ishobaoui, 2007), the

39、re are two types of competitive clusters:</p><p>　　techno clusters, which are high-technology oriented, well adapted to the knowledge economy;</p><p>　　historic know-how-based clusters, which ar

40、e based on more traditional activities that maintain their advantage in know-how over the years.</p><p>　　Industrial cluster in Perpres No. 28/2008 regarding the National Industry Policy is defined as a grou

41、p of core industry concentrated regionally or globally which relating and has social interaction each other dynamically, either by related industry in improving efficiency, creating collective asset, and encourage creati

42、on of innovation, so that it creates competitive advantage. Moreover, formulation of national industrial policy explain that cluster industry is industrial grouping which relating</p><p>　　Concerning with in

43、novation, industrial cluster can be categorized in four groups (Pavitt, 1984). They are science-based clusters, scale-intensive clusters, supplier dominated clusters, and specialized suppliers clusters. In sience-based c

44、lusters, access to basic research and government R&D institution become important aspects in research activities. This type of cluster is patent intensive and need high level of R&D. It tends to collaborate with

45、government R&D sector. This type of industry in th</p><p>　　Development of Industrial Cluster based on Innovation System</p><p>　　One of the main key as an effort to achieve sustainable indu

46、strial development is by competing through innovation and learning. This can be conducted through several ways:</p><p>　　Use the existing foreign technology and knowledge with domestic resources.</p>

47、<p>　　Carry out learning to increase adoption capability, using, and improving technology obtained.</p><p>　　Continuously repeating the three cycles.</p><p>　　For this reason, UNIDO careful

48、ly examine industrial innovation and learning system as shown in Fig. 3.</p><p>　　References</p><p>　　Isbasoiu, George-Marian, 2007, Industrial Clusters and Regional Development. The Case of Tim

49、isoara and Montebelluna. Presented at the Conference of European Regions Knowledge Based Innovation Network (ERIK), Brussels, May 10-11th 2007. Industrial Cluster Project, 2005, Project to Create Manufacturing Industry i

50、n Tokai Region, http://www.cluster.gr.jp/en/Action/chubu1.html. Accessed on March, 5, 2009.</p><p>　　Mitsui, Itsutomo, 2003 Industrial cluster policies and regional development in the age of globalisation -E

51、astern and Western approaches and their differences. 30th ISBC in Singapore. OECD, 1999, Managing National Innovation Systems. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).</p><p>　　Otsuka, K

52、eijiro, 2007, Cluster- Based Based Industrial Development: Industrial Development: A View A View from East Asia. Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development (FASID).</p><p>　　Patel, P. and P

53、avitt, K. 1994. National Innovation Systems: Why They are Important, and How They Might be Measured and Compared. www.mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de. Accessed on March, 3, 2009.</p><p>　　Sonobe, Tetsushi, Hu, Dingh

54、uan, and Keijiro Otsuka, 2006 Development of the Motorcycle Industry in the Inland Region of China, Conference Paper of Cluster-Based Industrial Development, May 22- 26, Vietnam, Hanoi. </p><p>　　Sonobe, Te

55、tsushi dan Otsuka, Keijiro, 2006, Strategy for Cluster-Based Industrial Development in Developing Countries, Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development & National Graduate Institute for Policy Studi

56、es, July 13. The Ministry of Industry of Indonesia, 2005 , The document of National Policy of National Industrial Development (KPIN), Jakarta, Indonesia. UNIDO, 2002. Industrial Development Report 2002/2003. Competing t

57、hrough Innovation and Learning, UNIDO</p><p>　　畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）譯文</p><p>　　系 部： 經(jīng)濟(jì)管理系 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 工商管理（會(huì) 計(jì) 學(xué)） </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)： 0742821135 &l

58、t;/p><p>　　姓 名： </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師： </p><p>　　2011年04月20日</p><p>　　基于產(chǎn)業(yè)集群系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)新發(fā)展：產(chǎn)業(yè)集群發(fā)展在印尼和亞洲一些國(guó)家的比較研究</p><p>　　Y

59、an Rianto, Muhammad Zulhamdani, Chichi Shintia Laksani, Dian Prihadyanti</p><p>　　科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展,印尼科學(xué)研究所</p><p><b>　　摘要：</b></p><p>　　本文描述了產(chǎn)業(yè)集群在印度尼西亞的發(fā)展和他們的相關(guān)政策。除此之外,本研究致力于分析產(chǎn)業(yè)集

60、群的發(fā)展利用創(chuàng)新的系統(tǒng)方法，并且與一些其他的亞洲國(guó)家進(jìn)行對(duì)比。本研究顯示了產(chǎn)業(yè)集群被設(shè)計(jì)為一種凝聚,旨在成為一個(gè)基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的原材料生產(chǎn)、金融機(jī)構(gòu)、完備的人力資源,和其他經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。在集群演化和研發(fā)活動(dòng)之間缺乏互動(dòng)來(lái)支持在產(chǎn)業(yè)集群中的創(chuàng)新。在日本、臺(tái)灣、中國(guó)的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群發(fā)展對(duì)比分析表明, 集群以交易市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展為支撐，同時(shí)也包含從現(xiàn)有存在的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群獲得創(chuàng)新刺激的好處,顯示了在較小的地區(qū)，在各種各樣大型企業(yè)的人力資源方面集群的集中性。為了在

61、印度尼西亞建立更多有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群，我們提出一個(gè)使產(chǎn)業(yè)集群發(fā)展增加技術(shù)和創(chuàng)新能力的建議。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞:基于集群工業(yè)的發(fā)展、創(chuàng)新體系、印尼產(chǎn)業(yè)政策</p><p><b>　　介紹</b></p><p>　　如今,經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)正走向知識(shí)密集型服務(wù)業(yè),伴隨著科技迅猛發(fā)展的全球化經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代。這種情況影響著競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈并且瞬息萬(wàn)變的商業(yè)環(huán)境。

62、國(guó)內(nèi)制造的產(chǎn)品是直接與外國(guó)的產(chǎn)品相競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，并且商業(yè)世界必須接受現(xiàn)實(shí),技術(shù)進(jìn)步已成為生產(chǎn)設(shè)施的過(guò)時(shí),產(chǎn)品生命周期短和較低的利潤(rùn)率的原因之一。另一方面，全球化經(jīng)濟(jì)不可避免地證實(shí)，個(gè)人或者中小企業(yè)的區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)可以競(jìng)爭(zhēng)并存活下來(lái),并顯示出其自身的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。一旦普遍的認(rèn)識(shí)到運(yùn)輸業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展以及信息技術(shù)和邊框經(jīng)濟(jì)不可避免地打破屏障的距離,區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)或產(chǎn)業(yè)將幾乎沒(méi)有任何意義。然而,令人驚訝的是，20世紀(jì)80年代開(kāi)始，地方主義開(kāi)始再生，許多學(xué)者和研究人員又點(diǎn)燃

63、了論證以及編號(hào)實(shí)證研究工程對(duì)區(qū)域產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚和局域網(wǎng)絡(luò)的重要性(三井,2003)</p><p>　　在過(guò)去的三十年中,工業(yè)城市群在城市和區(qū)域發(fā)展中扮演者領(lǐng)航者的角色，同時(shí)已經(jīng)為經(jīng)濟(jì)的規(guī)劃和發(fā)展形成了一種新的工業(yè)組織基礎(chǔ)。產(chǎn)業(yè)集群是由在城市和鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的水平的貿(mào)易依存度及濃度的小型企業(yè)所決定的。(Isbasoiu,2007年)。眾所周知, 阿爾弗雷德·馬歇爾（園部和大冢，2006) 研究了產(chǎn)業(yè)集群所存在的三個(gè)效益

64、,如下:</p><p><b>　　信息外溢</b></p><p>　　企業(yè)間的專業(yè)化和勞動(dòng)力分工</p><p>　　發(fā)展成熟的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)</p><p>　　考慮到產(chǎn)業(yè)集群為工業(yè)的發(fā)展所帶來(lái)的益處, 印尼政府制定了國(guó)家產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策(KPIN)催生國(guó)家未來(lái)工業(yè)的發(fā)展的新方向和解決目前存在的阻礙其發(fā)展的問(wèn)題。這項(xiàng)政策

65、是安排為了面對(duì)全球化經(jīng)濟(jì)的挑戰(zhàn),并且預(yù)見(jiàn)以應(yīng)對(duì)快速變化的市場(chǎng)環(huán)境。國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的新視角成為所有國(guó)家關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn),所以各國(guó)致力于工業(yè)的未來(lái)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，以在國(guó)內(nèi)及國(guó)外市場(chǎng)建立具有可持續(xù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的工業(yè)部門(mén)。</p><p>　　關(guān)于KPIN的產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策包括核心要點(diǎn)和經(jīng)營(yíng)策略,同時(shí)也是產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策的政策要點(diǎn),包括10個(gè)核心集群產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,輔助性產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，和相關(guān)抑制產(chǎn)業(yè)在未來(lái)的發(fā)展。KPIN政策也被認(rèn)為是民族工業(yè)能力和基于經(jīng)濟(jì)資

66、源潛力、產(chǎn)業(yè)績(jī)效,并由國(guó)家產(chǎn)業(yè)面臨的問(wèn)題。然而,工業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中沒(méi)有明確KPIN創(chuàng)新體系所包括得要素在工業(yè)發(fā)展中的結(jié)合聚類方法。KPIN正顯示了研發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)、大學(xué)和政府為了支持產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的發(fā)展所扮演的角色。這可以從KPIN關(guān)系框架文件包含的三個(gè)方面反映出來(lái)。不清楚研發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)和工業(yè)部門(mén)的作用而導(dǎo)致印尼原料或者輔助材料的大量進(jìn)口(技術(shù)),如圖1。</p><p>　　因此,目前基于產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的創(chuàng)新的可以減少原料或輔助材料的進(jìn)口。

67、所以, 如上文所提及的國(guó)家產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策(KPIN)，本文旨在考察產(chǎn)業(yè)集群在印度尼西亞的發(fā)展,。本文還討論了日本、臺(tái)灣和中國(guó)關(guān)于產(chǎn)業(yè)集群基礎(chǔ)上的創(chuàng)新系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)展，并與印尼基于產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的創(chuàng)新體系的發(fā)展相比較。</p><p>　　印度尼西亞的產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策</p><p>　　在它的發(fā)展過(guò)程中, 在1960年年底的民族工業(yè)的斗爭(zhēng)充滿著熱情的進(jìn)步,無(wú)論是在其結(jié)構(gòu)、多元化、還是市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向上。產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展水平

68、影響著產(chǎn)業(yè)政策外部發(fā)展的實(shí)施。</p><p>　　按時(shí)間順序描述: 產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策為康復(fù)和穩(wěn)定的時(shí)期（1967-1972），以及石油業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展的時(shí)期(1973-1981),這一政策的實(shí)施，通過(guò)支持生產(chǎn)進(jìn)口替代品產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，例如進(jìn)口替代品紡織服裝工業(yè)、造紙、水泥、和餐飲業(yè)。由于石油價(jià)格的增長(zhǎng)(石油熱),這項(xiàng)政策將是長(zhǎng)期的,甚至愈演愈烈。</p><p>　　即便如此,在1982-1996期間

69、,石油的價(jià)格已經(jīng)有所下降。因此,產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策是通過(guò)增加新的條款以達(dá)到協(xié)調(diào)一致: 外向型產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展,深化和加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)。經(jīng)過(guò)1998年的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī), 這一政策是儲(chǔ)蓄行業(yè)為了使它順利通過(guò)工業(yè)振興計(jì)劃。</p><p>　　未來(lái)的產(chǎn)業(yè)的定義,對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力進(jìn)行了研究測(cè)量,無(wú)論是從需求還是供給方面,為了一眼看出其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力無(wú)論是在國(guó)內(nèi)區(qū)域或是海外。對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)的分析結(jié)果被編組為兩種類型,包括由出口和國(guó)內(nèi)為導(dǎo)向的產(chǎn)業(yè),然后分為四種類型:

70、以天然資源為基礎(chǔ)的工業(yè)工業(yè)、勞動(dòng)密集型行業(yè),資本密集型行業(yè),技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)。將產(chǎn)業(yè)構(gòu)建定義作為做夢(mèng), 這是基于其潛在的選擇。那些被選擇的產(chǎn)業(yè)是基于其他行業(yè)所選擇的它自身的潛力為準(zhǔn)的。圖2說(shuō)明產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策在印度尼西亞的發(fā)展。</p><p>　　KPIN中所提到的未來(lái)工業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略在印尼的最新觀點(diǎn)是適應(yīng)目前全球化下的相關(guān)技術(shù)發(fā)展和21世紀(jì)科技發(fā)展的工業(yè)發(fā)展途徑在上下文中通過(guò)集群概念建立的可持續(xù)產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力?；旧?產(chǎn)業(yè)

71、集群是一個(gè)運(yùn)用許多不同分組相互關(guān)聯(lián)的核心產(chǎn)業(yè),配套產(chǎn)業(yè)、相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)、配套服務(wù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,以及相關(guān)的機(jī)構(gòu)。除了減少運(yùn)輸和交易成本,此集群也是以提高工作效率為利益,創(chuàng)造集體資產(chǎn),并追求創(chuàng)新。中期來(lái)看，產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的提升, 是通過(guò)建立和發(fā)展進(jìn)行區(qū)分優(yōu)先級(jí)的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群, 而長(zhǎng)期上所指的集群方法是整合需求的管理,在每個(gè)群集建立核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。它需要以網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理為支持,包括當(dāng)?shù)丶夯蚝Ｍ饪鐕?guó)集群。KPIN也定義了優(yōu)先化產(chǎn)業(yè)將刺激工業(yè)今后的發(fā)展前景。產(chǎn)業(yè)方向

72、選擇以開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程更容易和更加專注衡量成功的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為目的。</p><p>　　根據(jù)國(guó)家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的制定,為達(dá)到產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的發(fā)展可從以下幾點(diǎn)入手：</p><p>　　加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)業(yè)價(jià)值鏈中包括核心產(chǎn)業(yè),相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,及與之相配套的產(chǎn)業(yè)優(yōu)勢(shì),可以</p><p>　　激發(fā)的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)是一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。</p><p>　　在同一部門(mén)或在其他的行業(yè)加強(qiáng)集群之間的

73、關(guān)系,同時(shí)促進(jìn)中小企業(yè)和大型企業(yè)合</p><p>　　作夥伴關(guān)系及其他有關(guān)互動(dòng)關(guān)系,然后通過(guò)生產(chǎn)力的提高支撐產(chǎn)業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和結(jié)構(gòu)形式的增值。</p><p>　　刺激相關(guān)行業(yè)需要供應(yīng)相同的原材料和輔助材料的增長(zhǎng),因此它能強(qiáng)化優(yōu)先、相關(guān)或</p><p>　　配套行業(yè)的合作夥伴關(guān)系中。</p><p><b>　　集群觀念</b&g

74、t;</p><p>　　在阿爾弗雷德·馬歇爾研究的基礎(chǔ)上(Isbashoiu，2007),一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的存在的三個(gè)條件被定義為:存在足夠的勞動(dòng)力,專業(yè)化供應(yīng)商和外部效應(yīng)的可能性(集群內(nèi)迅速轉(zhuǎn)化的技能和思想)。此外, Walter Isard(Isbashoiu，2007）這一概念在該地區(qū)使用出口型產(chǎn)業(yè)與其他產(chǎn)業(yè)及其連接擴(kuò)大。據(jù)他說(shuō), 一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群一定存在這些強(qiáng)大的產(chǎn)業(yè)聯(lián)系。</p>&l

75、t;p>　　波特普及了產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的概念,在他的著作《競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)》中（引用了Isobashoiu,1997),在這本著作里,他探討兩種類型的集群:</p><p>　　垂直集群,由兩大產(chǎn)業(yè),通過(guò)計(jì)劃、關(guān)系聯(lián)系在一起;</p><p>　　產(chǎn)業(yè)集群,包括實(shí)業(yè)公司可能為了產(chǎn)品而共享一個(gè)共同的市場(chǎng),用一個(gè)共同的技術(shù)技</p><p>　　能，勞動(dòng)力技能和相似的資源。<

76、;/p><p>　　許多學(xué)者指出了區(qū)域集群都有它們的起源,尤其是局部因素條件，本地需求和存在相關(guān)的工業(yè)。</p><p>　　基于不同種類的知識(shí)(Ishobaoui,2007年),有兩種類型的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)集群:</p><p>　　電子集群,以高科技為導(dǎo)向,適應(yīng)知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì);</p><p>　　在過(guò)去的幾年里，依據(jù)歷史所掌握的知識(shí)集群,建立在更多的傳統(tǒng)活動(dòng)

77、,以維護(hù)他們</p><p><b>　　所掌握的優(yōu)勢(shì)。</b></p><p>　　產(chǎn)業(yè)集群在對(duì)于國(guó)家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的定義為，本區(qū)域或全球的有相關(guān)的社會(huì)互動(dòng)的一群核心產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚,彼此動(dòng)態(tài)變化,通過(guò)提高相關(guān)行業(yè)效率,創(chuàng)造集體資產(chǎn),并鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新,使它創(chuàng)造競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。此外,國(guó)家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的制定,說(shuō)明集群產(chǎn)業(yè)彼此劃分,既可作為有關(guān)核心產(chǎn)業(yè)、配套行業(yè),或與此相關(guān)的行業(yè)。</p>

78、<p>　　關(guān)于創(chuàng)新,產(chǎn)業(yè)集群可以分為四組(Pavitt,1984年)。他們以科學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)的集群,將創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)集中于開(kāi)發(fā)更有效的加工技術(shù)方面的集群、供應(yīng)商主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的結(jié)合、專業(yè)化供應(yīng)商集群。在以科學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)的集群,進(jìn)入基礎(chǔ)研究和政府研發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)成為重要方面的研究活動(dòng)。這種類型的集群需要專利集約化和高水平的研發(fā)。它往往與政府研發(fā)部門(mén)合作。在制藥行業(yè)的這種類型的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群是將創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)集中于建立開(kāi)發(fā)更有效的加工技術(shù)方面的集群關(guān)系，往往以大

79、學(xué)和技術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)作為研究的對(duì)象。因此公司不進(jìn)行次此項(xiàng)研究活動(dòng)。他們的創(chuàng)新成果依賴于他們有能力在其他地區(qū)引進(jìn)和建立科學(xué)的發(fā)展。在這理，產(chǎn)業(yè)集群是關(guān)于食品工業(yè),和交通行業(yè)。供應(yīng)商有傾向引進(jìn)技術(shù)以主宰集群,尤其是資本貨物和中間產(chǎn)品。在這個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的集群創(chuàng)新是通過(guò)相互作用的能力決定其供應(yīng)商,例如在林業(yè)和服務(wù)行業(yè)。最后的范疇是專業(yè)化供應(yīng)商集群。這一集群以研發(fā)為基礎(chǔ),并且關(guān)注產(chǎn)品的創(chuàng)新。它一般相互作用于供應(yīng)商或用戶,例如硬件和軟件行業(yè)。</p&g

80、t;<p>　　基于發(fā)展產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的創(chuàng)新體系</p><p>　　為了達(dá)到工業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵之一,是通過(guò)創(chuàng)新競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與學(xué)習(xí)。這可以通過(guò)幾種方式進(jìn)行:</p><p>　　結(jié)合合作伙伴和發(fā)展國(guó)際的技術(shù)和知識(shí)的來(lái)源</p><p>　　利用現(xiàn)有的國(guó)外技術(shù)和知識(shí)伴隨本國(guó)資源</p><p>　　執(zhí)行能力學(xué)習(xí)來(lái)提高收養(yǎng)、使用、提高產(chǎn)品的技

81、術(shù)獲取</p><p><b>　　不斷重復(fù)這三個(gè)周期</b></p><p>　　因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因,聯(lián)合國(guó)工業(yè)發(fā)展組織審視工業(yè)創(chuàng)新和學(xué)習(xí)系統(tǒng),如圖3所示。</p><p><b>　　參考文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　Isbasoiu, George-Marian, 2007,產(chǎn)業(yè)集群和區(qū)域發(fā)展。

82、Timisoara和Montebelluna出席了歐洲地區(qū)以知識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的創(chuàng)新網(wǎng)絡(luò)會(huì)議的情況(艾里克)、布魯塞爾、2007年5月10日至11日</p><p>　　產(chǎn)業(yè)集群項(xiàng)目, 2005, 在Tokai地區(qū)的制造業(yè)項(xiàng)目創(chuàng)造, </p><p>　　http://www.cluster.gr.jp/en/Action/chubu1.html. 2009年3月5日</p><

83、;p>　　Mitsui, Itsutomo, 2003全球化時(shí)代產(chǎn)業(yè)集群政策和區(qū)域在東西方的發(fā)展方法及它們之間的差異。ISBC 30日 新加坡。經(jīng)合組織(OECD), 1999, 國(guó)家創(chuàng)新系統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織的管理。經(jīng)合組織(OECD).</p><p>　　Otsuka, Keijiro, 2007, 基于集群的基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)發(fā)展:工業(yè) </p><p>　　發(fā)展:聚焦東亞，國(guó)際上先進(jìn)

84、的基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)展 (國(guó)際發(fā)展高級(jí)研究基金會(huì)FASID).</p><p>　　Patel, P. and Pavitt, K. 1994. 國(guó)家創(chuàng)新系統(tǒng):為什么他們很重要？及它們是如何被測(cè)量和比較的？www.mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de. 2009年3月3日</p><p>　　Sonobe, Tetsushi, Hu, Dinghuan, and Keijiro Otsu

85、ka, 2006在中國(guó)內(nèi)陸地區(qū)基于產(chǎn)業(yè)集群發(fā)展的摩托車產(chǎn)業(yè)的研討會(huì)會(huì)議論文。越南,河內(nèi) 五月22日至26日</p><p>　　Sonobe, Tetsushi dan Otsuka, Keijiro, 2006, 在發(fā)展中國(guó)家基于產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的工業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略與國(guó)際上先進(jìn)的基礎(chǔ)研究。國(guó)家政策研究所發(fā)展及研究 7月13日 </p><p>　　印尼工業(yè)部, 2005 , 民族工業(yè)的發(fā)展的國(guó)家政策文