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1、<p> 附錄C引用的外文文獻及其譯文</p><p> SME Financing in Europe: Introduction and Overview</p><p> Introducing the topic of SME finance and summarising the main findings of the contributions to this
2、 edition of the EIB Papers, this overview stresses the importance of relationship banking for the supply of SME credit; points out the differences and similarities in the capital structure of firms across size classe
3、s and across Europe; observes that while there is little evidence of widespread SME credit rationing, financial market imperfections may nevertheless curb SME growth; and highlights</p><p> Introduction<
4、/p><p> Some of the changes in Europe’s financial landscape should work in favour of SME finance. Firstly, new information and communication technologies contribute, at a lower cost, to reducing information
5、asymmetries between lenders and borrowers, thereby making SME lending more attractive (see, among others, Frame et al. 2001). Secondly, partly due to progress in information technology, new banking methods are being deve
6、loped and implemented. For instance, banks adopt new portfolio credit risk mode</p><p> Other features of Europe’s financial landscape have raised concerns about a possible deterioration of conditions for S
7、ME finance. Firstly, consolidation in national banking markets has reduced the number of banks and has in many EU countries, especially in the smaller ones, increased the market share of the top-five largest institutions
8、 . This may be detrimental to SME lending since there is evidence that large banks devote a lesser proportion of their assets to small business loans in compariso</p><p> why financing of SMEs tends to be m
9、ore challenging than financing of large firms. Reflecting these challenges, small businesses often have no other choice than to rely on bank relationships for their external financing while large firms may turn to bank
10、s as well as capital markets.</p><p> We will also elaborate on the benefits and costs of relationship banking and briefly consider the impact of bank competition on relationship banking. In Section 3, we d
11、iscuss the capital structure of the average European firm across different size classes and review similar results for Italy, Germany, and France. In Section 4, we evaluate whether SMEs in Europe suffer from credit const
12、raints and whether financial market imperfections hamper the growth of companies. Section 5 begins with a brie</p><p> 2. Capital structure of the average firm across size classes</p><p> In
13、 analysing the capital structure of firms, Wagenvoort distinguishes five different size</p><p> classes: very small, small, medium-sized, large, and very large firms. To motivate this analysis, one needs t
14、o bear in mind that a possible lack of external financing for small businesses could show up on the liability side of their balance sheet. Looking over a long period and at Europe as a whole, the ratio of equity to total
15、 liabilities is broadly similar across size classes and, therefore, leverage is more or less the same for a typical SME and a typical large firm. The ratio of financial d</p><p> However, Wagenvoort also sh
16、ows that there are striking differences in the capital structure of the average SME across EU countries. The three country studies confirm this result. Guiso shows that the financial debt of small Italian firms in propor
17、tion to their total assets is substantially lower than for large Italian firms. Guiso carefully explains that this difference is because many small firms do not have any loans outstanding at financial institutions. In
18、deed, conditional on having finan</p><p> 3. Finance constraints</p><p> Is this lack of flexibility due to credit rationing? The three country case studies draw a firm conclusion: SME credit
19、rationing is not a widespread phenomenon in Italy, France, and Germany. Guiso builds a model that can explain why some small firms carry financial debt whereas others do not. The empirical results show that those firms w
20、ithout bank loans are often the ones that finance a relatively high proportion of their assets with equity. Guiso argues that a negative relationship between the</p><p> A few qualifying remarks are worth m
21、aking. One needs to bear in mind that the Stiglitz and Weiss definition of credit constraints implies that a firm is only considered to be rationed if lenders reject the demand for loans although the borrower is willing
22、to pay the going interest rate (and to meet other conditions) on equivalent loans made to others borrowers of the same quality. In other words, according to this definition a firm is not considered credit rationed if it
23、does not want to borrow</p><p> In sum, the higher interest rates observed on SME loans seem difficult to justify on credit risk grounds only. It could be that SMEs pay high interest rates for wrong reason
24、s. Banks may succeed in over-charging SMEs due to limited competition in (local) banking markets and the lock-in effect mentioned above. Therefore, due to finance constraints, under-investment by SMEs may happen on a lar
25、ge scale while credit rationing in the strict sense of Stiglitz and Weiss 1981 does not widely occur.</p><p> Wagenvoort moves beyond credit rationing and tests for financial market imperfections that may l
26、ead to finance constraints, which include credit rationing but also constraints resulting from excessive loan pricing and difficulties in raising outside equity. The empirical test of finance constraints here boils down
27、to testing whether financial variables, such as the amount of available internal funds, have a significant impact on the firm’s investment and, thus, its growth. More precisely, Wagenv</p><p> Secondly, whi
28、le finance constraints seem to be less binding for medium-sized enterprises, their growth, in comparison to the growth of large firms, nevertheless depends more on theavailability of internal funds. Thirdly, highly leve
29、raged firms have greater difficulties in tapping external finance and, hence, exploiting their growth potential.</p><p> How could one possibly improve the supply of finance to SMEs? It is useful to disting
30、uish between public policy measures and fforts that lenders and borrowers can make to alleviate finance constraints. Wagenvoort briefly reviews the literature on the effectiveness of public lending programmes and guaran
31、tee schemes.The main conclusion is that while direct lending and guarantee programmes usually benefit the recipients and help ease finance constraints, it has been questioned whether they improve</p><p> 4.
32、 Relationship banking and bank consolidation</p><p> Is there empirical evidence to support the view that relationship banking can mitigate finance constraints? Ongena and Smith (2000) report substantial va
33、riation in the average number of bank-firm relationships across European countries. The three country studies reviewed here confirm this result and they show that firms make considerable use of multiple banking.</p&g
34、t;<p> Guiso’s analysis reveals that in Italy small firms keep on average more than four bank relationships whereas large Italian firms diversify their credit needs over more than 10 credit institutions. As shown
35、 by Hommel and Schneider, the Mittelstand in Germany relies on a smaller number of bank ties but even the small German firms on average borrow from more than one lender. Very small German firms borrow on average from two
36、 banks whereas large</p><p> Why is it then that SMEs keep fewer and shorter bank relationships than large firms? As credit availability improves when relationships become longer,one would expect informatio
37、n- opaque SMEs to stay with the same creditor(s). To begin with the number of relationships, as Dietsch notes, an obvious reason is that SMEs have to spread out fixed costs of lending over a smaller loan amount. Adding m
38、ore creditors to the list of the firm’s financial intermediaries will trigger additional costs. Theref</p><p> One remark is called for. Hommel and Schneider point out that the number of initial credit off
39、ers a firm enquires about before finalising a loan contract may be more informative than the number of its relationships. This is especially the case if firms seek offers from banks they had no prior relationship with. A
40、nother important element is whether firms seek offers from banks that are not located in the area where the firms have their headquarters. Overall, the authors conclude that Mittelstand </p><p> Companies a
41、pproaching several banks obtain an average of approximately three loan offers.</p><p> What is more, a substantial amount of offers originates from banks that had no prior relationship with the firm and/or
42、from banks situated outside the immediate geographical vicinity of the firm seeking finance. This is quite surprising because it is often argued that a local bank is best informed about firms in its region, essentially t
43、ying small firms to local banks.</p><p> Having established that both relationship banking and multiple banking enhance credit availability for SMEs, Dietsch continues his analysis by investigating whether
44、bank consolidation in France has altered those two important features of European banking. He emphasises that bank consolidation in France went hand in hand with a lower concentration level in the business loan market. T
45、he wave of mergers and acquisitions thus seems to have stimulated competition between credit institutions.Theauthor</p><p> 5. Concluding remarks</p><p> Bank consolidation and Basel II have w
46、idely raised the fear that banks may reduce their participation in the SME loan market segment. So far, these expectations cannot be borne by empirical findings. On the contrary, there are indications that recent and f
47、uture developments in the European banking industry will actually foster SME lending.</p><p> That said, especially for firms with less than 50 employees (or an annual turnover less than EUR 2 million) fina
48、nce constraints still seem to hamper their development. It is worthwhile noting that a lack of financing does not necessarily imply a lack of debt. Indeed, credit rationing in the strict sense is rarely observed in Franc
49、e, Italy, and Germany. However, this does not rule out that banks overcharge SME loans and, as a consequence, that financial market imperfections have a negative impac</p><p> Public policy in support of S
50、MEs needs to be designed in such a way that relief is offered where finance constraints are most binding. In this respect, equity financing deserves more attention. According to a recent OECD report (OECD 2002), small b
51、usinesses experience considerable difficulty in obtaining risk capital. In Europe, small firms are relatively unimportant on the equity market in comparison to the United States.</p><p> Therefore, the pr
52、omotion of secondary capital markets and venture capital funds need to rank high on the political agenda.</p><p> 中小企業(yè)融資在歐洲:介紹和概述</p><p> 本文介紹了中小企業(yè)融資問題以及總結歐洲投資銀行的貢獻,本概述強調民營企業(yè)的信貸供給關系的重要性;指出了在整個
53、歐洲的分歧和企業(yè)結構的異同;注意到,盡管有廣泛的民營企業(yè)信貸配給的現(xiàn)象,金融市場的不完善仍在抑制民營企業(yè)的成長和亮點。在歐洲金融環(huán)境變化的大背景下,包括銀行合并和新巴塞爾協(xié)議簽署的承諾,將會促進民營企業(yè)發(fā)展。</p><p><b> 1.介紹</b></p><p> 在歐洲的金融環(huán)境中一些政策是給予民營企業(yè)融資的支持。首先,新的信息和通信技術作出貢獻,以較低的
54、成本,減少貸款人與借款人之間的信息不對稱問題,從而使民營企業(yè)貸款更具吸引力。其次,部分原因是由于信息技術的進步,新的銀行管理辦法正在制定和實施。例如,銀行信貸風險采取新的組合模式,讓他們自己的資源配置和價格更有效。此外,信貸風險轉移機制正在蔓延,使銀行能夠專注于比較優(yōu)勢的活動,特別是信貸風險評估,貸款發(fā)放,信貸風險監(jiān)控,所有活動的提供都是為民營企業(yè)融資。第三,股權資本提供給民營型企業(yè)越來越通過二級資本市場和風險資本融資的發(fā)展。第四,歐盟
55、第二銀行指令旨在促進銀行之間的競爭,從而提高銀行融資的條款及條件,包括提供給那些民營企業(yè)。</p><p> 歐洲金融環(huán)境的其他功能提出了關于民營企業(yè)融資條件可能惡化的關切。首先,在國家銀行市場的整合,減少了對銀行的數(shù)目,并已在許多歐盟國家,特別是在較小的,增加了五家最大機構市場份額。這可能不利于民營企業(yè)的貸款,因為有證據(jù)表明,與大銀行相比,小區(qū)域銀行投資小。機構投資者與銀行競爭時收集了經(jīng)濟積蓄,但他們往往對民
56、營企業(yè)貸款比較少。第三,新資本充足架構銀行正在形成。巴塞爾協(xié)議的主旨是為了更好地調整資本費用,并通過延伸,抵御潛在的信貸風險,貸款利率。由于民營企業(yè)貸款通常被認為是正確或錯誤,因為特別危險,許多觀察家,尤其是民營企業(yè)本身,已針對融資進一步惡化發(fā)出警告聲。</p><p> 為什么民營企業(yè)融資往往會比大型企業(yè)的融資困難。反映這些挑戰(zhàn),民營小企業(yè)往往比較依賴外部資金來源,沒有其他選擇,而大型企業(yè)可能轉向銀行以及資本
57、市場。還有即將闡述的利益關系,銀行費用,并簡要考慮銀行的關系和銀行競爭的影響。我們在歐洲的民營企業(yè)評估是否受到信貸限制,以及是否金融市場不完善阻礙公司成長。</p><p> 2.橫跨一般公司結構類的資本規(guī)模</p><p> Wagenvoort區(qū)分五個不同的大小級:非常小,小,中型,大型和超大型企業(yè)。為了激勵這樣的分析,人們需要記住,小型企業(yè)缺乏外部融資可能會出現(xiàn)在其資產(chǎn)負債表的負
58、債方。回顧過去一段長時間作為一個整體的歐洲,總負債權益比率是全國規(guī)模大致相同的類,因此,杠桿是或多或少的一個典型的民營企業(yè)與大企業(yè)相同的一個典型。金融債務比率,以總負債,其中主要包括民營企業(yè)的銀行貸款案中,也是全國規(guī)模大致相同的類別。</p><p> 然而,Wagenvoort也表明,正在跨越歐盟國家的平均民營企業(yè)的資本結構顯著的差異。這三個國家的研究證實這一結果。其表明,在其總資產(chǎn)的比例中的小企業(yè)金融債務,
59、大大超過其大型企業(yè)。他仔細解釋說,這種差異是因為許多小公司沒有在金融機構的貸款未償還。事實上,有條件的,有金融債務,金融債務比率和金融債務的期限結構之間存在廣泛的大小類相似。對于意大利而言,Hommel和施奈德形成鮮明對比發(fā)現(xiàn),德國民營企業(yè)負債更是比德國大型企業(yè)高。三分之二的德國企業(yè)中大約三分之二的經(jīng)營與資產(chǎn)比率低于百分之二十,而百分之41的德國公司報告百分之十以下股權比例。與此相比,歐洲約為三分之一的平均資產(chǎn)比率(見Wagenvoor
60、t)。迪特希找到一個法國公司的同類資產(chǎn)的比例,不論其大小??偟膩碚f,平均歐洲,法國和意大利的民營企業(yè)似乎并非是資本不足,德國民營企業(yè)。 Wagenvoort還分析了企業(yè)資本結構如何隨時間的變化。他認為,金融債務比率是非常不同的動力相比。更具體而言,民營企業(yè)則似乎不那么靈活調整其資產(chǎn)負債表的結構比大企業(yè)不斷變化的發(fā)展機會。尤其是金融債務比率上升(下降在不斷增長的速度較慢)(收縮)比增長(收縮)大公司</p><p>
61、;<b> 3.金融約束</b></p><p> 這是配給的財務約束缺乏彈性這三個國家的案例研究得出一個明確結論:民營企業(yè)信貸配給是不是在意大利,法國和德國普遍現(xiàn)象。圭索建立一個模型,可以解釋為什么有些小公司帶來金融債務,而有的則沒有。實證結果表明,這些企業(yè)沒有銀行貸款,往往是那些與股權融資,其資產(chǎn)的比例相對較高。圭索認為,股權比例之間的繼承和金融債務的概率呈負相關假說與配給以來的尖銳
62、沖突立場堅定信貸配給是不可能代替金融債務的股權。金融債務對許多意大利公司的資產(chǎn)負債表的情況下是這樣,主要是因為他們不想借錢,不是因為貸款人不想貸款的情況。不過,圭索認為,當信貸約束約束力,缺乏規(guī)模和股權似乎發(fā)揮了關鍵作用。因此,信貸配給情況多與大公司比小公司。迪奇指出,除了很小的法國企業(yè)與1比歐元的年營業(yè)額不足200萬,法國民營型企業(yè)不增加銀行借款時,他們的信用狀況有所改善。在與小型和中型公司的對比,具有堅實的信譽非常小公司做比同等規(guī)模
63、提高他們的同齡人更多的貸款,但較低的信譽。有鑒于此,迪特希得出結論認為,信貸配給僅適用于非常不利的小企業(yè)信用評級有關,他表明,在法國相對少數(shù)公司有這些特點。 Hommel和施奈德認為,信貸增長在2002年在德國幾乎癱瘓主要</p><p> 總之,高利率對民營企業(yè)貸款的觀察,似乎很難對信貸風險的唯一理由辯解。這可能是因為錯誤的理由民營企業(yè)支付高利率。銀行可能會成功過度充電民營企業(yè)由于(本地)銀行市場的競爭和有限
64、鎖定在上述效果。因此,由于資金的限制,根據(jù)民營企業(yè)的投資有可能大規(guī)模發(fā)生時,在嚴格意義上的信貸配給斯蒂格利茨和魏斯1981年不會廣泛出現(xiàn)。</p><p> 超出信貸配給和金融市場不完善,可能導致資金的限制,其中包括信貸配給,但也限制過度貸款定價和提高股票以外的困難造成測試Wagenvoort舉措。在財政困難的實證檢驗測試這里歸結為金融變數(shù)是否可用,如內部資金量,已經(jīng)對公司的投資產(chǎn)生重大影響,因此,它的增長。更
65、確切地說,Wagenvoort估計之間的關系上,一方面,企業(yè)成長和另一方面,現(xiàn)金流和資本結構。一個高增長的現(xiàn)金流敏感性是一個跡象,金融具有約束力。下面的結果是值得強調。首先,金融限制往往阻礙少于50名員工的小型和極小型企業(yè)(即公司的增長),對平均而言,這些公司的增長是一對一的有關保留溢利。第二,盡管財政困難似乎是相對于大型企業(yè)增長減去民營企業(yè),他們的成長,具有約束力,但更多地取決于對內部資金theavailability。第三,高杠桿企
66、業(yè)有更大的困難,開拓外部資金,因此,利用他們的增長潛力。怎么可能改善對民營企業(yè)的金融供給?它是有用的區(qū)分公共政策措施和努力,貸款人和借款人可以緩解資金制約。 Wagenvoort簡要回顧了對公共貸款方案和保障計劃的有效性文獻。主要結論是,雖然直接貸款和擔保計劃的受助人通常受益,并幫助緩解資金的限制,它已</p><p> 不過積極的公共干預的凈回報可以預期,如果干預減少借貸雙方的信息,從而有助于解決問題的信息不
67、對稱。例如,公共當局可刺激貸款人之間的信息共享。最近的一項研究(哈佩利和帕加諾2002)顯示,在貸款銀行的貸款信息交流的增加,減少信貸風險。借款人和貸款人本身也有助于減少信息不對稱解決民營企業(yè)直接融資問題。如上所述,在長期關系的建立有可能實現(xiàn)這一目標。</p><p> 4.銀行和銀行合并的關系</p><p> 銀行和銀行合并的關系是否有經(jīng)驗證據(jù)支持這樣的觀點的關系可以緩解銀行資金的
68、限制? Ongena和史密斯(2000)報告說,在整個歐洲國家的銀行企業(yè)關系的平均人數(shù)大幅變化。這三個國家在這里證實這一審查的結果,這些都顯示出公司作出相當多的銀行使用研究。圭索的分析顯示,在意大利的小企業(yè)保持平均超過4個,而意大利的大型企業(yè)銀行信用關系多樣化超過10多個信貸機構的需要。正如Hommel和施耐德,德國民營企業(yè)表現(xiàn)出的依賴,但就在德國的銀行聯(lián)系較少,甚至小的平均借貸從多個貸款人的德國公司。非常小的德國公司四家銀行的平均貸款
69、兩間銀行,而德國大約corporates有較大的關系。迪奇在法國發(fā)現(xiàn)類似情況,除了極少數(shù)的法國公司,只從一個單一的機構借貸。從而使小企業(yè)比大企業(yè)較少的銀行企業(yè)關系。這三個案例研究文件,民營企業(yè)也比大企業(yè)保持較短的關系。計量經(jīng)濟學研究的迪特希之間建立了一個明確的信貸供應,一方面積極聯(lián)系,數(shù)量和另一方面對銀行企業(yè)關系的持續(xù)時間。此外,較小的公司,較大的影響。例如,小企業(yè)更敏感,比大公司的銀行關系的長度。從迪特希的工作,我們認為雙方關系的銀行
70、和多家銀行,可以刺激民營企業(yè)融資。為什么那么,民</p><p> 添加更多的債權人對公司的金融中介機構名單將觸發(fā)額外的費用。因此,小公司可能不太愿意從銀行借貸數(shù)在同一時間。但是,只依靠一家銀行的缺點是,這家銀行可能變成一個長期的壟斷。迪特希解釋說,雖然它是由較小的公司通過維護費用昂貴,挑起多重關系的貸款競爭行為,打破小企業(yè)仍可能通過切換時間的流逝時,銀行的壟斷。這可能解釋了小企業(yè)銀行企業(yè)關系的持續(xù)時間相對較短
71、。</p><p> 在確定雙方關系后,多家銀行加強為民營企業(yè)提供信貸,以調查是否迪特希繼續(xù)在法國銀行合并改變了這兩個重要特征的歐洲銀行他的分析。他強調,在法國銀行的同時,鞏固了在商業(yè)貸款市場的低濃度的手。兼并和收購浪潮從而似乎刺激了信貸機構之間的競爭。筆者還表明,數(shù)量關系,銀行企業(yè)大大增加了鞏固期。在數(shù)量相對變化的關系是最小型和中型公司的重要。在債權人的人數(shù)增加信貸供應趨于改善,而事實上,民營企業(yè)在法國商業(yè)貸
72、款市場份額已大大增加,在20世紀90年代。這個鏡像是一個貸款相對下降,以大公司,這失去了其最初的65%的市場份額,而在1993年是8%。</p><p><b> 5.結束語</b></p><p> 銀行合并和新巴塞爾協(xié)議中提出普遍擔心銀行可能會減少參與民營企業(yè)貸款市場。到目前為止,還未證明如此。相反,有跡象表明,歐洲銀行業(yè)在最近和未來的發(fā)展將實際促進民營企業(yè)貸
73、款。</p><p> 盡管如此,不足50名雇員(或年營業(yè)額低于200萬歐元)的限制似乎仍然妨礙它們的發(fā)展,特別是對企業(yè)。這是值得指出的是,缺乏資金,并不一定意味著對債務缺乏。事實上,在嚴格意義上的信貸配給很少出現(xiàn)在法國,意大利和德國。但是,這并不排除民營企業(yè)貸款,銀行濫收費用,并造成后果的,這種金融市場的不完善有一個對民營企業(yè)成長的負面影響,在經(jīng)濟大國,股權融資這方面,值得更多的關注。據(jù)經(jīng)合組織最近的一份報告
74、,民營企業(yè)在獲得風險資本的機會相當難得。和美國一樣,在歐洲,小企業(yè)與市場上的股票相比是相對不重要的。因此,資本市場促進二次創(chuàng)業(yè)資金的需求應當成為排名高的政治議程。</p><p> 附錄D 主要參考文獻的題錄及摘要</p><p> 1【篇名】我國民營企業(yè)發(fā)展問題研究</p><p><b> 【作者】丁玉國</b></p>
75、<p> 【刊名】經(jīng)濟經(jīng)緯,2004,(03):17-18.</p><p> 【摘要】近年來 ,我國的民營企業(yè)呈現(xiàn)出了良好的發(fā)展勢頭 ,但也存在著宏觀經(jīng)濟政策環(huán)境不夠配套、企業(yè)內部治理結構不夠合理等諸多問題 ,影響著民營企業(yè)的發(fā)展。因此 ,應從宏觀經(jīng)濟環(huán)境和企業(yè)內部管理兩個方面提出一些具有針對性的措施和對策。</p><p> 2【篇名】解析我國民營企業(yè)融資難的現(xiàn)狀及對
76、策</p><p><b> 【作者】原曉娉</b></p><p> 【刊名】經(jīng)濟師,2009,(01):60-61.</p><p> 【摘要】近年來我國民營企業(yè)有著較大的發(fā)展,同時也由于國家政策和市場風險以及民營企業(yè)自身等因素致使民營企業(yè)面臨融資難的問題。文章在分析民營企業(yè)融資難的現(xiàn)狀的基礎上提出了相關的解決對策,以利于為民營企業(yè)的
77、發(fā)展營造良好的環(huán)境。</p><p> 3【篇名】關于優(yōu)化中小企業(yè)籌資環(huán)境問題的思考</p><p><b> 【作者】俞小明</b></p><p> 【刊名】企業(yè)經(jīng)濟,2003,(11):13-14.</p><p> 【摘要】中小企業(yè)是一國經(jīng)濟增長的重要支持力量,它在保證國民經(jīng)濟持續(xù)穩(wěn)定增長,推動民間投資,
78、帶動地區(qū)發(fā)展,增長就業(yè)機會,實現(xiàn)科技創(chuàng)新與成果轉化等方面均發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用。然而,目前我國由于籌資渠道單一、銀行體系不合理及中小企業(yè)自身的問題,籌資難,仍然是制約中小企業(yè)發(fā)展的一大瓶頸。</p><p> 4【篇名】我國中小企業(yè)籌資難成因及對策</p><p><b> 【作者】劉立麗</b></p><p> 【刊名】合作經(jīng)濟與科技
79、,2009,(03):25-26.</p><p> 【摘要】長期以來,中小企業(yè)在我國經(jīng)濟結構轉換和經(jīng)濟體制改革的背景下,面臨著有利的發(fā)展機遇,但從目前中小企業(yè)的狀況來看,它們的發(fā)展卻不是一帆風順的,其中籌資問題越來越成為困擾中小企業(yè)進一步發(fā)展的制約因素。</p><p> 5【篇名】中小企業(yè)融資的難點及解決的措施</p><p><b> 【作者】
80、程濤</b></p><p> 【刊名】現(xiàn)代企業(yè),2005,(07):7-8.</p><p> 【摘要】近年來,中央銀行和各金融機構出臺了一系列扶持中小企業(yè)加快發(fā)展的政策措施,有效地促進了中小企業(yè)的發(fā)展。進入2005年,央行再次強調加強中小企業(yè)的信貸服務,中小企業(yè)和“三農”、非公有制經(jīng)濟一起,再次被列為今年信貸投放的重點。支持中小企業(yè)發(fā)展,是金融業(yè)義不容辭的義務。<
81、/p><p> 6【篇名】借鑒國外經(jīng)驗構筑我國中小企業(yè)支持系統(tǒng)</p><p><b> 【作者】郭朝先</b></p><p> 【刊名】經(jīng)濟問題,1999,(3):6-7.</p><p> 【摘要】制定法律法規(guī)對中小企業(yè)予以支持,設立專門扶持中小企業(yè)發(fā)展的金融機構,成立中小企業(yè)基金,對中小企業(yè)實行特殊的金融政策
82、,以及建立中小企業(yè)金融支持社會輔助體系,是國外在金融方面支持中小企業(yè)發(fā)展的基本做法。我國應借鑒國外經(jīng)驗,構筑具有中國特色的中小企業(yè)金融支持體系,主要內容為:完善中小企業(yè)金融支持法律法規(guī),設立中小企業(yè)銀行,建立中小企業(yè)基金,對中小企業(yè)實行特殊金融優(yōu)惠政策,形成中小企業(yè)金融支持社會輔助體系。</p><p> 7【篇名】中小企業(yè)融資問題及對策</p><p><b> 【作者】賀
83、云龍</b></p><p> 【刊名】經(jīng)濟師,2003,(02):16-17.</p><p> 【摘要】文章論述了融資法律環(huán)境不健全是導致中小企業(yè)融資渠道不暢和融資方式單一的主要原因 ;金融支持體系不健全是導致中小企業(yè)融資難的根本原因 ;銀行借款理論資金成本較低是導致中小企業(yè)融資過程中過分依賴銀行借款籌集資金的主要原因 ;銀行貸款的限制性規(guī)定是導致中小企業(yè)銀行借款實際資
84、金成本較高、融資風險增大的根本原因。并針對中小企業(yè)融資問題產(chǎn)生的原因 ,提出了相應的對策。</p><p> 8【篇名】發(fā)達國家支持中小企業(yè)融資的比較及借鑒</p><p><b> 【作者】蘇志鑫</b></p><p> 【刊名】現(xiàn)代商業(yè),2006,(01):3-4.</p><p> 【摘要】中小企業(yè)是社會
85、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的一支重要力量。但其融資難也是一個普通存在的問題。美、英、日、德等國在解決中小企業(yè)融資難方面采取了許多富有成效的支持政策。本文在比較四國主要做法的基礎上,提出解決我國中小企業(yè)融資難問題的對策建議。</p><p> 9【篇名】中小企業(yè)融資與信用體系的建設</p><p> 【作者】貝洪俊 鄭長娟</p><p> 【刊名】生產(chǎn)力研究,2003,(06
86、):24-25.</p><p> 【摘要】中小企業(yè)融資是一種信用關系和信用行為 ,其融資能力有賴于信用制度的建立和完善。按照市場經(jīng)濟體制的要求 ,建立科學完善的信用體系 ,實施信用工程 ,是解決中小企業(yè)融資難的有效措施。</p><p> 10【篇名】中小企業(yè)融資的特殊性和亟待解決的問題</p><p><b> 【作者】秦艷梅</b>
87、</p><p> 【刊名】北京工商大學學報(社會科學版),2005,(04):2-3.</p><p> 【摘要】改革開放以來,中小企業(yè)對國民經(jīng)濟的貢獻率不斷提高,特別是在滿足人們多樣化和個性化需求、進行科技創(chuàng)新和增加社會就業(yè)總量等方面發(fā)揮著重要的作用。由于中小企業(yè)自身的因素和外部環(huán)境的影響,使得其在發(fā)展中形成了融資難等一系列問題。本文通過分析中小企業(yè)融資規(guī)律和融資特點,以及中小企業(yè)
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