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1、<p><b>  中文3853字</b></p><p><b>  畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</b></p><p>  外文題目: China’s Nexus of Foreign Trade and Economic Growth: Making Sense of</p><p>  the Anomaly

2、 </p><p>  出 處: Department of Economics Working Papers No.143 .August 2004 </p><p>  作 者: Dic Lo

3、 </p><p><b>  譯 文:</b></p><p>  中國對外貿(mào)易與經(jīng)濟增長的關系:對反?,F(xiàn)象的理解</p><p><b>  Dic Lo</b></p><p><b>  摘要</b></p><p>  通過使用在標準

4、范圍內(nèi)的相關文獻,本文認為中國在改革時期的快速和持續(xù)的經(jīng)濟增長與出口增長往往呈負相關,而與進口增長是正相關的。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)違背了對中國持有的關于對外貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟增長關系的廣泛看法,從而提出了一個對于解釋的嚴峻挑戰(zhàn)?;谝恍┻M一步的回歸分析,并借鑒一些題材的應用研究,本文認為,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)是可信的。因此,本文的結(jié)論是中國的經(jīng)驗趨向于把戰(zhàn)略一體化融入世界市場的情況,而不是符合標準的新古典貿(mào)易體制中立性的觀點。</p><p>

5、  關鍵詞:中國,對外貿(mào)易,經(jīng)濟增長</p><p><b>  簡介</b></p><p>  擴大對外貿(mào)易是中國改革開放經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中面向世界市場最驚人的發(fā)展之一,它開始于1978年。從1978年貿(mào)易對國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的比率10%,到2000年,這一比例上升到44%,這是在實現(xiàn)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的快速增長的背景下,在此期間,平均每年上升了9.5%(見圖1)。增長的比率同時大大

6、夸大了實際情況,因為在真實貿(mào)易中匯率的變動和在材料加工活動中份額的擴大,說明對外貿(mào)易的增加對中國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的影響是顯而易見的。</p><p>  圖1.中國貿(mào)易占GDP的比率(1953年—2000年)</p><p>  注:Y =名義上的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值,X=名義上的出口值,M=名義上的進口值,都是以人民幣1億元為標準。X和M是在當前轉(zhuǎn)變成美元的匯率數(shù)據(jù)。</p><p&

7、gt;  資料來源:同數(shù)據(jù)附錄1相同。</p><p>  對于中國經(jīng)濟加強一體化融入世界市場是無可爭辯的,但是,目前還不清楚這種一體化對經(jīng)濟增長的確切影響。從理論上講,在發(fā)展經(jīng)濟方面,關于貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟增長之間的關系的確是有選擇性的,有對立意見的。標準的新古典理論強調(diào)貿(mào)易對增長的貢獻是通過資源配置效率的提高(Krueger [1984])。一種改進的版本也更加強調(diào)擴大貿(mào)易的益處在于能產(chǎn)生更大的產(chǎn)能利用率和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(

8、Balassa [1978], [1985])。最近“新”的貿(mào)易和增長理論強調(diào)貿(mào)易通過其動態(tài)效率的影響—提供進入了廣闊的市場,它提高了對R&D投資及/或促進邊學習邊實踐的活動,以及進口投入體現(xiàn)在新技術上或是比國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)提供的更加便宜(Lee [1995]; Romer [1994])。這一理論發(fā)展的最后一階段,在一定程度上,形式化的分析方法通過各種“持不同政見者”的經(jīng)濟學家在東亞工業(yè)化研究中通過(如Amsden [1989]; Wade

9、[1990])。</p><p>  與此相反,新自由主義傾向的經(jīng)濟學家傾向于狹隘,往往只集中在標準的新古典觀點。這源于資源配置效率和自由貿(mào)易之間明確的邏輯關系,這在比較優(yōu)勢原則(稟賦決定的)之上。貿(mào)易制度中立性的論文是說明世界銀行(1987)有力外向型政策的核心是排除了任何后期發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟體的戰(zhàn)略一體化融入世界市場,這恰恰也是持不同政見的經(jīng)濟學家考慮東亞經(jīng)驗的一個突出特點。</p><p>

10、;  這些不同的觀點已被應用到了中國。Larty(1992,p.691),例如,他的問題框架是:“擴大對外貿(mào)易是否已經(jīng)大大實現(xiàn)了通過一個國家主導的出口戰(zhàn)略,其中在國際市場上銷售是否被看作是一種簡單的急需進口的融資手段?這意味著,在改革前的時代,被選定的出口沒有過多考慮中國的比較優(yōu)勢,作為一個結(jié)果,擴大出口對經(jīng)濟增長很少或沒有貢獻?!迸c此相反,Lo和Chan( 1998年)的另一種解釋是基于中國的經(jīng)驗的關于擴大貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生的一個重要不利影響是

11、符合其比較優(yōu)勢的。具體來說,他們認為,這種擴張導致了不利的國際分工格局,雖然,就像改革前的時代,它通過技術進口促進增長。這成為了關于擴大出口的有利影響的主流意見。</p><p>  中國的經(jīng)驗從而為測試發(fā)展中國家融入世界市場的競爭觀點的功效提供一個例子。尤其是,鑒于中國在發(fā)展中世界的地位,經(jīng)驗很可能具有普遍的意義。本文進行了回歸分析包括各種變量要求,一方面是出口與增長的關系,另一方面進口與增長的關系。對于一些基

12、礎性的條件,將在以后的章節(jié)中討論,前者是采取標準的新自由主義貿(mào)易體制的中立性論點,而后者代表進入世界市場的戰(zhàn)略整合論點。</p><p>  本文的結(jié)構(gòu)如下:第二部分回顧了關于貿(mào)易和增長的相關文獻和各種變量的估算。第三部分介紹了回歸結(jié)果,從結(jié)果得出一些推論。第四部分討論了現(xiàn)有研究中關于中國對外貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展推論的合理性。第五部分提供了一些結(jié)論。</p><p>  討論結(jié)果:合理性和啟示&

13、lt;/p><p>  回歸結(jié)果在上一節(jié)報告中是否是模棱兩可的?相關文獻中的觀點,似乎可以說沒有多少是滿意的或不滿意的對于研究的調(diào)查結(jié)果。對現(xiàn)有的研究課題大多是經(jīng)濟分析,這本身背棄了少量形式上的但更多微妙變化上的—也可以說更確定——敘述或描述性的分析。不過,可以肯定的是本文是不獨立的,它可以找到其研究結(jié)果一致的相當可觀的文獻。特別是,對中國的對外貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟增長之間關系的詳細分析,以及對現(xiàn)有的研究審查,Lo 和 Cha

14、n(1998年)為本文提供直接支持。因此,下面主要討論得出的早期研究。</p><p>  考慮到本文的最重要發(fā)現(xiàn):即中國的出口和經(jīng)濟增長在1979-2000年市場化改革時期的相關性沒有意義,甚至出現(xiàn)負的情況。不出所料,這違背了廣泛持有的看法。在1996年世界發(fā)展報告中,例如,世界銀行強烈建議中國出口導向型的增長戰(zhàn)略被其他“過渡經(jīng)濟體”所采用。但是,這個發(fā)現(xiàn)實際上與多數(shù)的實證研究相一致,包括Hsueh 和 Woo

15、(1996年),以及Lo 和Chan(1998)的研究。這兩項研究都指出了在改革開放時期中國貿(mào)易條件惡化作為對外貿(mào)易對經(jīng)濟增長不利影響的證據(jù)。Hsueh 和 Woo(1996年)認為,這種不利的趨勢已經(jīng)引起了商品出口的要素生產(chǎn)率(以實質(zhì)計算)穩(wěn)步下降。與此同時,Lo 和Chan(1998)的報告上指出,主要是在前半段的改革時期,出現(xiàn)了出口商品結(jié)構(gòu)和工業(yè)生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)之間的非對稱發(fā)展的現(xiàn)象-快速擴大出口(大多數(shù)勞動密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)似乎符合中國的“特定

16、”比較優(yōu)勢)傾向于占工業(yè)總產(chǎn)出的下跌股份。與此相反的是標準的新古典理論中的貿(mào)易效率的提高,假定資源將流向更有效率的出口部門從而產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟增長。</p><p>  至于進口和經(jīng)濟增長之間的相關性,在文獻中幾乎一致認為技術的進口不管在改革前還是改革中都發(fā)揮了突出的作用—雖然計量工作由Yu (1998)利用格蘭杰—因果關系檢驗,并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何進口和增長之間的因果關系。Zhao (1995) 直接分析通過準確的渠道,技術

17、進口將促進中國的經(jīng)濟增長,這是少數(shù)的研究之一。他的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)是,在1960—1991年期間,技術進口(由重工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的進口貨值為代表)是顯著的且正相關,第一,國內(nèi)研究和開發(fā)支出,第二,投資技術改造和升級,第三,中國的重工業(yè)產(chǎn)值,以及第四,重工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的出口。因此得出的結(jié)論是,技術進口影響經(jīng)濟增長通過加強國內(nèi)技術能力。更廣泛地說,Lo and Chan (1998)假定,技術的進口與大眾消費相結(jié)合由中國平均主義的收入分配格局來支撐,導致了非常廣

18、泛的大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)和生產(chǎn)率快速增長的行業(yè)的激烈性擴張。由此產(chǎn)生的中國產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)性變化中的特點是大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)行業(yè)的大量擴股似乎不符合中國的國際比較優(yōu)勢,這是假定背后的整體經(jīng)濟增長的動力。</p><p>  如果在前面的段落中提出的判斷是正確的,中國的一體化經(jīng)驗融入世界市場將產(chǎn)生長期發(fā)展的政策討論是有著重要意義的。這里明確無誤的是,中國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展一體化的影響力在改革時期已經(jīng)大大增加。但是,擴大出口一直不明顯,甚至呈負相關,與

19、經(jīng)濟增長正統(tǒng)的外向型政策的有效性存在問題。更廣泛地說,它支持一個正常發(fā)展道路,這被認為是對所有發(fā)展中國家開放他們應該遵循中立原則的貿(mào)易制度的主張持懷疑態(tài)度—也就是說,他們專注于“特定”的國際比較優(yōu)勢。同時,打開了在標準的新古典理論中的出口導向型增長的局面,本文的研究結(jié)果表明它是在進口方面,在技術引進的形式上,對中國的經(jīng)濟增長已經(jīng)作出了積極貢獻。正是這種特征與擴大出口成為進口需求的主要動力,這標志著在改革前和改革中中國的對外貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟增長

20、的關系是具有持續(xù)性的。以中國的經(jīng)驗來看,就整體而言,似乎支持對方的戰(zhàn)略一體化進入世界市場的論點—即,不是把留在國際分工中的地位由世界市場決定,而是中國一直試圖塑造把重點放在科技發(fā)展的位置。</p><p>  在討論結(jié)束前,也許有必要指出上述結(jié)論,它涉及了關于貿(mào)易和發(fā)展的兩個競爭論點的有效性,并不一定構(gòu)成對中國對外貿(mào)易與經(jīng)濟增長關系的完整評估。回想一下,如第二部分所示,存在著對出口導向型增長主張的不同理論,對強調(diào)

21、貿(mào)易制度的中立性和資源配置效率的新古典主義是其中之一。在本文分析中除了簡化式回歸包括方程(1)和(5),重點出口和進口對經(jīng)濟增長供給方面的影響。但是,對中國的對外貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟增長之間關系的徹底評估,必須也要考慮到需求方面的影響。換句話說,也有必要探討其他組成部分對總需求的影響。這種影響可能是積極的顯著的在改革的下半段時期,中國經(jīng)濟從資源約束逐步過渡到需求約束。最后,可觀察事實得出,也是在改革年代后半期,中國產(chǎn)業(yè)的輸出股份作為一個整體迅速擴

22、大,迅速擴大出口的部門(大多是如上所述的生產(chǎn)行業(yè))應加強上述要求。</p><p><b>  結(jié)論</b></p><p>  使用了大量的符合標準的相關文獻,本文認為中國在改革開放時期快速持續(xù)的經(jīng)濟增長與出口增長呈現(xiàn)負相關,與進口增長呈現(xiàn)正相關。基于一些進一步的回歸分析,并借鑒一些題材的應用研究,本文認為,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)是可信的。據(jù)進一步指出,中國的經(jīng)驗傾向于把戰(zhàn)略一體

23、化融入世界市場的情況,而不是順應貿(mào)易體制的中立正統(tǒng)觀點。這就是說,不是把留在國際分工中的地位由世界市場決定,而是中國一直試圖塑造把重點放在科技發(fā)展的位置—從進口和出口的快速擴張作為手段來達到這個目的。</p><p>  CHINA’S NEXUS OF FOREIGN TRADE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: MAKING SENSE OF THE ANOMALY</p><p&

24、gt;<b>  Dic Lo</b></p><p><b>  ABSTRACT</b></p><p>  Using a range of specifications that are standard in the relevant literature, this paper finds that China’s rapid and

25、 sustained economic growth in the reform era has tended to be negatively correlated with its export growth and positively correlated with its import growth. This finding runs counter to widely-held perceptions on China’s

26、 nexus of foreign trade and economic growth, and thus presents a serious challenge for interpretation. On the basis of some further regression analyses, and drawi</p><p>  Key words: China, foreign trade, e

27、conomic growth</p><p>  Introduction</p><p>  Foreign trade expansion has been one of the most phenomenal developments of China’s economy in the era of systemic reform and opening up to the worl

28、d market which began in 1978. Starting from a trade-to-GDP ratio of 10% in 1978, by 2000, the ratio rose to 44%; and this was achieved against the background of the rapid growth of GDP, on average 9.5% per annum over thi

29、s period (see Figure 1). The increased ratio, while significantly overstating the true situation because of exchange rate movements </p><p>  Figure 1. China’s Trade-GDP Ratios, 1953-2000</p><p>

30、;  Notes: Y = nominal GDP, X = nominal export value, M = nominal import value, all in RMB 100 million yuan. X and M figures are converted from US dollar data at current exchange rates.</p><p>  Sources: Same

31、 as Data Appendix 1.</p><p>  But whereas the increased integration of China’s economy into the world market is indisputable, it is unclear as to the precise impact of such integration on economic growth. Th

32、eoretically, in development economics, there are indeed alternative, contrasting views on the relationship between trade and economic growth. Standard neoclassical theory highlights the contribution of trade to growth vi

33、a improvement in allocative efficiency (Krueger [1984]). A refined version also highlights the benefits</p><p>  In contrast, economists of neo-liberal orientation tend to narrowly, often exclusively, focus

34、on the standard neoclassical view. This arises from the clear logical relationship between allocative efficiency and free trade, which rests upon the principle of (endowment- determined) comparative advantage. The thesis

35、 of trade regime neutrality which lies at the heart of the World Bank’s (1987) forceful outward-looking policy explicitly rules out any form of strategic integration of late developing e</p><p>  These alter

36、native views have been applied to the Chinese case. Lardy (1992, p.691),</p><p>  for instance, frames his question thus: ‘has the expansion of foreign trade been achieved largely through a state-driven expo

37、rt strategy in which sales on the international market are viewed simply as a means of financing much needed imports? This would imply, as in the pre-reform era, that exports were selected without much consideration of C

38、hina’s comparative advantage and that, as a result, expanding exports might contribute little or nothing to economic growth.’2 In contrast, Lo and Chan (19</p><p>  The Chinese experience thus provides a cas

39、e for testing the efficacy of the competing perspectives on the integration of developing countries into the world market. In particular, given China’s position in the developing world, the experience is likely to be of

40、widespread significance. This paper performs a range of regression analyses that involve various specifications concerning the relationship between exports and growth on the one hand, and between imports and growth on th

41、e other hand. On t</p><p>  thesis of trade regime neutrality, while the latter to represent the thesis of strategic integration into the world market.</p><p>  The paper is organised in the fol

42、lowing way. Section two reviews the literature on the relationship between trade and growth and develops various specifications for estimation. Section three presents the regression results, and makes some inferences fro

43、m the results. Section four discusses the plausibility of the inferences in the context of the available studies on China’s foreign trade and economic development. Section five offers some conclusions.</p><p&g

44、t;  Discussing the Results: Plausibility and Implications</p><p>  Are the regression results reported in the preceding section plausible? In view of the relevant literature, it seems fair to say that not mu

45、ch can be drawn upon for approving or disapproving the findings of this paper. Existing studies on the topic are mostly econometric analyses, which themselves await backing from less formal yet more subtle – and arguably

46、 more ascertaining – narrative or descriptive analyses. Nevertheless, it is certain that this paper does not stand alone; it rather can find</p><p>  Consider the central finding of this paper: that the

47、correlation between China’s exports and economic growth in the market reform era of 1979-2000 is insignificant or even negative. Unsurprisingly, this runs counter to widely-held perceptions. In its 1996 World Developmen

48、t Report, the World Bank, for instance, strongly recommends that China’s export- led growth strategy be adopted by other ‘transitional economies’. But, the finding actually is consistent with a number of empirical studie

49、s i</p><p>  Turning to the correlations between imports and economic growth, there is almost a</p><p>  consensus in the literature that technology imports have played a prominent role both pre

50、- reform and in the reform era – although econometric work by Yu (1998) and the like, using Granger-causality tests, has failed to detect any causal relation between imports and growth. Zhao (1995) is one of the few stud

51、ies that analyse directly the precise channels through which technology imports contribute to China’s economic growth. His main finding is that, throughout the period 1960-91, technology impo</p><p>  If the

52、 judgements made in the preceding paragraphs are valid, China’s experience of integration into the world market would give rise to important implications for the long-lasting development policy debate. It is unmistakable

53、 that the influence of the integration on China’s economic development has increased massively in the reform era. But, the finding that export expansion has been in fact insignificantly or even negatively correlated with

54、 economic growth puts the validity of the orthodox out</p><p>  position in the international division of labour to be dictated by the world market, China has attempted to shape the position by focusing on t

55、echnological development.</p><p>  Before coming to a close of the discussion, it might be necessary to point out that the conclusion above, which concerns the validity of the two rival theses about trade an

56、d development, does not necessarily amount to a complete assessment of China’s nexus of foreign trade and economic growth. Recall that, as indicated in Section 2, there exist different theories about the notion of export

57、-led growth of which the neoclassical emphasis on trade regime neutrality and allocative efficiency is just </p><p>  Conclusions</p><p>  Using a range of specifications that are standard in th

58、e relevant literature, this paper finds that China’s rapid and sustained economic growth in the reform era has tended to be negatively correlated with its export growth and positively correlated with its import growth.On

59、 the basis of some further regression analyses, and drawing on a number of applied studies on the subject matter, the paper argues that the finding is plausible. It is further argued that the Chinese experience has tende

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