外文翻譯---單片機概述

1、<p><b>　　二、英文原文</b></p><p>　　Microcontroller Unit</p><p>　　First, the development of simulator </p><p>　　Throughout nearly two decades of national development proce

2、ss of simulation technology, according to simulator technology to be used to divide the domestic about the design of simulators can be divided into the following periods: </p><p>　　(1) the late 70s in the mi

3、d -80 </p><p>　　The technology during this period was mainly the development of simulation systems, now is not high technology, the user request is not high. </p><p>　　(2) the late 80's duri

4、ng the late -90 </p><p>　　The main use of this period with an emulation function Winbond chip production, the technology is called Bondout. Using this chip to greatly simplify the design of emulator, so the

5、standard of domestic emulator with a large increase can be largely occupied by the user resources. </p><p>　　Simulation performance is due to the increase in domestic production in the emulator nearly 10 yea

6、rs no progress has been produced using this model. Although individual companies have also tried other techniques to improve the simulation of the standard, for example, HOOKS technology, but because of their technical l

7、imitations did not succeed. Instead abroad earlier simulator technology used HOOKS, HOOKS at the initial stage due to the complexity of the technology itself, simulation performance </p><p>　　(3)After 2000

8、 year </p><p>　　China in 2000 emulator period changes in the market, the largest, the most striking change is the Winbond W78958 chip simulation of the production. </p><p>　　Winbond W78958 chip

9、during the design stage, the internal functions of the simulation only to the production simulator to simulator manufacturers in order to better promote the W78958. After several years of change, however, W78958 simulato

10、r evolved into the use of a simulation of the ASIC rather than using the standard chip, the scope of use is limited to domestic and 20,000 a year less than the amount the company also contributed to the Winbond After ent

11、ering in 2002 announced that it would st</p><p>　　W78958 production, the domestic manufacturers simulator in a very embarrassing situation. W78958 use at home as a result of nearly 10 years, the domestic use

12、r base is very large, these users will not be able to receive continued support, especially maintenance. In addition, the domestic focus in the W78958 on the technical work done can not be renewed and improved, many peop

13、le in the industry that the industry will face a simulator to set up or re-shuffle of the situation. </p><p>　　HOOKS simulator technology is no doubt W78958 manufacturers after the loss of alternatives, but

14、the absence of long-term follow-up and attention, not the short term the majority of manufacturers of complex HOOKS mature technology products. Experts believe that the overall simulator manufacturers in transition may n

15、eed 2-3 years of the cycle, and there is considerable simulator manufacturers will be eliminated, the market will have mainly concentrated in a few simulator manufacturers. </p><p>　　Second, the development

16、trend of single-chip </p><p>　　It can be said now is a single-chip opinions of the period, the world's major chip manufacturing companies have introduced their own single-chip, from the 8, 16-32, just to

17、 name a few, everything, it is compatible with mainstream C51 series of , there are not compatible, but they own each other into each other, for SCM applications world wide. </p><p>　　Throughout the developm

18、ent process of single-chip, you can indicate the development trend of single-chip, generally are: </p><p>　　1. Low-power CMOS technology </p><p>　　MCS-51 series of 8031 introduced the power cons

19、umption of 630mW, and now widespread in the single-chip 100mW or so, with the growing demand for low-power single-chip, and now all the basic single-chip manufacturers are use of CMOS (complementary metal oxide semicondu

20、ctor process). As the 80C51 on the use of HMOS (high density metal oxide semiconductor process) and CHMOS (high-density complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). Although the CMOS low power consumption, but becau

21、se of its phy</p><p>　　2. Of micro-chip </p><p>　　Now are generally in conventional single-chip will be the central processing unit (CPU), random access data storage (RAM), read-only program mem

22、ory (ROM), parallel and serial communication interface, system interruption, timing circuits, integrated circuit clock in a single chip, enhanced single-chip integration, such as A / D converter, PMW (pulse width modulat

23、ion circuit), WDT (watchdog), and some will be single-chip LCD (LCD) driver integrated circuits are in a single chip, this unit includes</p><p>　　3. The mainstream and multi-species coexistence </p>&

24、lt;p>　　Although a wide variety of single-chip, unique, but still single-chip microcomputer 80C51 prevailing at the core, compatible with its structure and command system of PHILIPS products, ATMEL company's produc

25、ts and China Taiwan's Winbond Series Single machine. Therefore, single-chip microcomputer as the core C8051 occupied the half. Microchip's PIC and reduced instruction set (RISC) has a strong development momentum

26、of China Taiwan HOLTEK single-chip companies in recent years, increasing productio</p><p>　　Third, the technical development of digital single-chip </p><p>　　The number of single-chip technology

27、 is reflected in the internal structure, power consumption, as well as the external voltage level on the manufacturing process. In these areas, more typically describes the number of single-chip level. At the moment, use

28、rs need more and more single-chip, but getting higher and higher requirements. The following three areas on which the technological progress that the situation of single-chip microcomputer. </p><p>　　1, the

29、internal structure of the progress </p><p>　　Single-chip integrated in-house has been an increasing number of parts, these parts include commonly used circuits, such as: timers, comparators, A / D converter,

30、 D / A converters, serial communication interface, Watchdog circuit , LCD controller. Some single-chip control network in order to constitute or form a local network, the internal local area network control module contai

31、ns the CAN. For example, Infineon's C 505C, C515C, C167CR, C167CS-32FM, 81C90; Motorola's 68HC08AZ series. Especially </p><p>　　2, power consumption, packaging and power supply voltage of the progres

32、s </p><p>　　Now the new single-chip power consumption is getting smaller and smaller, especially the many single-chip are a variety of work settings, which include waiting, suspended, sleep, idle, power-savi

33、ng mode and so on. P87LPC762 single-chip company Philips is a very typical example, in idle, the power consumption is 1.5 mA, while in power-saving mode, the power consumption is only 0.5mA. In the most amazing power is

34、TI's MSP430 family of single chip, it is a series of 16, there are ultra-low power wo</p><p>　　3, the progress of technology </p><p>　　Basically, the current single-chip CMOS technology used

35、, but most use 0.6? M above the lithography process, there are individual companies such as Motorola Inc. have been using 0.35? M or even 0.25? M technology. These technological advances greatly improved the internal sin

36、gle-chip density and reliability. </p><p>　　Fourth, embedded system as the core of a single-chip </p><p>　　SCM is a new name embedded micro-controller, because it can be embedded into any micro-

37、or small-scale equipment or equipment. At present, the single-chip embedded systems and Internet connectivity is a trend. However, Internet has been used as a fat server, thin machine technology users. This technology on

38、 the Internet to store and access large amounts of data is appropriate, but for control of embedded devices has become the "sledgehammer cracking a nut," the. Embedded devices to achieve and In</p><p

39、>　　At present, in order to single-chip microcomputer as the core of embedded systems and Internet connected companies, there are many more studies in this area. More typical in this regard have emWare and TASKING comp

40、any. Embedded systems companies EmWare network program - EMIT technology. This technology consists of three main parts: the emMicro, emGateway and web browser. Which, emMicro embedded devices is a 1K-byte memory capacity

41、 accounted for only a very small web servers; emGateway stronger a</p><p><b>　　三、英文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　單片機概述</b></p><p><b>　　一、仿真器的發(fā)展</b></p>

42、;<p>　　縱觀國內(nèi)近二十年的仿真技術(shù)發(fā)展歷程，根據(jù)仿真器使用的技術(shù)來劃分，國內(nèi)仿真器的設計大約可以分成以下幾個時期：</p><p>　　(1) 70年代末期-80年代中期</p><p>　　這個時期采用的技術(shù)主要是仿真開發(fā)系統(tǒng)，現(xiàn)在看來技術(shù)含量不高，用戶要求也不高。</p><p>　　(2) 80年代末期-90年代末期</p>

43、<p>　　這個時期主要使用華邦一顆帶有仿真功能的芯片制作，采用的技術(shù)叫做Bondout。采用這顆芯片能大大簡化仿真器的設計，因此國內(nèi)仿真器的水準有了大的提高，基本上可以不占用用戶資源。</p><p>　　正是由于仿真性能的提高，國內(nèi)的仿真器制作在將近10年的時間內(nèi)沒有進步，一直采用這種制作模式。雖然個別廠商也嘗試過別的技術(shù)來提高仿真水準，例如HOOKS技術(shù)，但是由于本身技術(shù)的限制沒有成功。相反國外的

44、仿真器較早地使用了HOOKS技術(shù)，在初期由于HOOKS技術(shù)本身的復雜性，仿真性能和價格不如國內(nèi)采用Bondout的仿真器。</p><p>　　(3) 2000年開始</p><p>　　2000年是中國仿真器市場變化最大的時期，其中最引人注目的變化是華邦仿真芯片W78958的停產(chǎn)。</p><p>　　華邦公司在設計W78958芯片時，其內(nèi)部的仿真功能只是為了仿真

45、器廠商能制作仿真器以便更好的推廣W78958。但是經(jīng)過幾年的變化，W78958演變成為一顆仿真器上使用的仿真專用芯片而不是用戶使用的標準芯片，使用的范圍也僅限于國內(nèi)，一年不到20000只的用量也促使華邦公司在進入2002年后宣布將停產(chǎn)該芯片。</p><p>　　W78958停產(chǎn)以后，國內(nèi)仿真器廠商處于一個非常尷尬的局面。由于W78958在國內(nèi)使用了將近10年，國內(nèi)的用戶群非常龐大，這些用戶將無法得到持續(xù)的支持特

46、別是維修方面。另外，國內(nèi)圍繞在W78958上所做的技術(shù)工作也無法得到延續(xù)和提高，很多業(yè)界人士認為仿真器行業(yè)將面臨另起爐灶或重新洗牌的局面。</p><p>　　HOOKS技術(shù)無疑是仿真器廠商在失去W78958后的替代品，但是由于沒有長期跟蹤和關(guān)注，短期內(nèi)多數(shù)廠家無法將復雜的HOOKS技術(shù)應用于成熟的產(chǎn)品中。專家們認為仿真器廠家的整體轉(zhuǎn)型可能需要2－3年的周期，并且有相當?shù)姆抡嫫鲝S家將會被淘汰，市場擁有量將主要集中

47、在少數(shù)幾個仿真器廠家。</p><p>　　二、單片機的發(fā)展趨勢</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在可以說單片機是百花齊放，百家爭鳴的時期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的單片機，從8位、16位到32位，數(shù)不勝數(shù)，應有盡有，有與主流C51系列兼容的，也有不兼容的，但它們各具特色，互成互補，為單片機的應用提供廣闊的天地。 </p><p>　　縱觀單片機的發(fā)展過程，可以預示

48、單片機的發(fā)展趨勢，大致有： </p><p>　　1.低功耗CMOS化 　　</p><p>　　MCS-51系列的8031推出時的功耗達630mW，而現(xiàn)在的單片機普遍都在100mW左右，隨著對單片機功耗要求越來越低，現(xiàn)在的各個單片機制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互補金屬氧化物半導體工藝)。像80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金屬氧化物半導體工藝)和CHMOS(互補高密度金屬氧化物半導體工

49、藝)。CMOS雖然功耗較低，但由于其物理特征決定其工作速度不夠高，而CHMOS則具備了高速和低功耗的特點，這些特征，更適合于在要求低功耗象電池供電的應用場合。所以這種工藝將是今后一段時期單片機發(fā)展的主要途徑 </p><p><b>　　2.微型單片化 </b></p><p>　　現(xiàn)在常規(guī)的單片機普遍都是將中央處理器(CPU)、隨機存取數(shù)據(jù)存儲(RAM)、只讀程序存

50、儲器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中斷系統(tǒng)、定時電路、時鐘電路集成在一塊單一的芯片上，增強型的單片機集成了如A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器、PMW(脈寬調(diào)制電路)、WDT(看門狗)、有些單片機將LCD(液晶)驅(qū)動電路都集成在單一的芯片上，這樣單片機包含的單元電路就更多，功能就越強大。甚至單片機廠商還可以根據(jù)用戶的要求量身定做，制造出具有自己特色的單片機芯片。 此外，現(xiàn)在的產(chǎn)品普遍要求體積小、重量輕，這就要求單片機除了功能強和功耗低外，還要求其體積要小。

51、現(xiàn)在的許多單片機都具有多種封裝形式，其中SMD(表面封裝)越來越受歡迎，使得由單片機構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)正朝微型化方向發(fā)展。 </p><p>　　3.主流與多品種共存 　　</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在雖然單片機的品種繁多，各具特色，但仍以80C51為核心的單片機占主流，兼容其結(jié)構(gòu)和指令系統(tǒng)的有PHILIPS公司的產(chǎn)品，ATMEL公司的產(chǎn)品和中國臺灣的Winbond系列單片機。所以C8051為核心的單

52、片機占據(jù)了半壁江山。而Microchip公司的PIC精簡指令集(RISC)也有著強勁的發(fā)展勢頭，中國臺灣的HOLTEK公司近年的單片機產(chǎn)量與日俱增，與其低價質(zhì)優(yōu)的優(yōu)勢，占據(jù)一定的市場分額。此外還有MOTOROLA公司的產(chǎn)品，日本幾大公司的專用單片機。在一定的時期內(nèi)，這種情形將得以延續(xù)，將不存在某個單片機一統(tǒng)天下的壟斷局面，走的是依存互補，相輔相成、共同發(fā)展的道路。</p><p>　　三、數(shù)字單片機的技術(shù)發(fā)展&l

53、t;/p><p>　　數(shù)字單片機的技術(shù)進步反映在內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)、功率消耗、外部電壓等級以及制造工藝上。在這幾方面，較為典型地說明了數(shù)字單片機的水平。在目前，用戶對單片機的需要越來越多，但是，要求也越來越高。下面分別就這三個方面說明單片機的技術(shù)進步狀況。 </p><p>　　1、內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的進步 </p><p>　　單片機在內(nèi)部已集成了越來越多的部件，這些部件包括一般常用的電

54、路，例如：定時器，比較器，A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器，D /A轉(zhuǎn)換器，串行通信接口，Watchdog電路，LCD控制器等。 有的單片機為了構(gòu)成控制網(wǎng)絡或形成局部網(wǎng)，內(nèi)部含有局部網(wǎng)絡控制模塊CAN。例如，Infineon公司的C 505C，C515C，C167CR，C167CS-32FM，81C90；Motorola公司的68HC08AZ 系列等。特別是在單片機C167CS-32FM中，內(nèi)部還含有2個CAN。因此，這類單片機十分容易構(gòu)成網(wǎng)絡。特別是在控

55、制，系統(tǒng)較為復雜時，構(gòu)成一個控制網(wǎng)絡十分有用。 為了能在變頻控制中方便使用單片機，形成最具經(jīng)濟效益的嵌入式控制系統(tǒng)。有的單片機內(nèi)部設置了專門用于變頻控制的脈寬調(diào)制控制電路，這些單片機有Fujitsu公司的MB89850系列、MB89860系列；Motorola 公司的MC68HC08MR16、MR24等。在這些單片機中，脈寬調(diào)制電路有6個通道輸出，可產(chǎn)生三相脈寬調(diào)制交流電壓，并內(nèi)部含死區(qū)控制等功能。 2、 功耗、封裝及電源電壓

56、的進步 </p><p>　　現(xiàn)在新的單片機的功耗越來越小，特別是很多單片機都設置了多種工作方式，這些工作方式包括等待，暫停，睡眠，空閑，節(jié)電等工作方式。Philips公司的單片機P87LPC762是一個很典型的例子，在空閑時，其功耗為1.5 mA，而在節(jié)電方式中，其功耗只有0.5mA。而在功耗上最令人驚嘆的是TI公司的單片機MSP430系列，它是一個 16位的系列，有超低功耗工作方式。它的低功耗方式有LPM1、

57、LPM3、LPM4三種。當電源為3V時，如果工作于 LMP1方式，即使外圍電路處于活動，由于CPU不活動，振蕩器處于1～4MHz，這時功耗只有50?A。在LPM3 時，振蕩器處于32kHz，這時功耗只有1.3?A。在LPM4時，CPU、外圍及振蕩器32kHz都不活動，則功耗只有0.1?A。 現(xiàn)在單片機的封裝水平已大大提高，隨著貼片工藝的出現(xiàn)，單片機也大量采用了各種合符貼片工藝的封裝方式出現(xiàn)，以大量減少體積。在這種形勢中，Microchi

58、p公司推出的8引腳的單片機特別引人注目。這是PIC12CXXX系列。它含有0.5～2K程序存儲器，25～128字節(jié)數(shù)據(jù)存儲器，6個I/O端口以及一個定時器，有的還含4道A/D</p><p>　　3、 工藝上的進步 </p><p>　　現(xiàn)在的單片機基本上采用CMOS技術(shù)，但已經(jīng)大多數(shù)采用了0.6?m以上的光刻工藝，有個別的公司，如Motorola公司則已采用0.35mm甚至是0.25mm

59、技術(shù)。這些技術(shù)的進步大大地提高了單片機的內(nèi)部密度和可靠性。 </p><p>　　四、以單片機為核心的嵌入式系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　單片機的另外一個名稱就是嵌入式微控制器，原因在于它可以嵌入到任何微型或小型儀器或設備中。目前，把單片機嵌入式系統(tǒng)和Internet連接已是一種趨勢。但是，Internet一向是一種采用肥服務器，瘦用戶機的技術(shù)。這種技術(shù)在互聯(lián)上存儲及訪問大量數(shù)據(jù)是合適的，但對

60、于控制嵌入式器件就成了"殺雞用牛刀"了。要實現(xiàn)嵌入式設備和Internet連接，就需要把傳統(tǒng)的Internet理論和嵌入式設備的實踐都顛倒過來。為了使復雜的或簡單的嵌入式設備，例如單片機控制的機床、單片機控制的門鎖，能切實可行地和Internet連接，就要求專門為嵌入式微控制器設備設計網(wǎng)絡服務器，使嵌入式設備可以和Internet相連，并通過標準網(wǎng)絡瀏覽器進行過程控制。 </p><p>　　

61、目前，為了把單片機為核心的嵌入式系統(tǒng)和Internet相連，已有多家公司在進行這方面的較多研究。這方面較為典型的有emWare公司和TASKING公司。 EmWare公司提出嵌入式系統(tǒng)入網(wǎng)的方案--EMIT技術(shù)。這個技術(shù)包括三個主要部分：即emMicro， emGateway和網(wǎng)絡瀏覽器。其中，emMicro是嵌入設備中的一個只占內(nèi)存容量1K字節(jié)的極小的網(wǎng)絡服務器； emGateway作為一個功能較強的用戶或服務器，它用于實現(xiàn)對多個嵌入

62、式設備的管理，還有標準的Internet 通信接入以及網(wǎng)絡瀏覽器的支持。網(wǎng)絡瀏覽器使用emObjicts進行顯示和嵌入式設備之間的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。 如果嵌入式設備的資源足夠，則emMicro和emGateway可以同時裝入嵌入式設備中，實現(xiàn)Internet的直接接入。否則，將要求emGateway和網(wǎng)絡瀏覽器相互配合。EmWare的EMIT軟件技術(shù)使用標準的 Internet協(xié)議對8位和16位嵌入式設備進行管理，但比傳統(tǒng)上的開銷小得多。<