外文翻譯---單片機概述、應用及發(fā)展

1、<p><b>　　中文4300字</b></p><p><b>　　外文資料 </b></p><p>　　Outline, Application and Development of the single　chip</p><p>　　The single　chip is one kind of int

2、egrated circuit chip, which uses the ultra large-scale technology and has the data-handling capacity (for example arithmetic operation, logic operation, data transfer, interrupt processing) the microprocessor (CPU), ran

3、dom access data-carrier storage (RAM), read-only program memory (ROM), input output circuit (I/O), possibly also includes fixed time the counter, serial passes unguardedly (SCI), demonstration actuation electric circuit

4、(LCD or LED actuation elec</p><p>　　From this looked that, single　chip has the function which the microprocessor does not have, it may alone complete the intellectualization control function which the modern

5、 industry control requests, this is single　chip biggest characteristic. However single　chip also is different with the single trigger, the chip before the development, it only has the function greatly strengthened ultra

6、large scale integrated circuit, if entrusts with it the specific procedure, it then is youngest, the integrit</p><p>　　The different single chip has the different hardware characteristic and the software cha

7、racteristic, namely their technical characteristic is different, the hardware characteristic is decided by single chip internal structure, the user must use some kind of single chip, must understand whether this product

8、does satisfy the characteristic target which the need the function and the application system requests. Here technical characteristic including function characteristic, control characteristic </p><p>　　Singl

9、e chip control system could substitute for before uses control system which the complex electronic circuit or the digital circuit constituted, might the software control realizes, and could realize the intellectualizatio

10、n, now single chip control category omnipresent, for example correspondence product, domestic electric appliances, intelligent instrument measuring appliance, process control and special-purpose control device and so on,

11、 single chip application domain was more and more wides</p><p>　　In 1946 first electronic accounting machine birth until now, only then 50 years, depends upon microelectronic technology and the semiconductor

12、 technology progress, from the electron tube - transistor- integrated circuit - large scale integrated circuit, now together on the chip definitely may integrate several million even more than ten million transistor, cau

13、ses the computer volume slightly, the function is stronger. </p><p>　　Specially in the nearly 20 years time, computer technology obtained the rapid development, the computer in the industry and agriculture,

14、the scientific research, the education, the national defense and the aerospace domain has obtained the widespread application, computer technology already was a national modern science and technology level important symb

15、ol. </p><p>　　Single chip is born in the 20th century 70's, looks like F8 monolithic microcomputer which Fairchild Corporation develops. The so-called single chip is uses the large scale integrated circ

16、uit technology the central processing element (Center Processing Unit, Also is Chang Cheng CPU) and the data-carrier storage (RAM), the program memory (ROM) and other I/O passes integrates unguardedly on together the chi

17、p, constitutes a smallest computer system, but modern single chip then has added on the seve</p><p>　　The 20th century 70's, microelectronic technology is being at the development phase, the integrated c

18、ircuit belongs to the scale development time, each kind of new material new craft not yet mature, single chip still occupied the primary development phase, the part integration scale also quite small, the function quite

19、was simple, CPU, RAM had generally has also included some simple I/O integrates to the chip on, looks like Fairchild Corporation to belong to this type, it also must be joined to </p><p>　　Under the MCS-48 l

20、eadership, after that, each big semiconductor company developed and has developed own single chip one after another, looked like Zilog Corporation the Z8 series. To the beginning of the 80's, single chip has develope

21、d to the high performance stage, looks like INTEL Corporation the MCS-51 series, Motorola Corporation 6,801 and 6,802 series, Rokwell Corporation 6,501 and 6,502 series and so on, In addition,Japan's famous electrica

22、l company NEC and HITACHI all one after another de</p><p>　　After 90's, single chip obtained the rapid development, the world each big semiconductor company has developed a function more formidable singl

23、e chip one after another. American Microchip Corporation had issued one kind of incompatible MCS-51 new generation of PIC series single chip, has aroused the field widespread interest completely, its product only then 33

24、 simplified the set of instructions to attract many users specially, caused the people to concentrate from the INTEL 111 complex instruct</p><p>　　The afterwards matter, the familiar single chip public figur

25、es quite have been all clear, more monolithic aircraft types pour out, MOTOROLA Corporation had issued one after another the MC68HC series single chip, Japan's several famous companies all developed a performance str

26、onger product, but Japan's single　chip used in generally the special-purpose systems control, but did not look like company and so on INTEL puts in to the market forms the general single chip. For example NEC Corpora

27、tion pro</p><p>　　Zilog Corporation's Z8 series product representative works are Z8671, contains BASIC the Debug interpreter, enormous place then user. But American country half COP800 series single chip

28、 then uses the advanced Harvard structure. ATMEL Corporation then perfectly unifies single chip technology and the advanced Flash memory technology, has issued the performance quite outstanding AT89 series single chip. I

29、ncluding company and so on China's Taiwan HOLTEK and WINBOND in abundance has also joined singl</p><p>　　This period, in single chip field, single chip variety extraordinary splendor, competes to be the

30、most unusual. Some 8, 16 even 32 machine, but 8 single chips by its price inexpensive, the variety complete, the application software rich, the support environment were still full, characteristic and so on development co

31、nvenience but are occupying the dominant position. But INTEL Corporation by reason of their abundant technology, the performance outstanding type and the good foundation, at present </p><p>　　Single chip wid

32、ely applies in the instrument measuring appliance, the domestic electric appliances, the medical equipment, domain and so on aerospace, special purpose equipment intellectualized management and process control, may divid

33、e the following several categories approximately: </p><p>　　1. On intelligent instrument measuring appliance application </p><p>　　Single chip has the volume small, the power loss low, the contr

34、ol function strong, the expansion is nimble, merit and so on microminiaturization and easy to operate, widely applies in the instrument measuring appliance, the union different type sensor, may realize such as physical q

35、uantity the and so on voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, current capacity, speed, thickness, angle, length, degree of hardness, element, pressure survey. Uses single chip control to cause the instrument<

36、;/p><p>　　2. In industry control application </p><p>　　May constitute the various formats control system, the data acquisition system with single chip. For example the factory assembly line intelle

37、ctualized management, the elevator intellectualization control, each kind of alarm system, constitutes two cascade control systems with the computer networking and so on. </p><p>　　3.In domestic electric app

38、liances application </p><p>　　May say like this that, the present domestic electric appliances basically have all used single chip control, praised, the washer, the electric refrigerator, the air conditioner

39、, the color television, other acoustic video frequency equipments from the electricity food, again to the electronic weighting equipment, all kinds of, omnipresent. </p><p>　　4.In computer network and corres

40、pondence domain application </p><p>　　Of the modern single chip has the correspondence connection generally, may very conveniently and the computer carries on the data communication, for provided the extrem

41、ely good physical conditions application in between the computer network and the communication facility, the present communication facility basically has all realized single chip intelligence control, from the handset, t

42、he telephone, the small program controlled switch, the building automatic correspondence ringing system, the tra</p><p>　　5.Single chip in medical equipment domain application </p><p>　　Single c

43、hip quite is also widespread inmedical equipment use, for example medical life-support machine, each kind of analyzer, , ultrasound diagnosis equipment and hospital bed ringing system and so on. In addition, single chip

44、in the industry and commerce, the finance, the scientific research, the education, domain and so on national defense aerospace all has the extremely widespread use. </p><p>　　Now may say single chip was all

45、flowers blooms together, the time which hundred school of thought contended, in the world each big chip manufacture company has all promoted own single chip, from 8, 16 to 32, innumerable, had everything expected to find

46、, has compatibly with the mainstream C51 series, also had not compatibly, but they unique, became mutually supplymentarily, provided the broad world for single chip application.</p><p>　　Looks over single ch

47、ip developing process, may indicate single chip development tendency, has approximately: </p><p>　　1.1 Low power loss CMOS </p><p>　　The MCS-51 series 8,031 promotes when the power loss reaches

48、630mW, but the present single chip all about 100mW, along with more and more is generally low to single chip power loss request, the present each single chip manufacturer basic has all used CMOS (complementary metal oxid

49、e semiconductor craft). Looked like 80C51 to use HMOS (namely high density metal oxide compound semiconductor craft) and CHMOS (supplementary high density metal oxide compound semiconductor craft). CMOS although power l&

50、lt;/p><p>　　2.2 Miniature monolithic </p><p>　　Now the conventional single chip all is generally the central processor (CPU), the random access data storage (RAM), the read-only program memory (ROM

51、), parallel and the serial communication connection, the interruption system, the timing circuit, the clock electric circuit integration on together the sole chip, the enlargement mode single chip integrated like A/The D

52、 switch, PMW (pulse-duration modulation electric circuit), WDT (watch-dog), some single chips (liquid crystal) actuate LCD the ele</p><p>　　In addition, present product universal demand volume small, weight

53、light, this requests single chip strong and the power loss is low besides the function, but also requests its volume to have to be small. Present many single chips all have the many kinds of seals form, SMD (superficial

54、seal) more and more receives welcome, to enable the system which constitutes by single chip towards the microminiaturized direction to develop. </p><p>　　3.3 Mainstream and multi- varieties coexistence <

55、/p><p>　　Now although single chip variety is many, unique, but still as the core single chip occupies the mainstream take 80C51, the compatible its structure and the command system have PHILIPS Corporation the

56、product, the ATMEL Corporation's product and the Chinese Taiwan's Winbond series single chip. Therefore C8051 was the core single chip occupied the half of the country. But Microchip Corporation's PIC simplif

57、ied the set of instructions (RISC) also to have the strong development tendency, the Chines</p><p><b>　　中文譯文</b></p><p>　　單片機概述、應用及發(fā)展</p><p>　　單片機是一種集成電路芯片，采用超大規(guī)模技術把具有數(shù)

58、據(jù)處理能力(如算術運算，邏輯運算、數(shù)據(jù)傳送、中斷處理)的微處理器(CPU)，隨機存取數(shù)據(jù)存儲器(RAM)，只讀程序存儲器(ROM)，輸入輸出電路(I/O口)，可能還包括定時計數(shù)器，串行通信口(SCI)，顯示驅動電路(LCD或LED驅動電路)，脈寬調制電路(PWM)，模擬多路轉換器及A/D轉換器等電路集成到一塊單塊芯片上，構成一個最小然而完善的計算機系統(tǒng)。這些電路能在軟件的控制下準確、迅速、高效地完成程序設計者事先規(guī)定的任務。 </

59、p><p>　　由此來看，單片機有著微處理器所不具備的功能，它可單獨地完成現(xiàn)代工業(yè)控制所要求的智能化控制功能，這是單片機最大的特征。 然而單片機又不同于單板機，芯片在沒有開發(fā)前，它只是具備功能極強的超大規(guī)模集成電路，如果賦予它特定的程序，它便是一個最小的、完整的微型計算機控制系統(tǒng)，它與單板機或個人電腦(PC機)有著本質的區(qū)別，單片機的應用屬于芯片級應用，需要用戶了解單片機芯片的結構和指令系統(tǒng)以及其它集成電路應用技術和

60、系統(tǒng)設計所需要的理論和技術，用這樣特定的芯片設計應用程序，從而使該芯片具備特定的功能。 </p><p>　　不同的單片機有著不同的硬件特征和軟件特征，即它們的技術特征均不盡相同，硬件特征取決于單片機芯片的內部結構，用戶要使用某種單片機，必須了解該型產品是否滿足需要的功能和應用系統(tǒng)所要求的特性指標。這里的技術特征包括功能特性、控制特性和電氣特性等等，這些信息需要從生產廠商的技術手冊中得到。軟件特征是指指令系統(tǒng)特性

61、和開發(fā)支持環(huán)境，指令特性即我們熟悉的單片機的尋址方式，數(shù)據(jù)處理和邏輯處理方式，輸入輸出特性及對電源的要求等等。開發(fā)支持的環(huán)境包括指令的兼容及可移植性，支持軟件(包含可支持開發(fā)應用程序的軟件資源)及硬件資源。要利用某型號單片機開發(fā)自己的應用系統(tǒng)，掌握其結構特征和技術特征是必須的。 </p><p>　　單片機控制系統(tǒng)能夠取代以前利用復雜電子線路或數(shù)字電路構成的控制系統(tǒng)，可以軟件控制來實現(xiàn)，并能夠實現(xiàn)智能化，現(xiàn)在單片

62、機控制范疇無所不在，例如通信產品、家用電器、智能儀器儀表、過程控制和專用控制裝置等等，單片機的應用領域越來越廣泛。 誠然，單片機的應用意義遠不限于它的應用范疇或由此帶來的經濟效益，更重要的是它已從根本上改變了傳統(tǒng)的控制方法和設計思想。是控制技術的一次革命，是一座重要的里程碑。 </p><p>　　1946年第一臺電子計算機誕生至今，只有50年的時間，依靠微電子技術和半導體技術的進步，從電子管——晶體管——集成電

63、路——大規(guī)模集成電路，現(xiàn)在一塊芯片上完全可以集成幾百萬甚至上千萬只晶體管，使得計算機體積更小，功能更強。特別是近20年時間里，計算機技術獲得飛速的發(fā)展，計算機在工農業(yè)，科研，教育，國防和航空航天領域獲得了廣泛的應用，計算機技術已經是一個國家現(xiàn)代科技水平的重要標志。 </p><p>　　單片機誕生于20世紀70年代，像Fairchild公司研制的F8單片微型計算機。所謂單片機是利用大規(guī)模集成電路技術把中央處理單元

64、(Center Processing Unit,也即常稱的CPU)和數(shù)據(jù)存儲器(RAM)、程序存儲器(ROM)及其他I/O通信口集成在一塊芯片上，構成一個最小的計算機系統(tǒng)，而現(xiàn)代的單片機則加上了中斷單元，定時單元及A/D轉換等更復雜、更完善的電路，使得單片機的功能越來越強大，應用更廣泛。 20世紀70年代，微電子技術正處于發(fā)展階段，集成電路屬于中規(guī)模發(fā)展時期，各種新材料新工藝尚未成熟，單片機仍處在初級的發(fā)展階段，元件集成規(guī)模還比較小，功

65、能比較簡單，一般均把CPU、RAM有的還包括了一些簡單的I/O口集成到芯片上，像Fairchild公司就屬于這一類型，它還需配上外圍的其他處理電路方才構成完整的計算系統(tǒng)。類似的單片機還有Zilog公司的Z80微處理器。1976年INTEL公司推出了MCS-48單片機，這個時期的單片機才是真正的8位單片微型計算機，并推向市場。它以體積小，功能全，價格低贏得了廣泛的應用，為單片機的發(fā)展奠定了基礎，成為單片機發(fā)展史上重要的里程碑。 <

66、/p><p>　　在MCS-48的帶領下，其后，各大半導體公司相繼研制和發(fā)展了自己的單片機，像Zilog公司的Z8系列。到了80年代初，單片機已發(fā)展到了高性能階段，像INTEL公司的MCS-51系列，Motorola公司的6801和6802系列，Rokwell公司的6501及6502系列等等,此外,日本的著名電氣公司NEC和HITACHI都相繼開發(fā)了具有自己特色的專用單片機。 80年代，世界各大公司均競相研制出品種多

67、功能強的單片機，約有幾十個系列，300多個品種，此時的單片機均屬于真正的單片化，大多集成了CPU、RAM、ROM、數(shù)目繁多的I/O接口、多種中斷系統(tǒng)，甚至還有一些帶A/D轉換器的單片機，功能越來越強大，RAM和ROM的容量也越來越大，尋址空間甚至可達64kB，可以說，單片機發(fā)展到了一個全新階段，應用領域更廣泛，許多家用電器均走向利用單片機控制的智能化發(fā)展道路。 1982年以后，16位單片機問世，代表產品是INTEL公司的MCS-96系列

68、，16位單片機比起8位機，數(shù)據(jù)寬度增加了一倍，實時處理能力更強，主頻更高，集成度達到了12萬只晶體管，RAM增加到了232字節(jié)，ROM則達到了8kB，并且有8</p><p>　　九十年代以后，單片機獲得了飛速的發(fā)展，世界各大半導體公司相繼開發(fā)了功能更為強大的單片機。美國Microchip公司發(fā)布了一種完全不兼容MCS-51的新一代PIC系列單片機，引起了業(yè)界的廣泛關注，特別它的產品只有33條精簡指令集吸引了不少

69、用戶，使人們從INTEL的111條復雜指令集中走出來。PIC單片機獲得了快速的發(fā)展，在業(yè)界中占有一席之地。 隨后的事情，熟悉單片機的人士都比較清楚了，更多的單片機種蜂擁而至，MOTOROLA公司相繼發(fā)布了MC68HC系列單片機，日本的幾個著名公司都研制出了性能更強的產品，但日本的單片機一般均用于專用系統(tǒng)控制，而不像INTEL等公司投放到市場形成通用單片機。例如NEC公司生產的uCOM87系列單片機，其代表作uPC7811是一種性能相當優(yōu)

70、異的單片機。MOTOROLA公司的MC68HC05系列其高速低價等特點贏得了不少用戶。 </p><p>　　Zilog公司的Z8系列產品代表作是Z8671，內含BASIC Debug解釋程序，極大地方便用戶。而美國過半的COP800系列單片機則采用先進的哈佛結構。ATMEL公司則把單片機技術與先進的Flash存儲技術完美地結合起來，發(fā)布了性能相當優(yōu)秀的AT89系列單片機。包括中國的臺灣HOLTEK和WINBON

71、D等公司也紛紛加入了單片機發(fā)展行列，憑著他們廉價的優(yōu)勢，分享一杯美羹。1990年美國INTEL公司推出了80960超級32位單片機引起了計算機界的轟動，產品相繼投放市場，成為單片機發(fā)展史上又一個重要的里程碑。 </p><p>　　此期間，單片機園地里，單片機品種異彩紛呈，爭奇斗艷。有8位、16位甚至32位機，但8位單片機仍以它的價格低廉、品種齊全、應用軟件豐富、支持環(huán)境充分、開發(fā)方便等特點而占著主導地位。而IN

72、TEL公司憑著他們雄厚的技術，性能優(yōu)秀的機型和良好的基礎，目前仍是單片機的主流產品。只不過是九十年代中期，INTEL公司忙著開發(fā)他們個人電腦微處理器，已沒有足夠的精力繼續(xù)發(fā)展自己創(chuàng)導的單片機技術，而由PHILIPS等公司繼續(xù)發(fā)展C51系列單片機。 三.單片機的應用領域單片機的應用領域單片機的應用領域單片機的應用領域 單片機廣泛應用于儀器儀表、家用電器、醫(yī)用設備、航空航天、專用設備的智能化管理及過程控制等領域，大致可分如下幾個范疇：<

73、;/p><p>　　1.在智能儀器儀表上的應用 </p><p>　　單片機具有體積小、功耗低、控制功能強、擴展靈活、微型化和使用方便等優(yōu)點，廣泛應用于儀器儀表中，結合不同類型的傳感器，可實現(xiàn)諸如電壓、功率、頻率、濕度、溫度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、長度、硬度、元素、壓力等物理量的測量。采用單片機控制使得儀器儀表數(shù)字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用電子或數(shù)字電路更加強大。例如精密的測量設備（

74、功率計，示波器，各種分析儀）。 </p><p>　　2.在工業(yè)控制中的應用 </p><p>　　用單片機可以構成形式多樣的控制系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)。例如工廠流水線的智能化管理，電梯智能化控制、各種報警系統(tǒng)，與計算機聯(lián)網(wǎng)構成二級控制系統(tǒng)等。 </p><p>　　3.在家用電器中的應用 </p><p>　　可以這樣說，現(xiàn)在的家用電器基本上都

75、采用了單片機控制，從電飯褒、洗衣機、電冰箱、空調機、彩電、其他音響視頻器材、再到電子秤量設備，五花八門，無所不在。 </p><p>　　4.在計算機網(wǎng)絡和通信領域中的應用 </p><p>　　現(xiàn)代的單片機普遍具備通信接口，可以很方便地與計算機進行數(shù)據(jù)通信，為在計算機網(wǎng)絡和通信設備間的應用提供了極好的物質條件，現(xiàn)在的通信設備基本上都實現(xiàn)了單片機智能控制，從手機，電話機、小型程控交換機、樓

76、宇自動通信呼叫系統(tǒng)、列車無線通信、再到日常工作中隨處可見的移動電話，集群移動通信，無線電對講機等。 </p><p>　　5.單片機在醫(yī)用設備領域中的應用 </p><p>　　單片機在醫(yī)用設備中的用途亦相當廣泛，例如醫(yī)用呼吸機，各種分析儀，監(jiān)護儀，超聲診斷設備及病床呼叫系統(tǒng)等等。 此外，單片機在工商，金融，科研、教育，國防航空航天等領域都有著十分廣泛的用途。 </p>&l

77、t;p>　　四.單片機的發(fā)展趨勢 </p><p>　　現(xiàn)在可以說單片機是百花齊放，百家爭鳴的時期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的單片機，從8位、16位到32位，數(shù)不勝數(shù)，應有盡有，有與主流C51系列兼容的，也有不兼容的，但它們各具特色，互成互補，為單片機的應用提供廣闊的天地。 縱觀單片機的發(fā)展過程，可以預示單片機的發(fā)展趨勢，大致有：</p><p>　　1.1低功耗CMOS化

78、</p><p>　　MCS-51系列的8031推出時的功耗達630mW，而現(xiàn)在的單片機普遍都在100mW左右，隨著對單片機功耗要求越來越低，現(xiàn)在的各個單片機制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互補金屬氧化物半導體工藝)。像80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金屬氧化物半導體工藝)和CHMOS(互補高密度金屬氧化物半導體工藝)。CMOS雖然功耗較低，但由于其物理特征決定其工作速度不夠高，而CHMOS則具備了高速和低功耗的

79、特點，這些特征，更適合于在要求低功耗像電池供電的應用場合。所以這種工藝將是今后一段時期單片機發(fā)展的主要途徑。 </p><p><b>　　2.2微型單片化</b></p><p>　　現(xiàn)在常規(guī)的單片機普遍都是將中央處理器(CPU)、隨機存取數(shù)據(jù)存儲(RAM)、只讀程序存儲器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中斷系統(tǒng)、定時電路、時鐘電路集成在一塊單一的芯片上，增強型的單

80、片機集成了如A/D轉換器、PMW(脈寬調制電路)、WDT(看門狗)、有些單片機將LCD(液晶)驅動電路都集成在單一的芯片上，這樣單片機包含的單元電路就更多，功能就越強大。甚至單片機廠商還可以根據(jù)用戶的要求量身定做，制造出具有自己特色的單片機芯片。 </p><p>　　此外，現(xiàn)在的產品普遍要求體積小、重量輕，這就要求單片機除了功能強和功耗低外，還要求其體積要小?，F(xiàn)在的許多單片機都具有多種封裝形式，其中SMD(表面

81、封裝)越來越受歡迎，使得由單片機構成的系統(tǒng)正朝微型化方向發(fā)展。</p><p>　　3.3主流與多品種共存</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在雖然單片機的品種繁多，各具特色，但仍以80C51為核心的單片機占主流，兼容其結構和指令系統(tǒng)的有PHILIPS公司的產品，ATMEL公司的產品和中國臺灣的Winbond系列單片機。所以C8051為核心的單片機占據(jù)了半壁江山。而Microchip公司的PIC精簡指