外文翻譯---直流開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓電源的保護(hù)技術(shù)

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)論文英文翻譯資料</p><p>　　題 目： 直流開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓電源的保護(hù)技術(shù) </p><p>　　院 （系）： 電子電器工程系 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化 </p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名：

2、 </p><p>　　班 級(jí)： </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)： </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師： </p><p>　　2012年 12月10日</p>

3、<p>　　DC Switching Power Supply Protection Technology</p><p>　　Abstract: The DC switching power supply protection system, protection system design principles and machine protection measures, an analysis

4、 of switching power supply in the range of protected characteristics and its design methodology, introduced a number of practical protection circuit.</p><p>　　Keywords: switching power supply protection cir

5、cuit system design</p><p>　　A、Introduction</p><p>　　DC switching regulator used in the price of more expensive high-power switching devices, the control circuit is also more complex, In addition

6、, the load switching regulators are generally used a large number of highly integrated electronic systems installed devices. Transistors and integrated device tolerance electricity, less heat shocks. Switching Regulators

7、 therefore should take into account the protection of voltage regulators and load their own safety. Many different types of circuit protec</p><p>　　B、Polarity protection</p><p>　　DC switching re

8、gulator input is generally not regulated DC power supply. Operating errors or accidents as a result of the situation will take its wrong polarity; switching power supply will be damaged. Polarity protection purposes, is

9、to make the switching regulator only when the correct polarity is not connected to DC power supply regulator to work at. Connecting a single device can achieve power polarity protection. Since the diode D to flow through

10、 switching regulator input total current, thi</p><p>　　C、Procedures to protect </p><p>　　Switching power supply circuit is rather complicated, basically can be divided into low-power and high-po

11、wer part of the control part of the switch. Switch is a high-power transistors, for the protection of the transistor switch is turned on or off power safety, we must first modulator, amplifier and other low-power control

12、 circuit. To this end, the boot to ensure the correct procedures. Switching Regulators generally take the input of a small inductor, the input filter capacitor. Moment in the </p><p>　　Switching regulator co

13、ntrol circuit of the logic components required or op-amp auxiliary power supply. To this end, the auxiliary power supply must be in the switch circuit. This control circuit can be used to ensure the boot. Normal boot pro

14、cess is: to identify the polarity of input power, voltage protection procedures → boot → auxiliary power supply circuit and through current limiting resistor R of the switching regulator input capacitor C → charge modula

15、tion switching regulator circuit, → sh</p><p>　　In the switching regulator, the machines just because the output capacitance, and charge to the rated output voltage value of the need for a certain period of

16、time. During this time, sampling the output amplifier with low input voltage sampling, closed-loop regulation characteristics of the system will force the switching of the transistor conduction time lengthened, so that s

17、witching transistor during this period will tend to continuous conduction, and easily damaged. To this end, the requireme</p><p>　　D、Over-current protection </p><p>　　When the load short-circuit

18、, overload control circuit failure or unforeseen circumstances, such as would cause the flow of switching voltage regulator transistor current is too large, so that increased power tubes, fever, if there is no over-curre

19、nt protection device, high power switching transistor may be damaged. Therefore, the switching regulator in the over-current protection is commonly used. The most economical way is to use simple fuse. As a result of the

20、heat capacity of small transistor</p><p>　　Linear voltage regulator commonly used in the protection and current limiting to protect the cut-off in the switching regulator can be applied. However, according t

21、o the characteristics of switching regulators, the protection circuit can not directly control the output transistor switches, and over current protection must be converted to pulse output commands to control the modulat

22、or to protect the transistor switch. In order to achieve over-current protection are generally required sampling res</p><p>　　E、Over-voltage protection </p><p>　　Switching regulator's input

23、over-voltage protection, including over-voltage protection and output over-voltage protection. Switching regulator is not used in DC power supply voltage regulator and rectifier, such as battery voltage, if too high, so

24、switching regulator is not working properly, or even damage to internal devices, therefore, it is necessary to use the input over-voltage protection circuit. Using transistors and relays protection circuit.</p>&l

25、t;p>　　In the circuit, when the input DC power supply voltage higher than the voltage regulator diode breakdown voltage value, the breakdown voltage regulator tube, a current flowing through resistor R, so that V turn-

26、on transistor, relay, normally closed contact off open, cut off the input. Voltage regulator voltage regulator which controls the value of Vs. = Earwax-UBE. The polarity of input power with the input protection circuit c

27、an be combined with over-voltage protection, polarity protection cons</p><p>　　Output over-voltage protection switching power supply is essential. In particular, for the 5V output of the switching regulator,

28、 it is a lot of load on a high level of integration of the logic device. If at work, switching regulator sudden damage to the switch transistor, the output potential may be increased immediately to the importation of non

29、-regulated DC power supply voltage value, causing great loss instantaneous. Commonly used method is short-circuit protection thirsted. The simplest over</p><p>　　F、Under-voltage protection </p><p&

30、gt;　　Output voltage below the value to reflect the input DC power supply, switching regulator output load internal or unusual occurrence. Input DC power supply voltage drops below the specified value would result in swit

31、ching regulator output voltage drops, the input current increases, not only endanger the switching transistor, but also endanger the input power. Therefore, in order to set up due to voltage protection. Due to simple vol

32、tage protection. </p><p>　　When no voltage regulator input normal, ZD breakdown voltage regulator tube, transistors V conduction, the relay action, contact pull-in, power-switching regulator. When the input

33、below the minimum allowable voltage value, the regulator tube ZD barrier, V cut-off, contact Kai-hop, switching regulator can not work. Internal switching regulator, as the control switch transistor circuit disorders or

34、failure will decrease the output voltage; load short-circuit output voltage will also decline. </p><p>　　Especially in the reversed-phase step-up or step-up switching regulator DC voltage of the protection d

35、ue to over-current protection with closely related and therefore more important. Implementation of Switching Regulators in the termination of the output voltage comparators.</p><p>　　Normally, there is no co

36、mparator output, once the voltage drops below the allowable value in the comparator on the flip, drive alarm circuit; also fed back to the switching regulator control circuit, so that switching transistor cut-off or cut

37、off the input power. </p><p>　　G、Over-temperature protection </p><p>　　Switching regulator and the high level of integration of light-weight small volume, with its unit volume greatly increased

38、the power density, power supply components to its work within the requirements of the ambient temperature is also a corresponding increase. Otherwise, the circuit performance will deteriorate premature component failure.

39、 Therefore, in high-power switching regulator should be set up over-temperature protection. </p><p>　　Relays used to detect the temperature inside the power supply temperature, when the internally generated

40、power supply overheating, the temperature of the relay on the action, so that whole circuit in a warning alarm, and the realization of the power supply over-temperature protection. Temperature relay can be placed in the

41、vicinity of the switching transistor, the general high-power tube shell to allow the maximum temperature is 75 ℃, adjust the temperature setting to 60 ℃. When the shell after </p><p>　　H、The future developme

42、nt of relay protection</p><p>　　Protection technology to future trends is computerized, network, intelligent, protection and control, measurement and data communications integration development.</p>&

43、lt;p>　　1) Computerized</p><p>　　Along with the rapid development of computer hardware, microcomputer protection and development in hardware. Former north electricity institute of computer line protection

44、hardware has experienced three development stages: from eight single CPU structure of the microcomputer relay protection, less than 5 years time to develop more CPU structure, and to develop the large don't bus modul

45、e, performance greatly improve module structure, widely used. Huazhong university of science and technology deve</p><p>　　Nanjing institute of electrical automation began a 16-bit CPU is developed on the bas

46、is of computer line protection, has been widespread in the study, also protect the hardware system 32 bits. The development of southeast university computer hardware and equipment to protect and improve through a lot. Ti

47、anjin university is a start with more than 16 bits CPU developed on the basis of computer line protection, which began in 1988 study 32-bit digital signal processor (DSP) for the protection and c</p><p><

48、b>　　2）Network</b></p><p>　　Power system of microcomputer protection requirement, besides improving the basic function of protection, also should have the capacity of the fault information and data s

49、torage space, long-term fast data processing function, strong communication ability, and other protection and control devices and the whole system by sharing network dispatching data, information and network resources, t

50、he ability to program in a high-level language, etc. This requires microcomputer protection device is equival</p><p>　　Tianjin University has developed with microprocessor-based protection device with an ide

51、ntical structure reform polymerizing-kettle of relay protection device. This device has several advantages: (1) 486PC machine can meet all the functions of the current and future demands of microcomputer protection funct

52、ion. (2) dimension and structure and the current protection device, exquisite workmanship, shockproof, prevent overheating, preventing electromagnetic interference ability is strong, can run i</p><p>　　The m

53、icrocomputer relay protection device, computerized is irreversible trend. But how to better satisfy power system, how to further improve the reliability of the relay protection, and how to obtain more economic benefit an

54、d social benefit, still must specifically in-depth research.</p><p>　　820 networks</p><p>　　The computer network information and data communication tool has become the mainstay of the informatio

55、n age, make human production technology and social life of the fundamental changes have taken place. It is deeply affect all industries, as well as various industry provides powerful means of communication. So far, in ad

56、dition to the differential protection disoperation and protection of the relay protection device, all can only protect the electricity installation reaction. Protection function </p><p>　　I、Conclusion </p

57、><p>　　Discussed above in the switching regulator of a variety of conservation, and introduces a number of specific ways to achieve. Of a given switching power supply is concerned, but also protection from the

58、whole to consider the following points: </p><p>　　1) The switching regulator used in the switching transistor in the DC security restrictions on the work of regional work. The transistor switches selected by

59、 the manual available transistors get DC safe working area. According to the maximum collector current to determine the input value of over-current protection. However, the instantaneous maximum value should be converted

60、 to the average current. At rated output current and output voltage conditions, the switch of the dynamic load line does no</p><p>　　2) The switching regulator output limit given by the technical indicators

61、within. Work within the required temperature range, the switching regulator's output voltage, the lower limit of the output is off, due to the voltage value of voltage protection. Over-current protection can be based

62、 on the maximum output current to determine. False alarm in order not to protect the value of a certain margin to remain appropriate. </p><p>　　3) From the above two methods to determine the protection after

63、 the power supply device in accordance with the needs of measures to determine the alarm. Measures the general alarm sound and light alarm two police. Voice of the police applied to more complex machines, power supply pa

64、rts and do not stand out in a place, it can give staff an effective warning of failure; optical Police instructions can be eye-catching and fault alarm and pointed out that the fault location and type. Protection meas<

65、;/p><p>　　4) The power of putting in the protection circuit will be affected after the reliability of the system, for which want to protect the reliability of the circuit itself is higher in order to improve th

66、e reliability of the entire power system, thereby increasing its own power supply MTBF. This requires the protection of strict logic, the circuit is simple, at least components, In addition to the protection circuit shou

67、ld also be considered a failure of maintenance of their difficulty and their pow</p><p>　　Therefore, we must be comprehensive and systematic consideration of a variety of switching power supply protection me

68、asures to ensure the normal operation of switching power supplies and high-efficiency and high reliability.</p><p>　　直流開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓電源的保護(hù)技術(shù)</p><p>　　摘要：討論了直流開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓電源的保護(hù)系統(tǒng),提出保護(hù)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的原則和整機(jī)保護(hù)的措施，分析了開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓電源中的各種保

69、護(hù)的特點(diǎn)及其設(shè)計(jì)方法,介紹了幾種實(shí)用保護(hù)電路。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵字：開(kāi)關(guān)電源；保護(hù)電路；系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)</p><p><b>　　一、引言</b></p><p>　　直流開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器中所使用的大功率開(kāi)關(guān)器件價(jià)格較貴,其控制電路亦比較復(fù)雜,另外,開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的負(fù)載一般都是用大量的集成化程度很高的器件安裝的電子系統(tǒng)。晶體管和集成器件耐受電、熱沖擊

70、的能力較差。因而開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的保護(hù)應(yīng)該兼顧穩(wěn)壓器本身和負(fù)載的安全。保護(hù)電路的種類很多,這里介紹極性保護(hù)、程序保護(hù)、過(guò)電流保護(hù)、過(guò)電壓保護(hù)、欠電壓保護(hù)以及過(guò)熱保護(hù)等電路。通常選用幾種保護(hù)方式加以組合,構(gòu)成完善的保護(hù)系統(tǒng)。</p><p><b>　　二、極性保護(hù)</b></p><p>　　直流開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的輸入一般都是未穩(wěn)壓直流電源。由于操作失誤或者意外情況會(huì)將其極性接錯(cuò)

71、,將損壞開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓電源。極性保護(hù)的目的,就是使開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器僅當(dāng)以正確的極性接上未穩(wěn)壓直流電源時(shí)才能工作。利用單向?qū)ǖ钠骷梢詫?shí)現(xiàn)電源的極性保護(hù)。最簡(jiǎn)單的極性保護(hù)電路如圖1所示。由于二極管D要流過(guò)開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的輸入總電流,因此這種電路應(yīng)用在小功率的開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器上比較合適。在較大功率的場(chǎng)合,則把極性保護(hù)電路作為程序保護(hù)中的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),可以省去極性保護(hù)所需的大功率二極管,功耗也將減小。為了操作方便,便于識(shí)別極性正確與否,在二極管之后接指示燈。<

72、/p><p><b>　　三、程序保護(hù)</b></p><p>　　開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓電源的電路比較復(fù)雜,基本上可以分為小功率的控制部分和大功率的開(kāi)關(guān)部分。開(kāi)關(guān)晶體管則屬大功率，為保護(hù)開(kāi)關(guān)晶體管在開(kāi)啟或關(guān)斷電源時(shí)的安全,必須先讓調(diào)制器、放大器等小功率的控制電路工作。為此,要保證正確的開(kāi)機(jī)程序。開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的輸入端一般接有小電感、大電容的輸入濾波器。在開(kāi)機(jī)瞬間,濾波電容器會(huì)流過(guò)很大的浪

73、涌電流,這個(gè)浪涌電流可以為正常輸入電流的數(shù)倍。這樣大的浪涌電流會(huì)使普通電源開(kāi)關(guān)的觸點(diǎn)或繼電器的觸點(diǎn)熔化,并使輸入保險(xiǎn)絲熔斷。另外,浪涌電流也會(huì)損害電容器,使之壽命縮短,過(guò)早損壞。為此,開(kāi)機(jī)時(shí)應(yīng)該接入一個(gè)限流電阻,通過(guò)這個(gè)限流電阻來(lái)對(duì)電容器充電。為了不使該限流電阻消耗過(guò)多的功率，以致影響開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的正常工作,而在開(kāi)機(jī)暫態(tài)過(guò)程結(jié)束后，用一個(gè)繼電器自動(dòng)短接它,使直流電源直接對(duì)開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器供電。這種電路稱之謂開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的“軟啟動(dòng)”電路。</

74、p><p>　　開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的控制電路中的邏輯組件或者運(yùn)算放大器需用輔助電源供電。為此,輔助電源必須先于 開(kāi)關(guān)電路工作。這可用開(kāi)機(jī)程序控制電路來(lái)保證。一般的開(kāi)機(jī)程序是:輸 入電源的極性鑒別,電壓保護(hù)→開(kāi)機(jī)程 序電路工作→輔助電源工作并通過(guò)限流電阻 R對(duì)開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的輸入電容器C充電→ 開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的調(diào)制電路工作，短路限流電阻→開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器 穩(wěn)定工作。</p><p>　　在開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器中,剛開(kāi)機(jī)時(shí),因?yàn)?/p>

75、其輸出電容容量大,充到額定輸出電壓值需要一定時(shí)間。在這段時(shí)間內(nèi),取樣放大器輸入低的輸出電壓采樣,根據(jù)系統(tǒng)閉環(huán)調(diào)節(jié)特性將迫使開(kāi)關(guān)三極管的導(dǎo)通時(shí)間加長(zhǎng),這樣一來(lái),開(kāi)關(guān)三極管就會(huì)在這段期間內(nèi)趨于連續(xù)導(dǎo)通,而容易損壞。為此,要求在開(kāi)機(jī)這一段時(shí)間內(nèi),開(kāi)關(guān)調(diào)制電路輸出給開(kāi)關(guān)三極管基極的脈寬調(diào)制驅(qū)動(dòng)信號(hào)，能保證開(kāi)關(guān)三極管由截止逐漸趨于正常的開(kāi)關(guān)狀態(tài)，故而要加設(shè)開(kāi)機(jī)保護(hù)以配合軟啟動(dòng)。</p><p><b>　　四、過(guò)

76、電流保護(hù)</b></p><p>　　當(dāng)出現(xiàn)負(fù)載短路、過(guò)載或者控制電路失效等意外情況時(shí),會(huì)引起流過(guò)穩(wěn)壓器中開(kāi)關(guān)三極管的電流過(guò)大，使管子功耗增大,發(fā)熱,若沒(méi)有過(guò)流保護(hù)裝置,大功率開(kāi)關(guān)三極管就有可能損壞。故而在開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器中過(guò)電流保護(hù)是常用的。最經(jīng)濟(jì)簡(jiǎn)便的方法是用保險(xiǎn)絲。由于晶體管的熱容量小,普通保險(xiǎn)絲一般不能起到保護(hù)作用,常用的是快速熔斷保險(xiǎn)絲。這種方法具有保護(hù)容易的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是,需要根據(jù)具體開(kāi)關(guān)三極管的安

77、全工作區(qū)要求來(lái)選擇保險(xiǎn)絲的規(guī)格。這種過(guò)流保護(hù)措施的缺點(diǎn)是帶來(lái)經(jīng)常更換保險(xiǎn)絲的不便。</p><p>　　在線性穩(wěn)壓器中常用的限流保護(hù)和電流截止保護(hù)在開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器中均能應(yīng)用。但是,根據(jù)開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的特點(diǎn),這種保護(hù)電路的輸出不能直接控制開(kāi)關(guān)三極管,而必須使過(guò)電流保護(hù)的輸出轉(zhuǎn)換為脈沖指令,去控制調(diào)制器以保護(hù)開(kāi)關(guān)三極管。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)電流保護(hù)一般均需要用取樣電阻串聯(lián)在電路中,這會(huì)影響電源的效率,因此多用于小功率開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的場(chǎng)合。

78、而在大功率的開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓電源中,考慮到功耗，應(yīng)盡量避免取樣電阻的接入。因此,通常將過(guò)電流保護(hù)轉(zhuǎn)換為過(guò)、欠電壓保護(hù)。</p><p><b>　　五、過(guò)電壓保護(hù)</b></p><p>　　開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的過(guò)電壓保護(hù)包括輸入過(guò)電壓保護(hù)和輸出過(guò)電壓保護(hù)。開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器所使用的未穩(wěn)壓直流電源諸如蓄電池和整流器的電壓如果過(guò)高,使開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器不能正常工作,甚至損壞內(nèi)部器件,因此,有必要使用輸

79、入過(guò)電壓保護(hù)電路。</p><p>　　在該電路中，當(dāng)輸入直流電源的電壓高于穩(wěn)壓二極管的擊穿電壓值時(shí)，穩(wěn)壓管擊穿，有電流流過(guò)電阻R， 使晶體管V導(dǎo)通，繼電器動(dòng)作，常閉接點(diǎn)斷開(kāi)，切斷輸入。其中穩(wěn) 壓管的穩(wěn)壓值Vz=ESrmax－UBE。輸入 電源的極性保護(hù)電路可以跟輸入過(guò)電壓保護(hù)結(jié)合在一起,構(gòu)成極性 保護(hù)鑒別與過(guò)電壓保護(hù)電路。</p><p>　　輸出過(guò)電壓保護(hù)在開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓電源中是至關(guān)重要的。

80、特別對(duì)輸出為5V的開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器來(lái)說(shuō),它的負(fù)載是大量的高集成度的邏輯器件。如果在工作時(shí),開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的開(kāi)關(guān)三極管突然損壞,輸出電位就可能立即升高到輸入未穩(wěn)壓直流電源的電壓值,瞬時(shí)造成很大的損失。常用的方法是晶閘管短路保護(hù)。當(dāng)輸出電壓過(guò)高時(shí),穩(wěn)壓管被擊穿,觸發(fā)晶閘管導(dǎo)通,把輸出端短路,造成過(guò)電流,通過(guò)保險(xiǎn)絲或電路保護(hù)器將輸入切斷,保護(hù)了負(fù)載。這種電路的響應(yīng)時(shí)間相當(dāng)于晶閘管的開(kāi)通時(shí)間，約為5～10μs。它的缺點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作電壓是固定的，溫度系數(shù)大，動(dòng)作

81、點(diǎn)不穩(wěn)定。另外，穩(wěn)壓管存在著參數(shù)的離散性，型號(hào)相同但過(guò)電壓起動(dòng)值卻各不相同，給調(diào)試帶來(lái)了困難。</p><p><b>　　六、欠電壓保護(hù)</b></p><p>　　輸出電壓低于規(guī)定值時(shí)，反映了輸入直流電源、開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器內(nèi)部或者輸出負(fù)載發(fā)生了異常。輸入直流電源電壓下降到規(guī)定值之下時(shí)，會(huì)導(dǎo)致開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的輸出電壓跌落，輸入電流增大，既危及開(kāi)關(guān)三極管，也危及輸入電源。因此，

82、要設(shè)欠電壓保護(hù)。簡(jiǎn)單的欠電壓保護(hù)如圖6所示。</p><p>　　當(dāng)未穩(wěn)壓輸入的電壓值正常時(shí)，穩(wěn)壓管ZD擊穿，晶體管V導(dǎo)通，繼電器動(dòng)作，觸點(diǎn)吸合，開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器加電。當(dāng)輸入低于所允許的最低電壓值時(shí)，穩(wěn)壓管ZD不通，V截止，觸點(diǎn)跳開(kāi)，開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器不能工作。開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器內(nèi)部，由于控制電路失?；蛘唛_(kāi)關(guān)三極管失效會(huì)使輸出電壓下降；負(fù)載發(fā)生短路也會(huì)使輸出電壓下降。特別在升壓型或反相升壓型的直流開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器中欠電壓的保護(hù)是跟過(guò)電流保護(hù)

83、緊密相關(guān)的，因而更加重要。實(shí)現(xiàn)方法是在開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的輸出端接電壓比較器。</p><p>　　正常時(shí)，比較器沒(méi)有輸出，一旦電壓跌落在允許值之下比較器就翻轉(zhuǎn)，驅(qū)動(dòng)告警電路;同時(shí)反饋到開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的控制電路，使開(kāi)關(guān)三極管截止或切斷輸入電源。</p><p><b>　　七、過(guò)熱保護(hù)</b></p><p>　　開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的高集成化和輕量小體積，使其單位

84、體積內(nèi)的功率密度大大提高，電源裝置內(nèi)部的元器件對(duì)其工作環(huán)境溫度的要求也相應(yīng)提高。否則，會(huì)使電路性能變壞，元器件過(guò)早失效。因此在大功率開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器中應(yīng)該設(shè)過(guò)熱保護(hù)。</p><p>　　采用溫度繼電器來(lái)檢測(cè)電源裝置內(nèi)部的溫度，當(dāng)電源裝置內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生過(guò)熱時(shí)，溫度繼電器就動(dòng)作，使整機(jī)告警電路處于告警狀態(tài)，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)電源的過(guò)熱保護(hù)。亦可將溫度繼電器置于開(kāi)關(guān)三極管的附近，一般大功率管允許的最高管殼溫度是75℃，調(diào)節(jié)溫度整定值為60℃

85、。當(dāng)管殼溫度超過(guò)允許值后繼電器就切斷電器，對(duì)開(kāi)關(guān)管進(jìn)行保護(hù)。半導(dǎo)體熱敏開(kāi)關(guān)器件“熱晶閘管”在超溫保護(hù)方面有重要作用。它可以用作溫度指示電路。根據(jù)p型控制柵熱晶閘管(TT102)的特性，由RT值確定該器件的導(dǎo)通溫度，RT越大，導(dǎo)通溫度越低。</p><p>　　當(dāng)將其放置功率開(kāi)關(guān)三極管附近，或在電源裝置內(nèi)時(shí)，它就能起到溫度指示作用。當(dāng)功率管的管殼溫度或者裝置內(nèi)部的溫度超過(guò)允許值時(shí)，熱晶閘管就導(dǎo)通，使發(fā)光二極管發(fā)亮告

86、警。倘若配合光電耦合器，就可使整機(jī)告警電路動(dòng)作，保護(hù)開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器。它亦可以用作功率晶體管的過(guò)熱保護(hù)，晶體開(kāi)關(guān)管的基極電流被n控制柵型熱晶閘管TT201旁路，開(kāi)關(guān)管截止，切斷集電極電流,防止過(guò)熱。</p><p>　　八、繼電保護(hù)的未來(lái)發(fā)展</p><p>　　繼電保護(hù)技術(shù)未來(lái)趨勢(shì)是向計(jì)算機(jī)化，網(wǎng)絡(luò)化，智能化，保護(hù)、控制、測(cè)量和數(shù)據(jù)通信一體化發(fā)展。</p><p>&l

87、t;b>　　1）計(jì)算機(jī)化</b></p><p>　　隨著計(jì)算機(jī)硬件的迅猛發(fā)展，微機(jī)保護(hù)硬件也在不斷發(fā)展。原華北電力學(xué)院研制的微機(jī)線路保護(hù)硬件已經(jīng)歷了3個(gè)發(fā)展階段：從8位單CPU結(jié)構(gòu)的微機(jī)保護(hù)問(wèn)世，不到5年時(shí)間就發(fā)展到多CPU結(jié)構(gòu)，后又發(fā)展到總線不出模塊的大模塊結(jié)構(gòu)，性能大大提高，得到了廣泛應(yīng)用。華中理工大學(xué)研制的微機(jī)保護(hù)也是從8位CPU，發(fā)展到以工控機(jī)核心部分為基礎(chǔ)的32位微機(jī)保護(hù)。</

88、p><p>　　南京電力自動(dòng)化研究院一開(kāi)始就研制了16位CPU為基礎(chǔ)的微機(jī)線路保護(hù)，已得到大面積推廣，目前也在研究32位保護(hù)硬件系統(tǒng)。東南大學(xué)研制的微機(jī)主設(shè)備保護(hù)的硬件也經(jīng)過(guò)了多次改進(jìn)和提高。天津大學(xué)一開(kāi)始即研制以16位多CPU為基礎(chǔ)的微機(jī)線路保護(hù)，1988年即開(kāi)始研究以32位數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器(DSP)為基礎(chǔ)的保護(hù)、控制、測(cè)量一體化微機(jī)裝置，目前已與珠海晉電自動(dòng)化設(shè)備公司合作研制成一種功能齊全的32位大模塊，一個(gè)模塊就

89、是一個(gè)小型計(jì)算機(jī)。采用32位微機(jī)芯片并非只著眼于精度，因?yàn)榫仁蹵/D轉(zhuǎn)換器分辨率的限制，超過(guò)16位時(shí)在轉(zhuǎn)換速度和成本方面都是難以接受的；更重要的是32位微機(jī)芯片具有很高的集成度，很高的工作頻率和計(jì)算速度，很大的尋址空間，豐富的指令系統(tǒng)和較多的輸入輸出口。CPU的寄存器、數(shù)據(jù)總線、地址總線都是32位的，具有存儲(chǔ)器管理功能、存儲(chǔ)器保護(hù)功能和任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換功能，并將高速緩存(Cache)和浮點(diǎn)數(shù)部件都集成在CPU內(nèi)。 電力系統(tǒng)對(duì)微機(jī)保護(hù)的

90、要求不斷提高，除了保護(hù)的基本功能外，還應(yīng)具有大容量故障信息和數(shù)據(jù)的長(zhǎng)期存放空間，快速的數(shù)據(jù)處理功能，強(qiáng)大的通信能力，與其它保護(hù)、控制裝置和調(diào)度聯(lián)網(wǎng)以共享全系</p><p>　　繼電保護(hù)裝置的微機(jī)化、計(jì)算機(jī)化是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。但對(duì)如何更好地滿足電力系統(tǒng)要求，如何進(jìn)一步提高繼電保護(hù)的可靠性，如何取得更大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益，尚須進(jìn)行具體深入的研究。</p><p><b>　　

91、2）網(wǎng)絡(luò)化</b></p><p>　　計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)作為信息和數(shù)據(jù)通信工具已成為信息時(shí)代的技術(shù)支柱，使人類生產(chǎn)和社會(huì)生活的面貌發(fā)生了根本變化。它深刻影響著各個(gè)工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，也為各個(gè)工業(yè)領(lǐng)域提供了強(qiáng)有力的通信手段。到目前為止，除了差動(dòng)保護(hù)和縱聯(lián)保護(hù)外，所有繼電保護(hù)裝置都只能反應(yīng)保護(hù)安裝處的電氣量。繼電保護(hù)的作用也只限于切除故障元件，縮小事故影響范圍。這主要是由于缺乏強(qiáng)有力的數(shù)據(jù)通信手段。國(guó)外早已提出過(guò)系統(tǒng)保護(hù)

92、的概念，這在當(dāng)時(shí)主要指安全自動(dòng)裝置。因繼電保護(hù)的作用不只限于切除故障元件和限制事故影響范圍(這是首要任務(wù))，還要保證全系統(tǒng)的安全穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行。這就要求每個(gè)保護(hù)單元都能共</p><p><b>　　九、結(jié)語(yǔ)</b></p><p>　　以上分別討論了在開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器中的各種保護(hù)方式,并介紹了一些具體實(shí)現(xiàn)的方法。對(duì)一個(gè)給定的開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓電源來(lái)說(shuō)，還應(yīng)從整機(jī)保護(hù)方面考慮以下幾點(diǎn)：&l

93、t;/p><p>　?。?）把開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器中所應(yīng)用的開(kāi)關(guān)三極管限制在直流安全工作區(qū)域之內(nèi)工作。對(duì)于選定的開(kāi)關(guān)三極管,由晶體管手冊(cè)可查得其直流安全工作區(qū)。根據(jù)集電極電流的最大值來(lái)確定輸入過(guò)電流的保護(hù)值。但是,這個(gè)瞬時(shí)最大值應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換為電流的平均值。在額定輸出電流與輸出電壓的條件下,開(kāi)關(guān)管的動(dòng)態(tài)負(fù)載線不超過(guò)直流安全工作區(qū)的最大輸入電壓,就是輸入過(guò)電壓保護(hù)的電壓值。</p><p>　　（2）把開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器

94、的輸出限制在所給定的技術(shù)指標(biāo)之內(nèi)。在所要求的工作溫度范圍內(nèi),開(kāi)關(guān)穩(wěn)壓器的輸出電壓的上、下限就是輸出過(guò)、欠電壓保護(hù)的電壓值。過(guò)電流保護(hù)則可根據(jù)最大輸出電流來(lái)確定。為了不誤告警,保護(hù)值應(yīng)適當(dāng)留一定的余量。</p><p>　?。?）由以上兩點(diǎn)確定保護(hù)方式之后,再根據(jù)電源裝置的需要來(lái)確定告警措施。一般告警措施有聲警和光警兩種。聲警適用于整機(jī)比較復(fù)雜、電源部分又裝在不顯眼的地方,它可以給工作人員以有效的故障告警;光警可以

95、醒目地指示故障告警并指出故障發(fā)生的部位和類型。保護(hù)措施要視所保護(hù)的部位來(lái)確定。在大功率,多路電源的場(chǎng)合,總是用交、直流斷路器,高靈敏繼電器等構(gòu)成自動(dòng)保護(hù)措施,切斷電源的輸入使系統(tǒng)停止工作,免受損害。通過(guò)邏輯控制</p><p>　　電路使相應(yīng)的開(kāi)關(guān)三極管截止的方案顯得既靈敏方便又經(jīng)濟(jì)。這樣可以省去體積大,響應(yīng)時(shí)間長(zhǎng),價(jià)格貴的大功率繼電器或斷路器。</p><p>　?。?）電源中加設(shè)了保護(hù)