金融貿(mào)易自貿(mào)區(qū)外文翻譯--上海自由貿(mào)易區(qū)（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　中文4900字，2900單詞，15500英文字符</p><p>　　The SPFTZ can be compared with the Shenzhen special economic zone near Hong Kong 35 years ago, which ushered in reforms and spectacular growth.</p><p&g

2、t;　　a. Why a Pilot FTZ? A New Stage for China’s Economy, and Structural Imbalance</p><p>　　China has accomplished major economic development in the new millennium. According to the World Bank’s World Develop

3、ment Indicators,1 China’s GDP in the year 2001 when she joined the WTO was 1.535 trillion (constant 2005 US$). By 2013, it was 4.864 trillion, reflecting an annual rate of increase of 10.09 per cent. By comparison, the w

4、orld total economy in the same period increased from 41.02 trillion to 55.94 trillion, with an annual rate of increase of only 2.62 per cent. In these 12 years, Chi</p><p>　　China’s macroeconomic performance

5、 in the past decade reflects high domestic investment, high dependence on the foreign market and a low consumption ratio. The proportion of China’s gross capital formation in the world tripled from 6.3 per cent in 2001 t

6、o 16.9 per cent in 2012, increasing from US$575 billion to US$2.17 trillion, not much less than United States’ 2.81 trillion. The annual growth rate of China’s gross capital formation has been intwo digits, since 2001, p

7、eaking in 2009 at 19.3 per </p><p>　　To increase investment, China relies not only on domestic saving, but also on foreign capital inflows. In 2001, the ratio of gross domestic saving to GDP in China was 38.

8、4 per cent, more than two-thirds higher than the world average ratio of 22.8 per cent. In 2006, that ratio in China increased to 50.7 per cent, and has remained at more than 50 per cent since. China is also a main destin

9、ation for global foreign direct investment (FDI). In 2001, the net inflow of FDI into China was 44.2 billion U</p><p>　　The productive capacities induced by high investment and low domestic consumption found

10、 an outlet in an export-oriented trade policy with a fixed-exchange rate policy. In 2001, exports of goods and services by China were 400 billion in 2005 constant US$, about 4 per cent of the world. In 2013, China’s expo

11、rts reached 1.92 trillion, more than 10 per cent of the world. Since China exported much more than she imported, the trade balance increased stea-dily, from 47.7 billion in 2001 to 342 billion </p><p>　　With

12、 both increasing foreign capital inflows and a trade imbalance induced by a fixed-ex-change rate, as well as hot money for speculative RMB appreciation, China’s foreign reserves increased rapidly. The value of China’s to

13、tal reserves in 2001 was 220 billion current US$, and by 2013, it had increased to 3.88 trillion, more than triple the second largest reserve holder Japan’s 1.27 trillion (Figure 4).</p><p>　　While the econo

14、mic accomplishments noted above are universally recognised, the current development model of China has drawbacks and cannot sustain itself for another one or two decades.</p><p>　　SHANGHAI FTZ: BACKGROUND, D

15、EVELOPMENTS AND IMPACTS</p><p>　　First, the world has less capacity to accommodate China’s future development in the same way. China’s GDP per capita in 2013 was 3,583 in constant 2005 US$, about 45 per cent

16、 of the world average of 7,852. If China and the world maintain a growth rate of GDP per capita of the past 12 years, of 9.5 and 1.4 per cent, respectively,3 China would reach the world aver-age GDP per capita in a decad

17、e, by 2023. But this would mean China’s gross domestic savings accounts for 70 per cent of her GDP, export</p><p>　　Second, China cannot afford the environmental costs accompanying her current development pa

18、ttern for another decade. China accounts for 20 per cent of world energy consumption and 25 per cent of CO2 emissions, and the PM10 level is 35 per cent higher than the world average. According to the WHO, there are 16 C

19、hinese cities in the top 20 most heavily air-polluted cities of the world, including Tianjin, Chongqing, Shenyang and Beijing (Figure 5).</p><p>　　Third, the national income of China may not be as large as h

20、er GDP appears. Lacking technology and patents, Chinese firms are usually at the bottom of the product value curve, using unskilled labour to produce low-technology production such as assembling, and earning a small shar

21、e of profit. According to the recent research by two Asian Development Bank economists, Xing and Detert (2010), when China exports an Apple iPhone, she only receives US$6.5 as the manufacturing fee in the total cost of $

22、</p><p>　　If the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone can be seen as a symbol of the traditional development model in past three decades, it is the SPFTZ that is aimed to be another symbol for the new development

23、model in the following decades.</p><p>　　b. A Pilot Zone for Reform, Not Just for Trade</p><p>　　It is not accidental that a pilot free trade zone should to be located in Shanghai, which is the

24、largest city in China and also the financial and economic centre. Consisting of only 0.06 per cent of China’s total area, the GDP of Shanghai accounts for 3.8 per cent of China’s total in 2013. Shanghai is leading China

25、in the international economic and trade sector, with container handling accounting for 17.8 per cent of China’s total, goods import and export amount accounting for 19.5 per cent and </p><p>　　Located on the

26、 outskirts of Shanghai, the SPFTZ covers four existing ‘bonded zones’, shown in Table 1. Although named as a ‘free trade zone’, the SPFTZ is from the beginning actually a pilot zone for reform, not just for trade. The di

27、fference between the SPFTZ and other free trade areas (FTAs) lies mainly in the following. First, the SPFTZ is not an area established by bilateral or multilateral negotiations, but a unilateral policy trial area of the

28、Chinese government. A FTA, or equally a Free T</p><p>　　According to the RTA database of WTO, (http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/rta_pta_e.htm) there are currently 109 FTAs in the world, all of th

29、em cover goods. Among them about half (54) are between two countries, and half are among three or more countries. There are also 115 FTA and economic integration agreements (EIAs) with coverage on both goods and services

30、, among them 71 are between two countries, and another 44 are among three or more countries. China has signed 11 FTA and EIAs wit</p><p>　　The SPFTZ is more like the alternative form of a Free Trade Zone, wh

31、ich refers to a geographic area where goods may be landed, handled, manufactured or reconfigured, and re-exported without the intervention of the customs authorities. Only when goods are moved to consumers within the cou

32、ntry in which the zone is located do they become subject to prevailing customs duties. Such free trade zones are organised around major seaports, international airports and national frontiers – areas with many ge</p&g

33、t;<p>　　Second, the SPFTZ is not aimed at free trade with other countries, but rather emphasises new reform methods.</p><p>　　The traditional development model of China has three economic pillars: an

34、investment pol-icy encouraging FDI in assembling industry to absorb excess labour, a trade policy encouraging exports to sell the excess products thus produced and a financial policy aimed at stabilising an undervalued R

35、MB exchange rate. The SPFTZ is designed to accommodate these directions of policy.</p><p>　　According to the overall plan for the SPFTZ designed by the State Council, the central government of China, the maj

36、or tasks of the SPFTZ include the following. First is the opening up of new investment sectors. In the past, China has welcomed FDIs, while maintaining strict controls on other capital inflows. In the SPFTZ, financial se

37、rvices, transportation services, commerce and trade services, professional services, cultural services and public services sectors are to be enlarged and opened, and</p><p>　　Second comes the promotion of a

38、transformation of China’s trade development approach. To change from a low value added trade pattern, the SPFTZ is cultivating new trading types and functions, aiming to increase China’s competitive advantage and enhance

39、 their position in the global trade value chain by focusing on the development of technology, brands, quality and service. Multinational companies are encouraged to set up Asia–Pacific regional head-quarters and/or opera

40、tion centres with comprehens</p><p>　　Thirdly, the deepening of innovation and opening up of financial services. Under proper risk control, the SPFTZ will pilot RMB capital account convertibility, interest r

41、ate liberalisation and cross-border use of the RMB. In the SPFTZ, the assets of financial institutions will be recorded at market rates. The SPFTZ will explore a trial foreign exchange administrative system that is in li

42、ne with international practices to better facilitate trade and investment. Enterprises are encouraged to levera</p><p>　　c. Comparison of SPFTZ and Other Special Economic Areas</p><p>　　There ar

43、e several other special economic areas in China, some have a degree of comparability with the SPFTZ. One is Qianhai, the modern service industry cooperation zone of Shenzhen and Hong Kong. Another is the financial cooper

44、ation between China and Singapore in the Suzhou Industrial Park (SZIP). Table 2 lists a comparison among these areas in their financial policies.</p><p>　　3. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PAST YEAR</p><p>

45、;　　After one year’s operation, the SPFTZ has already met several important policy objectives.</p><p>　　a. Legal and Regulatory System</p><p>　　The 12th National Congress Standing Committee autho

46、rised the State Council to temporarily adjust certain administrative examination and approval requirements under ‘Law of the People’s Republic of China on Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprises’, ‘Law of the People’s Republic

47、of China on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Companies ’and ‘Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Companies’, and such adjustments will be implemented in the next three years f

48、rom 1 Oct</p><p>　　The regulatory environment for supervision and tax has also been improved. In the SPFTZ, a foreign investment project no longer need to apply for confirmation from Chinese government, unle

49、ss it involves the negative list. As for business registration, the administration for industry and commerce has adopted a registered capital contributions system, which is a reform to the former registered capital paid-

50、up system.The administration of quality supervision, inspection and quarantine allocates a s</p><p>　　b. Negative List for Foreign Investment</p><p>　　On 30 September 2013, the Shanghai municipa

51、l government published special management recommendations for foreign investment in SPFTZ (2013 version), usually called ‘negative list’, which covers 1,069 businesses in 89 divisions within 18 main categories. There are

52、 also 190 regulations on the conduct of business. Any sectors not on the list are open to foreign investors. Since the 2013 version of the list was quite similar to the existing Foreign Investment Industrial Guidance Cat

53、alogue, the Shang</p><p>　　c. Trade Facilitation</p><p>　　In the past year, the Customs, Inspection and Quarantine Bureau and Maritime Affairs Administration of SPFTZ have provided more than 60

54、new policies on trade facilitation. The basic policy is ‘first-line decontrolled; second-line controlled safely and efficiently, and free movement within the FTZ’. The so-called first-line refers to the border, and secon

55、d-line refers to the domestic market boundary (Guan, 2014). The Shanghai Customs have provided 23 regulations, including entering FTZ first and </p><p>　　d. Financial Innovation</p><p>　　Four fi

56、nancial supervisors, namely the People’s Bank of China (PBoC) and three regulatory commissions on banking, securities and insurance, have adopted 51 new regulating methods to build a new financial architecture in the SPF

57、TZ.</p><p>　　(i) Free Trade Accounts</p><p>　　The PBOC issued Implementing Rules on accounts differentiating in the SPFTZ on 22 May 2014, which set out the regulation of free trade accounts. Acc

58、ording to the rules, financial institutions in Shanghai can build a Free Trade Accounting Unit (FTU), which is separate from the institution’s other accounting system. The accounts are called free trade accounts, in whic

59、h both domestic currency (RMB) and foreign currencies are regulated by the same rules. Both organizations and individuals are qualif</p><p>　　(ii) Currency Exchange and Remittance for Investment and Financin

60、g</p><p>　　According to the Opinions of the PBOC on Financial Measures to Support the SPFTZ (The People’s Bank of China, 2013), cross-border payment, receipt and exchange involved in direct investment by ent

61、erprises can be processed directly by banks. Eligible individuals who are employed in the FTZ can make various kinds of overseas investment, including securities investment. The capital market is thus opened up steadily

62、by these developments. Financial institutions and enterprises in the FTZ can make in</p><p>　　(iii) Interest Rate Marketisation</p><p>　　The PBOC, Shanghai Head Office, removed the interest cap

63、on retail foreign currency deposited in Shanghai from 27 June 2014. Financial institutions in Shanghai can price independently the foreign currency deposits of enterprise clients. The interest cap for foreign currency de

64、posits of individual clients will be removed later.</p><p>　　(iv) RMB Cross-Border Use</p><p>　　The PBOC, Shanghai Head Office, issued detailed rules supporting RMB cross-border use in the SPFTZ

65、 on the 21 February 2014. According to these rules, banks in Shanghai can provide cross-border RMB settlement services directly in current accounts and direct investment accounts to their clients. Individuals employed in

66、 the SPFTZ can open bank settlement accounts for cross-border RMB transactions under current accounts. The non-bank financial institutions and enterprises in the SPFTZ can borrow RMB</p><p>　　上海自由貿(mào)易區(qū)相較于35年前臨

67、近香港的深圳經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)的發(fā)展來(lái)說(shuō)，它迎來(lái)了新的改革和驚人的增長(zhǎng)。</p><p>　　a. 為什么一個(gè)試點(diǎn)保稅區(qū)對(duì)于中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)和結(jié)構(gòu)失衡來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)新的階段？</p><p>　　在新的千年里，中國(guó)已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了重大的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。根據(jù)世界銀行的世界發(fā)展指標(biāo)，1 中國(guó)在2001年加入世貿(mào)組織時(shí)，她的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值為1.535萬(wàn)億(2005年不變價(jià)美元)。到2013 年，它是4.864萬(wàn)億，呈現(xiàn)出10.0

68、9%的年增長(zhǎng)率。相比之下，在同一時(shí)期世界經(jīng)濟(jì)總量從41.02萬(wàn)億增至55.94萬(wàn)億，年增長(zhǎng)率只有2.62%。在這12年來(lái)，中國(guó)在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中的份額翻了2倍多，從2001年的3.74%到2013年的8.69%。中國(guó)憑借她在2013年GDP占金磚四國(guó)總經(jīng)濟(jì)的57.3%，讓巴西、印度和俄羅斯相形見(jiàn)絀。相比美國(guó)，如圖1所示，中國(guó)的GDP已經(jīng)由2001年約為美國(guó)的八分之一（13%）增至2013年的超過(guò)三分之一（33.5%）.2</p>

69、<p>　　在過(guò)去十年里中國(guó)的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)反映出了高的國(guó)內(nèi)投資，高的海外市場(chǎng)依存度和低消費(fèi)率。中國(guó)在世界中的總資本形成比例從2001年6.3%增至2012年16.9%，從5750億美元增長(zhǎng)到2.17萬(wàn)億美元，將近3倍的增長(zhǎng)，并不比美國(guó)的2.81萬(wàn)億少多少。中國(guó)總資本形成的年增長(zhǎng)率一直是兩位數(shù)，自從2001 年以來(lái)，急劇增長(zhǎng)到2009年的19.3%，而其他主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體在2008年全球金融危機(jī)之后，其總資本形成的比例在2009年下

70、降了逾10% (圖2)。 </p><p>　　為了增加投資，中國(guó)不僅依靠國(guó)內(nèi)儲(chǔ)蓄，而且還依賴外國(guó)資本流入。2001年，國(guó)內(nèi)儲(chǔ)蓄總額對(duì)我國(guó)GDP的比率是38.4%，高于世界平均比例22.8%的三分之二還多。2006年，在中國(guó)的這個(gè)比例增加到50.7%，超過(guò)了它一直以來(lái)所保持的50%以上。中國(guó)也是全球外商直接投資(FDI)的主要目的地。2001年，進(jìn)入中國(guó)的外商直接投資凈流入了442億美元，約占世界的6.1%，這在

71、2013年增加至US$3480億，約占世界（24.2%）的四分之一 (圖3)。</p><p>　　高投資所誘發(fā)的生產(chǎn)能力和低國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)找到了一條以固定匯率政策，出口為導(dǎo)向的貿(mào)易政策的出路。2001年，中國(guó)的出口商品和服務(wù)是2005年不變價(jià)美金4000億，約占世界的4%。在2013 年，中國(guó)的出口額達(dá)到1.92萬(wàn)億，超過(guò)世界總額的10%。由于中國(guó)出口遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于她的進(jìn)口，使貿(mào)易收支穩(wěn)定的增長(zhǎng)，從2001年的477億漲到

72、2013年的3420億。</p><p>　　隨著越來(lái)越多的外國(guó)資本的流入和固定不變價(jià)匯率引起的貿(mào)易失衡，以及投機(jī)人民幣升值的熱錢(qián)，中國(guó)的外匯儲(chǔ)備迅速增加。2001年我國(guó)總儲(chǔ)備的價(jià)值是2200億的現(xiàn)價(jià)美元，到2013 年，增加到3.88萬(wàn)億，以超過(guò)日本1.27萬(wàn)億三倍之多，成為第二大外匯儲(chǔ)備持有國(guó)(圖4)。</p><p>　　雖然上述的經(jīng)濟(jì)成就是舉世公認(rèn)的，但目前中國(guó)的發(fā)展模式有其弊端，

73、不能繼續(xù)維持十年或二十年的發(fā)展。</p><p>　　上海保稅區(qū)：背景、發(fā)展和影響</p><p>　　首先，世界沒(méi)有能力以同樣的發(fā)展方式去適應(yīng)中國(guó)未來(lái)的發(fā)展。中國(guó)的人均國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值在2013是3583，2005不變價(jià)美元，約占世界平均水平7852的45%。如果中國(guó)和世界保持人均GDP在過(guò)去12年的增長(zhǎng)率，分別為9.5%和1.4%， 3中國(guó)在未來(lái)的十年里也就是2023年，將達(dá)到世界人均GD

74、P。這就意味著中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)儲(chǔ)蓄總額占其國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的70%，出口額占世界的25%，而且她可以容納全球外商直接投資的59%，4但這是不可能發(fā)生的。5因?yàn)橹袊?guó)已經(jīng)成為世界第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體，它不能簡(jiǎn)單地復(fù)制過(guò)去的，以她還是弱小的經(jīng)濟(jì)體時(shí)的發(fā)展道路。</p><p>　　其次，中國(guó)承擔(dān)不起這樣的環(huán)境成本，伴隨著她目前的發(fā)展模式的再一個(gè)十年。中國(guó)的能源消耗占世界總量的20%，二氧化碳排放量占25%，而PM10等級(jí)高于世界平均水平的

75、35%。據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織指出，全世界20個(gè)重空氣污染城市中有16個(gè)來(lái)自于中國(guó)，其中包括天津、重慶、沈陽(yáng)和北京（圖5）。</p><p>　　第三，中國(guó)的國(guó)民收入可能不會(huì)和她所呈現(xiàn)出的國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值一樣大。由于缺乏技術(shù)和專利，中國(guó)企業(yè)通常處在產(chǎn)品價(jià)值曲線的底部，利用非技術(shù)性勞動(dòng)力生產(chǎn)低技術(shù)產(chǎn)品，如組裝，并獲得一小部分利潤(rùn)。根據(jù)兩個(gè)亞洲開(kāi)發(fā)銀行的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家最近的研究，僑興環(huán)球和迪特爾特（2010），中國(guó)出口一部蘋(píng)果手機(jī)，她

76、只收到178.96美金的總成本之中的6.5美元的制造費(fèi)用。</p><p>　　如果深圳經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)可以被看作是過(guò)去三年的傳統(tǒng)發(fā)展模式的一個(gè)符號(hào)，那么中國(guó)上海自由貿(mào)易試驗(yàn)區(qū)的目的是要在接下來(lái)的幾十年里，成為一個(gè)新的發(fā)展模式的標(biāo)志。</p><p>　　b.改革的先導(dǎo)試驗(yàn)區(qū)，不僅是對(duì)于貿(mào)易</p><p>　　上海作為中國(guó)最大的城市和金融經(jīng)濟(jì)中心，一個(gè)自由貿(mào)易區(qū)設(shè)在這里，

77、并不是偶然的。上海的面積僅占中國(guó)總面積的0.06%，2013年的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值占全國(guó)的3.8%。上海在國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域中處于中國(guó)的先導(dǎo)，集裝箱吞吐量占中國(guó)進(jìn)出口總量的17.8%，貨物進(jìn)出口總額占19.5%，外商直接投資占14.3%。隨著1991年上海浦東新區(qū)的改革開(kāi)放，如果上海的政策試驗(yàn)成功，他們可以在中國(guó)其他地區(qū)被更容易地復(fù)制。</p><p>　　位于上海市郊，自貿(mào)試驗(yàn)區(qū)占地四個(gè)現(xiàn)有保稅區(qū)，如表1所示。雖然名為

78、“自由貿(mào)易區(qū)”，實(shí)際上卻是作為改革試驗(yàn)區(qū)的開(kāi)端，不只是針對(duì)于貿(mào)易。上海自貿(mào)區(qū)和其他自由貿(mào)易區(qū)（FTA）的區(qū)別主要在于以下幾點(diǎn)。首先，該自貿(mào)區(qū)不是通過(guò)雙邊或多邊談判建立一個(gè)地區(qū)，而是中國(guó)政府的一個(gè)單邊政策試驗(yàn)區(qū)。自由貿(mào)易區(qū)，可以是一個(gè)自由貿(mào)易區(qū)，可以是一個(gè)貿(mào)易集團(tuán)，一個(gè)已被同意取消關(guān)稅，配額和最優(yōu)惠制的（如果不是全部）貨物和服務(wù)貿(mào)易之間的國(guó)家指定團(tuán)體。在WTO中，自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定、區(qū)域貿(mào)易協(xié)定（RTAs），是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的合作伙伴之間的互惠

79、貿(mào)易協(xié)定。</p><p>　　根據(jù)WTO的區(qū)域貿(mào)易協(xié)定資料庫(kù)，</p><p>　?。╤ttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/rta_pta_e.htm）</p><p>　　目前有109個(gè)自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定，在世界上，他們涵蓋了所有商品。其中一半（54）是在兩國(guó)之間，一半是在三個(gè)或更多的國(guó)家之間。也有115個(gè)自由貿(mào)易和

80、經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化協(xié)定（EIA）對(duì)貨物和服務(wù)的全覆蓋，其中71個(gè)是兩國(guó)之間，其余的44個(gè)是三個(gè)或更多的國(guó)家之間。中國(guó)已經(jīng)和其它國(guó)家和地區(qū)簽署了11個(gè)自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定和環(huán)境影響評(píng)估，與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的及生效年如下：東盟（2005）、智利（2006）、哥斯達(dá)黎加（2011），香港，中國(guó)（2003），澳門(mén)，中國(guó)（2003）、新西蘭（2008）、新加坡（2009）、冰島（2014）、巴基斯坦（2007）、秘魯（2010）和瑞士（2014）。還有另外四個(gè)自由貿(mào)易協(xié)

81、定已提前向WTO發(fā)起公告： ECFA（兩岸經(jīng)濟(jì)合作框架協(xié)議），中國(guó)–澳大利亞、中國(guó)-韓國(guó)和中國(guó)-挪威。</p><p>　　上海自貿(mào)區(qū)更像是一個(gè)自由貿(mào)易區(qū)的替代形式，它是指在一個(gè)地理區(qū)域內(nèi)，貨物可以在沒(méi)有海關(guān)當(dāng)局干預(yù)的情況下降落，處理，制造或重新配置。只有當(dāng)貨物被轉(zhuǎn)移到該地區(qū)所在國(guó)家的消費(fèi)者手里的時(shí)候，他們就要服從當(dāng)時(shí)的海關(guān)關(guān)稅。這樣的自由貿(mào)易區(qū)主要的組織是在港口，國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)和國(guó)家邊境地區(qū)–他們都占據(jù)了很多的貿(mào)易地

82、理優(yōu)勢(shì)。而上海自貿(mào)區(qū)就是中國(guó)這些特殊經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)之一。</p><p>　　其次，上海自貿(mào)區(qū)不針對(duì)其他國(guó)家的自由貿(mào)易，而是強(qiáng)調(diào)改革的新方法。</p><p>　　中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)發(fā)展模式有三個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)支柱：投資政策鼓勵(lì)外商直接投資于制造業(yè)以吸收過(guò)剩的勞動(dòng)力，貿(mào)易政策鼓勵(lì)出口銷(xiāo)售過(guò)剩的產(chǎn)品，從而產(chǎn)生金融政策旨在穩(wěn)定一個(gè)低值的人民幣匯率。而上海自貿(mào)區(qū)就是被設(shè)計(jì)于容納這些方向的政策。</p>&l

83、t;p>　　根據(jù)中國(guó)中央政府國(guó)務(wù)院的上海自貿(mào)區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)總體規(guī)劃，自貿(mào)區(qū)的主要工作包括以下幾個(gè)方面。首先是新的投資行業(yè)的開(kāi)放。在過(guò)去，中國(guó)歡迎外商直接投資，同時(shí)保持對(duì)其它資本流入的嚴(yán)格控制。在上海自貿(mào)區(qū)，金融服務(wù)、運(yùn)輸服務(wù)、商貿(mào)服務(wù)、專業(yè)服務(wù)、文化服務(wù)和公共服務(wù)部門(mén)將擴(kuò)大開(kāi)放，在大多數(shù)行業(yè)，對(duì)市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入的限制將暫停或取消，如對(duì)投資者的資格要求，對(duì)外資參與的限制，限制有關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)范圍等?！安粶?zhǔn)進(jìn)口商品單”機(jī)制將在區(qū)域內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)。對(duì)于那些沒(méi)有在“不準(zhǔn)

84、進(jìn)口商品單”中陳述的項(xiàng)目，外國(guó)投資者和國(guó)內(nèi)投資者將得到同樣的待遇。</p><p>　　二是推動(dòng)我國(guó)貿(mào)易發(fā)展方式的轉(zhuǎn)變。從低附加值貿(mào)易模式的轉(zhuǎn)變，上海自貿(mào)區(qū)正在培育新的交易類型和功能，旨在提高中國(guó)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，專注于技術(shù)的發(fā)展，提高其在全球貿(mào)易價(jià)值鏈中的品牌地位，質(zhì)量和服務(wù)。鼓勵(lì)跨國(guó)公司設(shè)立亞太地區(qū)總部和/或經(jīng)營(yíng)中心，具有貿(mào)易、物流和結(jié)算等綜合功能。將為推動(dòng)上海成為國(guó)際貿(mào)易結(jié)算中心，擴(kuò)大國(guó)際貿(mào)易結(jié)算中心的功能，擴(kuò)大

85、服務(wù)貿(mào)易的跨境收貨和支付服務(wù)。在上海自貿(mào)區(qū)企業(yè)將支持發(fā)展離岸業(yè)務(wù)。</p><p>　　第三，金融服務(wù)創(chuàng)新與開(kāi)放的深化。在適當(dāng)?shù)娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制下，上海自貿(mào)區(qū)將試點(diǎn)人民幣資本項(xiàng)目可兌換、利率自由化和人民幣跨境使用。在上海自貿(mào)區(qū)，金融機(jī)構(gòu)的資產(chǎn)將按市場(chǎng)比率記錄。上海自貿(mào)區(qū)將探索試行的外匯管理制度，符合國(guó)際慣例的貿(mào)易和投資便利化水平。鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)充分利用國(guó)際、國(guó)內(nèi)兩個(gè)市場(chǎng)資源開(kāi)放跨境融資。進(jìn)一步改革外債管理促進(jìn)跨境融資。將加強(qiáng)跨

86、國(guó)公司的外匯業(yè)務(wù)，以鼓勵(lì)在上海設(shè)立區(qū)域或全球金融中心。</p><p>　　C. 上海自貿(mào)區(qū)和其他特殊經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的比較</p><p>　　在中國(guó)也有一些其他的特殊經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)，其中一些與上海自貿(mào)區(qū)有一定的相似度。一個(gè)是深圳前海和香港的現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)合作區(qū)。另一個(gè)是在中國(guó)蘇州工業(yè)園區(qū)和新加坡之間的金融合作（斯杰普）。表2列出了這些領(lǐng)域中的比較。</p><p>　　3. 在過(guò)去一

87、年的發(fā)展</p><p>　　一年的試運(yùn)行后，上海保稅區(qū)已經(jīng)遇見(jiàn)了幾個(gè)重要的政策目標(biāo)。</p><p><b>　　法律法規(guī)體系</b></p><p>　　第十二屆全國(guó)代表大會(huì)授權(quán)國(guó)務(wù)院臨時(shí)調(diào)整<<中華人民共和國(guó)外商獨(dú)資企業(yè)、中華人民共和國(guó)中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)和中華人民共和國(guó)中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)法》，并從2013年十月一日起，在未來(lái)三年內(nèi)

88、實(shí)施。</p><p>　　對(duì)管理和稅收的監(jiān)管環(huán)境也得到了改善。在上海保稅區(qū)，外商投資項(xiàng)目不再需要申請(qǐng)中國(guó)政府確認(rèn)，除非涉及不準(zhǔn)進(jìn)口商品單。工商注冊(cè)管理局通過(guò)了注冊(cè)資本出資制度，是對(duì)原注冊(cè)資本登記制度的改革，對(duì)外商投資企業(yè)實(shí)行質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)檢疫。政府在上海保稅區(qū)的稅收采用一個(gè)一網(wǎng)式快車(chē)系統(tǒng)。申請(qǐng)稅務(wù)登記的公司不必檢查。電子商務(wù)企業(yè)可以出具電子發(fā)票，這已經(jīng)從個(gè)人消費(fèi)者延伸到企業(yè)?，F(xiàn)在可以在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上完成一些稅務(wù)程序，而

89、不是必須去稅務(wù)局。</p><p>　　b. 對(duì)于外商投資的否定清單</p><p>　　在2013年9月30日，上海市政府公布為上海保稅區(qū)外商投資的特殊管理的建議（2013版），通常稱為“否定清單”，涵蓋1069個(gè)企業(yè)89個(gè)部門(mén)的18個(gè)主要類別。還有190條關(guān)于經(jīng)營(yíng)行為的規(guī)定。名單上的任何部門(mén)都沒(méi)有向外國(guó)投資者開(kāi)放。由于2013版的名單是非常類似于現(xiàn)有的外商投資產(chǎn)業(yè)指導(dǎo)目錄，上海市政當(dāng)局

90、宣布了2014年7月1日的2014版本，減少原有的190個(gè)規(guī)定到139個(gè)，其中110個(gè)規(guī)定是限制性的，和其他29個(gè)是明令禁止的。</p><p><b>　　c. 貿(mào)易便利化</b></p><p>　　在過(guò)去的一年中，海關(guān)、檢驗(yàn)檢疫局、海事局為上海保稅區(qū)提供了針對(duì)于貿(mào)易便利化的超過(guò)60個(gè)新的政策。基本政策是“一線放開(kāi)二線控制；在對(duì)外貿(mào)易區(qū)內(nèi)進(jìn)行高效、安全和自由的運(yùn)動(dòng)

91、”。所謂一線指的是邊境，二線是指國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)的范圍（關(guān)，2014）。上海海關(guān)有23條規(guī)定，包括進(jìn)入保稅區(qū)，然后申請(qǐng)報(bào)關(guān)，保稅區(qū)內(nèi)自行運(yùn)輸，簡(jiǎn)化單證報(bào)關(guān)等。檢驗(yàn)檢疫局已通過(guò)無(wú)紙化通關(guān)作業(yè)，接納第三方檢驗(yàn)檢疫結(jié)果。海事局已通過(guò)了對(duì)船舶安全作業(yè)、高效船舶登記等工作的監(jiān)督。海關(guān)和檢驗(yàn)檢疫局還可以共同進(jìn)行一個(gè)應(yīng)用，一個(gè)檢驗(yàn)，并一次通過(guò)'，和從中國(guó)其他區(qū)域通過(guò)一線或是二線進(jìn)入自貿(mào)區(qū)時(shí)，無(wú)紙化通關(guān)仍可有效。</p><p>

92、;<b>　　d. 金融創(chuàng)新</b></p><p>　　四個(gè)金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)，即中國(guó)人民銀行（央行）和三個(gè)銀行監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)、證券和保險(xiǎn)，采取了51個(gè)新的調(diào)節(jié)方法，在保稅區(qū)建立一個(gè)新的金融架構(gòu)。</p><p>　　(i) 自由貿(mào)易賬戶</p><p>　　2014年5月22日，中國(guó)人民銀行發(fā)布針對(duì)于上海保稅區(qū)的賬戶區(qū)分實(shí)施細(xì)則，其中規(guī)定了自由貿(mào)易賬戶

93、的監(jiān)管。根據(jù)規(guī)定，上海的金融機(jī)構(gòu)可以建立一個(gè)自由貿(mào)易核算單元（FTU），這是從機(jī)構(gòu)的其他會(huì)計(jì)系統(tǒng)分離出來(lái)的。這些賬戶被稱為自由貿(mào)易賬戶，其中國(guó)內(nèi)的貨幣（人民幣）和外幣都受同樣的規(guī)則規(guī)定。這兩個(gè)組織和個(gè)人都有資格公開(kāi)這些自由貿(mào)易賬戶。活期賬戶下的跨境資本交易和直接投資可以在自由貿(mào)易賬戶中得到解決。</p><p>　　(ii)投資和融資的貨幣兌換和匯款</p><p>　　根據(jù)中國(guó)人民銀行的

94、意見(jiàn)，支持保稅區(qū)的相關(guān)金融措施（中國(guó)人民銀行，2013），跨境支付，由企業(yè)直接投資涉及的收據(jù)和交換可以通過(guò)銀行直接處理。保稅區(qū)內(nèi)符合條件的個(gè)體經(jīng)營(yíng)者可以從事各種海外投資，包括證券投資。資本市場(chǎng)是由這些發(fā)展逐步開(kāi)放的。在保稅區(qū)的企業(yè)和金融機(jī)構(gòu)可以在證券和期貨市場(chǎng)上按照上海有關(guān)規(guī)定進(jìn)行投資和貿(mào)易。</p><p>　　(iii) 利率市場(chǎng)化</p><p>　　中國(guó)人民銀行上海總部從2014年

95、6月27日起撤銷(xiāo)在上海市的個(gè)人外幣存儲(chǔ)的利率上限。上海金融機(jī)構(gòu)可以獨(dú)立地為企業(yè)客戶的外幣存款定價(jià)。個(gè)人客戶的外幣存款利息上限將被刪除。</p><p>　　(iv) 人民幣跨境使用</p><p>　　中國(guó)人民銀行上?？偛吭?014年2月21日出臺(tái)細(xì)則支持在上海自貿(mào)區(qū)的人民幣跨境使用。根據(jù)這些規(guī)定，上海的銀行可以直接向客戶提供跨境人民幣結(jié)算服務(wù)和直接投資賬戶。在上海保稅區(qū)，個(gè)人跨境人民幣交