外文翻譯--服務(wù)在經(jīng)濟(jì)中的作用

1、<p><b>　　附　　錄1</b></p><p>　　The Role of Service in an Economy</p><p>　　1. Economic evolution</p><p>　　In the early 1900s, only three of every ten workers in the Uni

2、ted States were employed in the services sector. The remaining workers were active in agriculture and industry. By 1950, employment in services accounted for 50 percent of the workforce. Today, services employ about eigh

3、t out of every ten workers. During the past 90 years, we have witnessed a major evolution in our society from being predominantly manufacturing-based to being predominantly service-based.</p><p>　　Economists

4、 studying economic growth are not surprised by these events. Colin Clark argues that as nations become industrialized, there is an inevitable shift of employment from one sector of the economy to another. As productivity

5、 increases in one sector, the labor force moves into another, This observation, known as the Clark-Fisher hypothesis, leads to a classification of economies by noting the activity of the majority of the workforce. </p

6、><p>　　Stages of Economic Activity</p><p>　　The table above describes five stages of economic activity. Many economists, including Clark, limited their analyses to only three stages, of which the t

7、ertiary stage was simply service stage into three categories.</p><p>　　Today, an overwhelming number of countries are still in a primary stage of development. These economies are based on extracting natural

8、resources from the land. Their productivity is low, and income is subject to fluctuations based on the prices of commodities such as sugar and copper. In much of Africa and parts of Asia, more than 70 percent of the labo

9、r force is engaged in extractive activities.</p><p>　　Based on the work activity of their populations, however, many of the so-called advanced industrial nations would be better described as service economie

10、s. Several observations can be made: global economic development is progressing in unanticipated directions, successful industrial economies are built on a strong service sector, and just as it has in manufacturing, comp

11、etition in services will become global. In fact, many of the largest commercial banks in the world at present are owned by the </p><p>　　The service sector now accounts for more than three-fourths of total e

12、mployment in the United States, which continues a trend that began more than one century ago. Therefore, based on employment figures, the United States can on longer be characterized as an industrial society; instead, it

13、 is a postindustrial, or service, society.</p><p>　　2. Nature of the service sector</p><p>　　For many people, service is synonymous with servitude and brings to mind workers flipping hamburgers

14、and waiting on tables. However, the service sector that has grown significantly over the past 30 years cannot be accurately described as composed only of low-wage or low-skill jobs in department stores and fast-food rest

15、aurants. Instead, the fastest-growing jobs within the service sector are in finance, insurance, real estate, miscellaneous services (e.g., health, education, professional services</p><p>　　Changes in the pat

16、tern of employment will have implications on where and how people live, on educational requirements, and, consequently, on the kinds of organizations that will be important to that society. Industrialization created the

17、need for the semiskilled worker who could be trained in a few weeks to perform the routine machine-tending tasks. The subsequent growth in the service sector has caused a shift to white-collar occupations. In the United

18、States, the year 1956 was a turning point.</p><p>　　Today, service industries are the source of economic leadership. During the past 30 years, more than 44 million new jobs have been created in the service s

19、ector to absorb the influx of women into the workforce and to provide an alternative to the lack of job opportunities in manufacturing. The service industries now account for approximately 70 percent of the national inco

20、me in the United States. Given that there is a limit to how many cars a consumer can use and how much one can eat and drink, </p><p>　　The growth of the service sector has produced a less cyclic national eco

21、nomy. During the past four recessions in the United States, employment by service industries has actually increased, while jobs in manufacturing have been lost. This suggests that consumers are willing to postpone the pu

22、rchase of products but will not sacrifice essential services like education, telephone, banking, health care, and public services such as fire and police protection.</p><p>　　Service reasons can explain the

23、recession-resistant nature of services. First, by their nature, services cannot be inventoried, as is the case for products. Because consumption and production occur simultaneously for services, the demand for them is mo

24、re stable than for manufactured goods. When the economy falters, many services continue to survive. Hospitals keep busy as usual, and, while commissions may drop in real estate, insurance, and security businesses, employ

25、ees need not be laid off.</p><p>　　Second, during a recession, both consumers and business firms defer capital expenditures and instead fix up and make do with existing equipment. Thus, service jobs in maint

26、enance and repair are crested.</p><p>　　We have discovered that the modern industrial economies are dominated by employment in the service sector. Just as farming jobs migrated to manufacturing in the ninete

27、enth century under the driving force of labor-saving technology, manufacturing jobs in due time migrated to services. We'll conclude our discussion of the role of services in our new society and prepare us for develo

28、ping new managerial skills by arguing that the distinctive characteristics of services require an approach to managem</p><p><b>　　附　　錄2</b></p><p><b>　　服務(wù)在經(jīng)濟(jì)中的作用</b></

29、p><p><b>　　1.經(jīng)濟(jì)演進(jìn)</b></p><p>　　20世紀(jì)初期，美國(guó)的每十個(gè)工人中只有三人在服務(wù)部門受雇，其余的工人活躍在農(nóng)業(yè)和工業(yè)部門。到1950年，服務(wù)部門的就業(yè)人數(shù)達(dá)到了勞動(dòng)大軍的一半。今天，服務(wù)部門的就業(yè)人員占到了工作人數(shù)的80%。在過去的90年里，我們親眼目睹了我們的社會(huì)從主要以加工業(yè)為基礎(chǔ)變?yōu)橹饕苑?wù)業(yè)為基礎(chǔ)的一場(chǎng)大演進(jìn)。</p>

30、<p>　　研究經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家不會(huì)為這些事件感到驚訝?？剂挚死苏J(rèn)為當(dāng)國(guó)家工業(yè)化時(shí)，不可避免地有一個(gè)就業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)變，從一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)部門轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)。當(dāng)一個(gè)部門的生產(chǎn)力提高時(shí)，勞動(dòng)力便轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)部門。這個(gè)被稱為克拉克—菲舍假說的觀察結(jié)論，引出了一種依據(jù)主要的勞動(dòng)力的活動(dòng)而進(jìn)行的經(jīng)濟(jì)分類。</p><p><b>　　經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)階段</b></p><p>　　上面

31、的表格描述了經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的五個(gè)階段。很多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，包括克拉克在內(nèi)，將他們的分析限制在僅僅三個(gè)階段，其中第三階段只是服務(wù)。我們采納了一些科學(xué)家的建議，把服務(wù)階段再分為三類。今天，壓倒性多數(shù)的國(guó)家仍然處于發(fā)展中的第一階段。這些經(jīng)濟(jì)以從土地上獲取自然資源為基礎(chǔ)。它們的生產(chǎn)力低下，而且經(jīng)濟(jì)受制于像糖和銅這樣的商品的價(jià)格的波動(dòng)。在非洲的大部分和亞洲的一部分，70%以上的勞動(dòng)力從事從土地上獲取的活動(dòng)。</p><p>　　然而，

32、以人們的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)為基礎(chǔ)，許多所謂先進(jìn)的工業(yè)化的國(guó)家被描述為服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)或許更合適。我們可以得到這樣的觀察結(jié)果：全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展正走向沒有料想到的方向，成功的工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)是建立在強(qiáng)大的服務(wù)部門之上，而且正如在生產(chǎn)加工業(yè)中一樣，服務(wù)業(yè)中的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)將是全球性的。事實(shí)上，世界上很多最大的商業(yè)銀行目前被日本人擁有。然而，服務(wù)貿(mào)易仍是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)楹芏鄧?guó)家設(shè)立了屏障來保護(hù)國(guó)內(nèi)公司。例如，一些例子中的印度和墨西哥，禁止銷售外國(guó)公司的保險(xiǎn)。</p>&

33、lt;p>　　服務(wù)部門現(xiàn)在占有美國(guó)總就業(yè)人數(shù)的3/4以上，這一趨勢(shì)已延續(xù)了100多年。因此，以就業(yè)數(shù)字為基礎(chǔ)，美國(guó)的特征不再是一個(gè)工業(yè)社會(huì)，而是一個(gè)后工業(yè)的，或服務(wù)的社會(huì)。</p><p><b>　　2.服務(wù)部門的性質(zhì)</b></p><p>　　對(duì)許多人來說，服務(wù)是勞役的同義詞，而且它使人想起飛快擺弄漢堡包和靜候餐桌旁的工人。然而，經(jīng)過過去30年重大發(fā)展的服

34、務(wù)部門不能被嚴(yán)格地描繪成僅僅由百貨商場(chǎng)和快餐店的低工資和低技術(shù)工作所構(gòu)成。相反，服務(wù)部門中快速增長(zhǎng)的工作崗位是在金融、保險(xiǎn)、房地產(chǎn)、混雜服務(wù)（例如保健、教育、職業(yè)服務(wù)等）和零售之中。注意那些增長(zhǎng)率低于總的工作增長(zhǎng)率（少于31.8%）的工作領(lǐng)域，它們丟失了市場(chǎng)份額，盡管它們顯示增長(zhǎng)了它們的絕對(duì)數(shù)量。采礦領(lǐng)域和加工領(lǐng)域是例外，它們的絕對(duì)數(shù)字減少了，因此顯示了負(fù)的增長(zhǎng)率。這種趨勢(shì)是隨著冷戰(zhàn)的結(jié)束和隨后的軍事與國(guó)防工業(yè)的縮減而加速的。</

35、p><p>　　就業(yè)格局的變化將給很多方面帶來影響，包括人們?cè)谀睦锖驮鯓由?，人們的教育需求，以及隨之而來的對(duì)那些對(duì)于社會(huì)將是很重要的組織。工業(yè)化創(chuàng)造了對(duì)半技術(shù)工人的需要，他們可以在幾個(gè)星期之內(nèi)被訓(xùn)練來做日常的看機(jī)器的工作。后來的服務(wù)部門的增長(zhǎng)引起了向白領(lǐng)工作的轉(zhuǎn)變。在美國(guó)1956年時(shí)一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。在工業(yè)社會(huì)的歷史上，白領(lǐng)工人的數(shù)量首次超過了藍(lán)領(lǐng)工人的數(shù)量。自從那以后這個(gè)差距一直在擴(kuò)大。最有意思的增長(zhǎng)一直在管理和職業(yè)技

36、術(shù)領(lǐng)域，那些只有受過大學(xué)教育的人才能從事。</p><p>　　今天，服務(wù)業(yè)是經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的源泉。在過去的30年里，超過4400萬的新工作由服務(wù)部門創(chuàng)造出來，吸收蜂擁而至的婦女到勞動(dòng)大軍中，而且為制造業(yè)中工作機(jī)會(huì)的短缺提供了另外的選擇。服務(wù)業(yè)現(xiàn)在大約占美國(guó)國(guó)民收入的70%，假如一個(gè)消費(fèi)者可以使用的車的數(shù)量有限，一個(gè)人吃喝的消費(fèi)量有限，這個(gè)數(shù)字并不驚人。然而人們對(duì)服務(wù)，特別是對(duì)創(chuàng)新服務(wù)的欲望是不知足的。當(dāng)前需求的服務(wù)

37、包括體現(xiàn)老齡人口的服務(wù)，比如老人健康護(hù)理，和體現(xiàn)雙收入家庭的服務(wù)，比如白天照料。</p><p>　　服務(wù)部門的增長(zhǎng)造成了一種周期性不明顯的國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)。在美國(guó)的最近四次經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退中，服務(wù)業(yè)中的就業(yè)實(shí)際是增長(zhǎng)了，而制造業(yè)的工作崗位卻減少了。這說明消費(fèi)者愿意推遲產(chǎn)品的購(gòu)買，卻不會(huì)犧牲基本服務(wù)，像教育、電話、銀行、保健和防火與警察保護(hù)等公共服務(wù)。</p><p>　　有幾個(gè)原因可以解釋服務(wù)抗衰退的性

38、質(zhì)。首先，由于自身的性質(zhì)決定服務(wù)是不能像產(chǎn)品那樣儲(chǔ)存的。因?yàn)榉?wù)的消費(fèi)與生產(chǎn)同時(shí)發(fā)生，對(duì)服務(wù)的需求比對(duì)加工產(chǎn)品的需求更穩(wěn)定。當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)搖擺時(shí)，很多服務(wù)繼續(xù)生存。醫(yī)院像通常一樣仍然很忙，而且房地產(chǎn)、保險(xiǎn)和治安等行業(yè)的酬金可能會(huì)下降，但是雇員不必下崗。</p><p>　　其次，在衰退中，消費(fèi)者和企業(yè)都推遲資金的支出，代替的是修理和湊合使用現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備。因此產(chǎn)生了保養(yǎng)和修理方面的服務(wù)工作。</p><p