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1、<p> 字?jǐn)?shù):英文2955單詞,16392字符;中文5527漢字</p><p> 出處:María del Mar Alonso-Almeida.Influence of gender and financing on tourist company growth[J]Journal of Business Research.2013,66(6):621–631</p>
2、<p><b> 外文文獻(xiàn): </b></p><p> Influence of gender and financing on tourist company growth</p><p> Abstract Research in both the manufacturing and service sectors has shown tha
3、t companies run by women start with less capital and receive less external financing than firms run by men. This has had particularly adverse effects on the performance of companies managed by women. The present study an
4、alyzes start-up capital, financing and growth in terms of revenue and number of employees in 10,170 tourist companies created in Spain since 1996, based on longitudinal data for the period 1996–2006. T</p><p&g
5、t; Keywords: Performance, Women, Start-up capital, External financing, Business results</p><p> 1.Introduction</p><p> The last twenty years bear witness to an increase in the number of paper
6、s studying and debating the role of women in management (Melero, 2011). Part of this research has focused on analyzing performance by means of comparing start-up capital (e.g. Carter & Rosa, 1998; Verheul & Thuri
7、k, 2001; Watson, 2002), subsequent financing (e.g. Coleman, 2002, 2007) and performance in companies run by men and women (e.g. Alsos, Isaksen, & Ljunggren, 2006; Fairlie & Robb, 2009; Rosa, Carter, & Hamilto
8、n, 1996)</p><p> Such prior research is general excessively, since these studies fail to study real data for a specific industry for any length of time. Indeed, it tends to be conducted from a multi-industr
9、y perspective, without considering the differences between sectors (Cooper, Gimeno-Gascon, & Woo, 1994; Carter & Rosa, 1998; Chirwa, 2008; Krishnan & Park, 2005; Morris et al., 2006; Rosa et al., 1996; Verheu
10、l & Thurik, 2001; Watson, 2002), and usually uses either exclusively cross-sectorial data (Coleman, 200</p><p> For these reasons a number of authors (e.g. Ahl, 2006; De Bruin, Brush, & Welter, 2007
11、) note that women's role in job creation, economic growth and the revitalization of the business fabric has been addressed from a very general standpoint. The present authors consequently identify a need for more spe
12、cific research in this regard, in particular in geographical areas outside the Anglo-Saxon world, taking an industry-specific approach and using longitudinal data as a basis (Alsos et al., 2006; De </p><p>
13、 The article is organized into five sections, the first being this introduction. The second, a review of the existing literature that sets out the hypotheses to be addressed, is followed by a description of the data and
14、methodology. The findings are presented and discussed in the fourth section, while the last contains the conclusions, a series of practical recommendations for the industry and suggestions for future lines of research.&l
15、t;/p><p> 2.Literature review</p><p> 2.1.Women and tourism</p><p> Prior research shows that women are mainly represented in service-based firms (England, 2010; Orser et al., 2010;
16、 Pardo-del-Val, 2010). Tourism is the largest service industry on a worldwide basis, and is the first employer in both industrialized and developing countries (WTO, 2011). The tourist industry employs particularly large
17、numbers of women, who form 60% of its total workforce, (Ladkin, 2011), although it is not considered to be a predominantly feminine sector (England, 2010). Tourism has</p><p> While the share of women holdi
18、ng management positions is increasing in the tourist sector, the proportion is still far from being equally balanced, although it is admittedly higher than in many other sectors (Alonso-Almeida, 2009, 2011; Brownell &
19、; Walsh, 2008; Turner & McMahon, 2011). The main reasons for this increase are that during this time the number of women attending tourism courses in higher education has surpassed the numbers of men (Armstrong, 2006
20、; England, 2010; Ng & Pine, 2003: Rodr</p><p> 2.2.Gender impact on start-up capital</p><p> Feminist theory maintains that access to financial resources is not gender-neutral (Ahl, 2006;
21、Orser et al., 2010). Start-up capital is one of the main factors that, according to the literature, distinguish companies run by men from those managed by women. In a pioneering review of women and the companies that the
22、y direct, Brush (1992) concludes that the finances of company start-ups are among the largest obstacles confronted by women entrepreneurs. Several subsequent studies show that companies</p><p> The results
23、of the research published on this subject are practically unanimous, in that they all show that companies run by men have more financial resources at the outset. As feminist theories maintain, women start their companies
24、 with fewer financial resources than men.</p><p> H1. Gender is a significant factor in explaining differences in the tourist industry in relation to start-up capital.</p><p> 2.3.Gender impac
25、t on company financing</p><p> The scant accessibility of external financing is one of the highest barriers to growth in all types of companies, but particularly in companies managed by women (Coleman, 2002
26、). The reasons cited include the smaller size of these companies (Coleman, 2007; Fabowale, Orser, & Riding, 1995); the lack of an investment project (Loscocco, Robinson, Hall, & Allen, 1991); women's greater
27、aversion to risk (Constantinidis, Cornet, & Asandei, 2006; Eckel & Grossman, 2002); and possible discrimination due t</p><p> Since most previous studies report that women receive less external fina
28、ncing for their companies than men, this study proposes the following hypothesis.</p><p> H2. Gender is a significant factor in explaining differences within the tourist industry in relation to external fin
29、ancing.</p><p> 2.4.Gender impact on company growth</p><p> Companies run by women tend to grow more slowly than companies managed by men (Alsos et al., 2006; Cooper et al., 1994; Fairlie &
30、; Robb, 2009; Rosa et al., 1996). Watson (2002), however, notes that female-run companies outperformed firms run by men, despite their smaller start-up capital. Along these lines, Coleman (2007) find support for the argu
31、ment that women's companies grow more than men's even when they have no external financing. Using a headcount of employees as a unit of measure, Chirwa </p><p> H3. Gender is a significant factor in
32、 explaining differences in the tourist industry in relation to growth over time.</p><p> Fig. 1 summarizes the approach proposed, in which genderdependent start-up capital and external financing influence c
33、ompany growth.</p><p> 3.Data and method</p><p> The tourist industry was selected for a number of reasons. First, in addition to the fact that tourism is the largest service industry worldwid
34、e, it has undergone dramatic growth in the last few decades in both developed and developing countries (WTO, 2011). Second, tourism not only contributes substantially to employment, employing more people than any other s
35、ervice industry worldwide, but also has more women than men in its international workforce, representing 60% of the total (WTO, 2011). Th</p><p> The core business sub-sectors in the tourist industry are ac
36、commodation, hospitality, and travel distribution companies (Morrison, Carlsen, & Weber, 2010; Russell & Faulkner, 2004). We have therefore used these subsectors as a basis for analysis in this study. The data us
37、ed to conduct the study are taken from the Sistema de Análisis de Balances Ibéricos (Iberian Balance Sheet Analysis System, SABI), which contains financial information about Spanish companies dating from 1996 o
38、nward. Yearly info</p><p><b> 4.Results</b></p><p> Unlike previous research (Alsos et al., 2006; Brush, 1992; Carter & Rosa, 1998; Coleman & Robb, 2009, Fairlie & Robb
39、, 2009; Marlow, 2006; Orser et al., 2010; Verheul & Thurik, 2001; Watson, 2002) the present study finds no evidence to support the premise that gender is a significant factor in company start-up capital, except in th
40、e hotel sub-industry. As noted earlier, other factors may explain the differences in start-up capital, such as company age or legal structure. The differences observe h</p><p> The findings reported here, h
41、owever, identify significant genderrelated differences in external financing in the three tourist subindustries. As observed in previous cross-industry research, (Alsos et al., 2006; Coleman & Robb, 2009; Muravyev et
42、 al., 2009) men obtain more external financing than women. This same situation is reported by hospitality and rural accommodation establishments (Jaafar et al., 2011; Szivas, 2001). Nevertheless, although Spanish tourist
43、 companies run by men are more gene</p><p> Gender is found to be a significant explanatory variable for rural accommodation establishment and hotel growth in terms of sales and headcount. Women are not obs
44、erved to be less effective than their male counterparts when business success in these two subindustries is measured in terms of economic variables (Alsos et al., 2006; Cooper et al., 1994; Du Rietz & Henrekson, 2000
45、; Fairlie & Robb, 2009; Rosa et al., 1996). A review of the data for travel agencies suggests that growth in this sub-indu</p><p> Alsos et al. (2006) find that gender-related differences in company gro
46、wth could be explained by the existence of a financing gap, for when they analyze growth after controlling for external financing, the differences disappear. The present study also identifies a financing gap in the three
47、 sub-industries analyzed. Nonetheless, since both headcount and sales grow more steeply in companies run by women, they can be said to out-perform their male colleagues despite this disadvantage. Coleman (2007</p>
48、<p> Therefore, women in the tourist industry appear to follow a pattern described in earlier papers: they stress the more extrinsic aspects of their work, the need to do things well and the importance of personal
49、 relations inside and outside the company. These factors are key drivers in the tourist industry (Konrad, Ritchie, Lieb, & Corrigall, 2000; Loo, 2003; Schaap, Stedham, & Yamamura, 2008). This may enable women man
50、agers to capitalize on their reputation more effectively over time and attain hi</p><p> Summing up, contrary to the conclusions drawn from previous research, the findings of the present study refute the hy
51、pothesis that differences in tourist company capitalization are gender-based (H1). They nonetheless confirm earlier reports that detected gender-related differences in external financing (H2). Finally, the results discus
52、sed here also support the presence of gender-based differences in tourist company performance and growth (H3), although these differences, contrary to what might b</p><p> 5.Conclusions and future lines of
53、research</p><p> The findings described in this article provide a new insight into female management, for they contradict many previous assumptions and conceits. While tourist companies run by women receive
54、 less external financing, over time they create more jobs and increase sales more effectively than companies managed by men. Given the relevance of the tourist industry for the Spanish and worldwide economy, competent bu
55、siness management in this area must be promoted. Aiming to put an end to the gender discrim</p><p> Two recommendations follow from the above findings. Firstly, tourist companies should be urged to promote
56、women to leadership positions. If they fail to do so, they will miss opportunities to grow and to create wealth in their communities. Watson (2002, p.98) rightly observes that women may have a different management style
57、and use financial resources differently than men, but in terms of return on investment, “they are no less effective than males.”</p><p> Secondly, policy makers are encouraged to prioritize policies that pr
58、omote gender equality in areas such as corporate management, access to financing and company creation. In the last ten years, the Spanish government has instituted equal opportunity programs to help women's companies
59、 to get off the ground, to boost growth or to expand internationally (Pardo-del-Val, 2010). The latter author has also pointed out, however, that short-term financial support is not enough; rather, programs should b</
60、p><p> This article makes no attempt to explain performance differences, but merely demonstrates their existence and determines whether or not they are affected by gender. Consequently, it does not address soc
61、io-economic variables such as education, management skills, company policy, previous experience or other traits characteristic of company leadership or ownership. This line of research should be expanded in the future to
62、 remedy that limitation.</p><p> Female leadership characteristics and their effect on performance constitute another line of research that has not yet been sufficiently developed in the context of tourist
63、company management. Comparative studies should also be conducted between the industry in Spain and that in other both mature and emerging tourist destinations.</p><p><b> 中文譯文:</b></p>&l
64、t;p> 性別與融資對(duì)旅游企業(yè)增長(zhǎng)的影響</p><p> 摘要 在制造業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)的研究表明,女性經(jīng)營(yíng)的公司啟動(dòng)資本較少,獲得的外部融資少于男性經(jīng)營(yíng)的公司。這對(duì)女性管理的公司的業(yè)績(jī)產(chǎn)生了特別不利的影響。本研究根據(jù)1996-2006年期間的縱向數(shù)據(jù),分析了自1996年以來在西班牙創(chuàng)立的10170家旅游公司基于收入和員工數(shù)量的啟動(dòng)資金、融資和增長(zhǎng)情況。目的是了解性別是否是一個(gè)重要的解釋變量。這些結(jié)果與以前
65、的研究結(jié)果大不相同。在這項(xiàng)研究中,雖然沒有觀察到啟動(dòng)資本的差異,但是在企業(yè)增長(zhǎng)方面,女性經(jīng)營(yíng)的旅游業(yè)公司的業(yè)績(jī)超越了男性經(jīng)營(yíng)的公司。然而,前面提到的外部融資報(bào)告的差異也在這里確定了。</p><p> 關(guān)鍵詞:業(yè)績(jī),女性,啟動(dòng)資本,外部融資,經(jīng)營(yíng)結(jié)果</p><p><b> 1.引言</b></p><p> 在過去二十年里,有越來越多
66、的文獻(xiàn)研究和辯論了女性在管理中的作用(梅萊羅,2011)。這些研究的一部分通過比較啟動(dòng)資本(如卡特和羅莎)、后續(xù)融資(如科爾曼,2002,2007)、男性和女性經(jīng)營(yíng)的公司的業(yè)績(jī)(如阿爾索斯,伊薩克森和永格倫,2006;費(fèi)爾利和羅伯,2009;羅莎,卡特,漢密爾頓,1996),來重點(diǎn)分析工作表現(xiàn)。這些研究在與性別相關(guān)的資本化、外部融資和業(yè)績(jī)方面取得了各式各樣的的結(jié)果。</p><p> 以前的這種研究過于寬泛,因
67、為這些研究未能在任何時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度內(nèi)研究特定行業(yè)的真實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)。實(shí)際上,它傾向于從多行業(yè)角度進(jìn)行,而不考慮行業(yè)之間的差異(庫珀,希梅諾-加斯科涅和吳,1994;卡特和羅莎,1998;奇爾瓦,2008;克里希南和帕克,2005;莫里斯等人,2006;羅莎等人,1996;維爾休爾和托里克,2001;沃森,2002),并且通常只使用跨部門數(shù)據(jù)(科爾曼,2007;奇爾瓦,2008;羅莎等人,1996),或者其他信息只有很短的時(shí)間,庫珀等人(1994),德
68、懷爾,理查德和查德威克(2003),約翰森和麥克馬洪(2005),克拉伯格和萊希特(1991)的情況就是這樣的,他們所有人都用了三年的時(shí)限;而費(fèi)爾利和羅伯(2009),海斯里奇和布拉什(1987),沃森(2002),沃森和魯濱孫(2003)都使用了五年的數(shù)據(jù)。其他的研究反過來使用感知數(shù)據(jù)(杜茲教授和林克森著,2000),這可能傾向于主觀性(卡特和羅莎,1998)。</p><p> 出于這些原因,許多作者(例如
69、阿爾,2006;德布魯因,布拉什和沃特,2007)指出,女性在創(chuàng)造就業(yè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和振興商業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)方面的作用從一個(gè)非?;\統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)。因此,本文作者確定了在這方面需要更具體的研究,特別是在盎格魯撒克遜世界以外的地理區(qū)域,采取行業(yè)特定的方法并使用縱向數(shù)據(jù)作為基礎(chǔ)(阿爾索斯等人,2006;德布魯因等人,2007;約翰遜&麥克馬洪,2005;奧澤等人,2010)。行業(yè)特定的方法使得能夠識(shí)別在所有公司都經(jīng)歷相同環(huán)境的特定行業(yè)的增長(zhǎng)的關(guān)鍵驅(qū)動(dòng)力(弗洛
70、雷斯和巴羅佐,2009)。此外,長(zhǎng)期收集的縱向數(shù)據(jù)有助于顯示公司發(fā)展的能力,以及他們?yōu)榱吮3指?jìng)爭(zhēng)地位而采取的不同的戰(zhàn)略和決策,同時(shí)避免其他相關(guān)因素(阿爾,2006;奧澤等人,2010)。</p><p> 本文分為五個(gè)部分,第一部分是引言。第二部分是對(duì)現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)的回顧,闡述了要解決的假設(shè)。接下來是對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)和方法的描述。第四部分介紹和討論了研究結(jié)果。而最后一部分包含結(jié)論,一系列關(guān)于行業(yè)的實(shí)用建議和對(duì)未來研究線索的建議
71、。</p><p><b> 2.文獻(xiàn)綜述</b></p><p><b> 2.1.女性和旅游</b></p><p> 以前的研究表明,女性主要以服務(wù)型企業(yè)為代表(英格蘭,2010;奧澤等人,2010;帕爾多瓦爾,2010)。旅游業(yè)是世界上最大的服務(wù)業(yè),也是工業(yè)化國家和發(fā)展中國家的第一個(gè)雇主(WTO,2011)。
72、盡管旅游業(yè)不被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)主要的女性行業(yè)(英格蘭,2010),但是旅游業(yè)聘用了特別多的女性,她們占總勞動(dòng)力的60%(拉德金,2011)。不管怎樣,旅游業(yè)都被指責(zé)維持現(xiàn)行的性別規(guī)范,加強(qiáng)性別劃分和定型觀念(劉易斯和辛普森,2011;辛克萊,1997)。</p><p> 雖然在旅游行業(yè)擔(dān)任管理職位的女性所占的比例正在增加,但這一比例仍然遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)平衡,盡管它確實(shí)高于許多其他行業(yè)(阿隆索-阿爾梅達(dá),2009,201
73、1;布勞內(nèi)爾和沃爾什,2008;特納和麥克馬洪,2011)。這種增長(zhǎng)的主要原因是,在這段時(shí)間里參加高等教育旅游課程的女性人數(shù)超過男性人數(shù)(阿姆斯壯,2006;英格蘭,2010;挪威和派恩,2003;羅德里格斯安通,魯維奧,埃斯特萬和阿隆索-阿爾梅達(dá),2009)。因此,許多女性在像以前由男性主導(dǎo)的旅游業(yè)等行業(yè)中實(shí)現(xiàn)管理職位(艾哈邁德,2009;杰法爾,阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲,邁登和莫哈末,2011),她們?cè)絹碓阶非筘?cái)務(wù)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)和雄心勃勃的職業(yè)前景(
74、英格蘭,2010年)。</p><p> 2.2.性別對(duì)啟動(dòng)資本的影響</p><p> 女權(quán)主義理論認(rèn)為,獲得財(cái)政資源并非性別中立的(阿爾,2006;奧澤等人,2010)。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn),啟動(dòng)資本是區(qū)分男性經(jīng)營(yíng)的公司和女性經(jīng)營(yíng)的公司的主要因素之一。在對(duì)女性及其管理的公司的開創(chuàng)性回顧中,布拉什(1992)得出結(jié)論,公司初創(chuàng)時(shí)的的財(cái)務(wù)狀況是女性創(chuàng)業(yè)者面臨的最大障礙之一。后來的幾項(xiàng)研究表明,相比
75、于男性經(jīng)營(yíng)的公司,女性經(jīng)營(yíng)的公司的啟動(dòng)資本要少(阿爾索斯等人,2006;卡特和羅莎,1998;科爾曼和羅伯,2009;費(fèi)爾利和羅伯,2009;維爾休爾和托里克,2001;沃森,2002)。旅游業(yè)也出現(xiàn)了同樣的情況(杰法爾等人,2011;夏爾馬和阿普內(nèi)伽,2005)。</p><p> 關(guān)于這個(gè)主題所發(fā)表的研究結(jié)果幾乎是一致的,因?yàn)樗鼈兌急砻髂行越?jīng)營(yíng)的公司在開始時(shí)就擁有更多的財(cái)政資源。正如女權(quán)主義理論所堅(jiān)稱的那樣
76、,女性在創(chuàng)建自己的公司時(shí),獲取的財(cái)政資源比男性要少。</p><p> 假設(shè)1.性別是解釋旅游業(yè)在啟動(dòng)資本方面的差異的重要因素。</p><p> 2.3.性別對(duì)公司融資的影響</p><p> 難以獲取外部融資是所有類型公司,特別是女性管理的公司增長(zhǎng)的最大障礙之一(科爾曼,2002)。所列舉的的原因包括這些公司規(guī)模較?。茽柭?,2007;法博瓦勒,奧澤和賴丁
77、,1995);缺乏投資項(xiàng)目(洛斯可可,魯濱孫,霍爾和艾倫,1991);女性對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的更大厭惡(康斯坦丁尼迪斯,科尼特和阿桑代伊,2006;??藸柡透窳_斯曼,2002);以及由于其公司缺乏吸引力而可能產(chǎn)生的歧視(布拉什,1992;特雷克爾和斯科特,2006)。</p><p> 鑒于大多數(shù)以前的研究報(bào)告,女性獲取的外部融資比男性要少,本項(xiàng)研究提出了以下假設(shè)。</p><p> 假設(shè)2.性別
78、是解釋旅游業(yè)在外部融資方面的差異的重要因素。</p><p> 2.4.性別對(duì)公司成長(zhǎng)的影響</p><p> 女性管理的公司的增長(zhǎng)速度比男性管理的公司要慢(阿爾索斯等人,2006;庫珀等人,1994;費(fèi)爾利和羅伯,2009;羅莎等人,1996)。然而,沃森(2002)指出,盡管它們的啟動(dòng)資本較小,但是女性經(jīng)營(yíng)的公司的表現(xiàn)優(yōu)于男性經(jīng)營(yíng)的公司。按照這些思路,科爾曼(2007)找到了論據(jù)的
79、支持,即即使沒有外部融資,女性公司的增長(zhǎng)也超過男性。奇爾瓦(2008)認(rèn)為,使用員工人數(shù)作為計(jì)量單位,則女性公司比男性增長(zhǎng)4.7%。換句話說,文獻(xiàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)果并不完全一致。</p><p> 假設(shè)3.性別是解釋隨著時(shí)間的推移旅游業(yè)在增長(zhǎng)方面的差異的重要因素。</p><p> 圖1總結(jié)了提出的方法,其中性別依賴啟動(dòng)資本和外部融資從而影響公司的增長(zhǎng)。</p><p&g
80、t;<b> 圖1.研究模型</b></p><p><b> 3.數(shù)據(jù)和方法</b></p><p> 選中旅游業(yè)的原因有很多。首先,除了旅游業(yè)是世界上最大的服務(wù)業(yè)之外,在過去幾十年中,發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家都取得了巨大的增長(zhǎng)(WTO,2011)。第二,旅游業(yè)不僅大大促進(jìn)了就業(yè),雇用的人數(shù)比全世界任何其他服務(wù)行業(yè)都多,而且在國際勞動(dòng)力中女性
81、多于男性,占總數(shù)的60%(WTO,2011)。第三,旅游業(yè)對(duì)西班牙非常重要,并且是該國最大的工業(yè),占其國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)的11.9%,雇用人數(shù)超過200萬人(伊克賽爾特,2012)。最后,在西班牙的旅游業(yè)中,與其他被認(rèn)為非女性化的行業(yè)相比,女性管理者的比例最高(阿隆索-阿爾梅達(dá),2011;英格蘭,2010)。</p><p> 旅游業(yè)的核心商業(yè)子行業(yè)是住宿、酒店和旅行配送公司(莫里森,卡爾森和韋伯,2010
82、;拉塞爾和??思{,2004)。因此,我們?cè)谶@項(xiàng)研究中使用這些子行業(yè)作為分析的基礎(chǔ)。用于進(jìn)行研究的數(shù)據(jù)取自伊比利亞的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表分析系統(tǒng)(伊比利亞資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表分析系統(tǒng),SABI),其中包括關(guān)于自1996年起的西班牙公司的財(cái)務(wù)信息。僅為在該時(shí)間段內(nèi)成立的公司提取1996-2006年的年度信息,以確保所使用的財(cái)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)能夠追溯到公司成立之初。所選擇的子行業(yè)是旅行社(TA)、農(nóng)村住宿設(shè)施(RA)和酒店(HO)。旅行社類別包括批發(fā)和零售旅行社和旅游經(jīng)營(yíng)
83、者;農(nóng)村住宿設(shè)施包括露營(yíng)地;酒店包括汽車旅館和賓館。此外,這些子行業(yè)雇用50%的旅游業(yè)勞動(dòng)力(IET,2011),扣除運(yùn)輸業(yè),工商管理專業(yè)畢業(yè)生是旅游業(yè)的主要就業(yè)來源(ANECA,2004)。</p><p><b> 4.結(jié)果</b></p><p> 不同于以往的研究(阿爾索斯等人,2006;布拉什,1992;卡特和羅莎,1998;科爾曼和羅伯,2009;費(fèi)爾
84、利和羅伯,2009;馬洛,2006;奧澤等人,2010;維爾休爾和托里克,2001;沃森,2002),除了酒店子行業(yè),本研究沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何證據(jù)支持性別是公司啟動(dòng)資本的重要因素。如前所述,其他因素可能解釋了啟動(dòng)資本的差異,如公司年齡或法律結(jié)構(gòu)。這里觀察到的差異似乎主要與各類型公司所需的資本相關(guān)。無論性別如何,企業(yè)家都可能更喜歡盡可能少的投資,以便在初次投入業(yè)務(wù)時(shí)將風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降至最低。目前的研究結(jié)果表明,商業(yè)成功的機(jī)會(huì)對(duì)女性經(jīng)營(yíng)的公司和對(duì)男性經(jīng)營(yíng)的
85、公司是一樣的(丹麥斯,斯塔福德和鐵熱克-謝歐科,2007)。</p><p> 然而,這里報(bào)告的結(jié)果確定了三個(gè)旅游子行業(yè)在外部融資上的顯著的性別差異。正如在以前的跨行業(yè)研究中觀察到的(阿爾索斯等人,2006;科爾曼和羅伯,2009;穆拉維耶夫等人,2009),男性獲得的外部融資比女性多。酒店和農(nóng)村住宿設(shè)施報(bào)告了這種情況(杰法爾等人,2011;西弗斯,2001)。盡管如此,雖然男性經(jīng)營(yíng)的西班牙旅游公司更為慷慨地接
86、受外部來源資金,但這些結(jié)果并不能事先證明女性的財(cái)政障礙高于男性,或銀行歧視女性。不管怎么說,所觀察到的差異的原因都不太可能從手頭的信息中推導(dǎo)出來。事實(shí)上,帕爾多瓦爾在西班牙進(jìn)行的一個(gè)德爾菲法研究表明,財(cái)政資源的可用性是男性和女性的第一個(gè)障礙。這些困難可能與公司規(guī)模有關(guān),因?yàn)檎缭缙谘芯繄?bào)道所說,不論性別如何,較小的公司在外部融資方面都處于不利地位(科爾曼,2007;法博瓦勒等人,1995)。這個(gè)問題應(yīng)該是沿著這些路線在旅游業(yè)的背景下進(jìn)行
87、進(jìn)一步研究的對(duì)象。</p><p> 性別被發(fā)現(xiàn)是基于銷售和員工人數(shù)增長(zhǎng)的農(nóng)村住宿設(shè)施、酒店的重要解釋變量。從經(jīng)濟(jì)變量方面來衡量這兩個(gè)子行業(yè)的商業(yè)成功率時(shí),沒有觀察到女性的效率低于其男性同行(阿爾索斯等人,2006;庫珀等人,1994;杜茲教授&林克森著,2000;費(fèi)爾利和羅伯,2009;羅莎等人,1996)。旅行社的數(shù)據(jù)審查表明,這個(gè)子行業(yè)的增長(zhǎng),不僅僅取決于性別,而且還可能受到公司規(guī)模的影響。</p&
88、gt;<p> 阿爾索斯等人(2006)發(fā)現(xiàn),公司增長(zhǎng)中與性別相關(guān)的差異可以通過存在融資缺口來解釋,因?yàn)楫?dāng)他們?cè)趯?duì)抑制外部融資后的增長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行分析時(shí),這種差異消失。本研究還確定了所分析的三個(gè)子行業(yè)的融資缺口。盡管如此,由于女性經(jīng)營(yíng)的公司的員工人數(shù)和銷售額都有較大的增長(zhǎng),雖然存在這種缺點(diǎn),但他們?nèi)匀豢梢哉f是超過了男性同行??茽柭?007)指出,這種差異可能是由于女性能夠更有效地利用資源。</p><p&g
89、t; 因此,旅游業(yè)中的女性似乎遵循早期文獻(xiàn)中描述的模式:他們強(qiáng)調(diào)女性工作的外在方面,做好事情的必要性,以及公司內(nèi)外人際關(guān)系的重要性。這些因素是旅游業(yè)的關(guān)鍵驅(qū)動(dòng)力(康拉德,里奇,利布和科瑞加爾,2000;魯,2003;沙普,斯特哈姆和山村,2008)。這可以使女性管理者能夠隨著時(shí)間的推移更有效地利用她們的聲譽(yù),來實(shí)現(xiàn)更高的增長(zhǎng)。農(nóng)村住宿設(shè)施通常比酒店小,客戶聯(lián)系更緊密,可能從這些女性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)技能中受益更多,并解釋為什么它們的表現(xiàn)超過酒店。戴
90、維斯等人(2010)報(bào)告說,性別對(duì)增長(zhǎng)和盈利能力具有顯著的、間接的影響,但它們歸因于內(nèi)在或其他基于市場(chǎng)的商業(yè)方法。在這項(xiàng)研究中,女性管理的公司的業(yè)績(jī)被發(fā)現(xiàn)略高于男性公司,因?yàn)榕愿鼉A向于采用基于市場(chǎng)的方法來開展業(yè)務(wù)。因此,除了性別因素,西班牙旅游業(yè)遵守與其他行業(yè)和國家相同的行為模式。新公司獲得更高的增長(zhǎng),可以解釋為新業(yè)務(wù)需要更大的努力,以獲得穩(wěn)定的收入,并確保公司生存(安田,2005;卡爾沃,2006;戈多赫斯斯盧雷根,2010)。&l
91、t;/p><p> 總結(jié)起來,本研究的結(jié)果與從以前的研究得出的結(jié)論相反,反駁了旅游公司資本化的差異是基于性別的假說(H1)。不過也承認(rèn)了以前的報(bào)告檢測(cè)到外部融資方面的性別差異(H2)。最后,本文討論的結(jié)果還支持在旅游公司績(jī)效和增長(zhǎng)中存在基于性別的差異(H3),盡管這些差異與預(yù)期相反,表明在旅館行業(yè),女性更具有商業(yè)頭腦。</p><p> 5.結(jié)論和未來研究線</p><
92、p> 本文所描述的發(fā)現(xiàn)為女性管理提供了新的見解,因?yàn)樗鼈凂g斥了許多以前的假設(shè)和觀點(diǎn)。雖然女性經(jīng)營(yíng)的旅游公司獲得的外部資金較少,但隨著時(shí)間的推移,它們創(chuàng)造了更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì),并比男性管理的公司更有效地提高了銷售額。鑒于旅游業(yè)對(duì)西班牙和世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的關(guān)聯(lián)性,必須提升這一領(lǐng)域的企業(yè)管理能力。旨在消除長(zhǎng)期存在的性別歧視,無疑是一種理所當(dāng)然的愿望。然而,以西班牙旅游業(yè)為例,從商業(yè)結(jié)果的角度來看,女性在高管職位中的地位也是可取的。正如本研究所顯示
93、的,相比于男性,女性在增長(zhǎng)方面更為優(yōu)秀,提高了國家就業(yè)率和生產(chǎn)力,創(chuàng)造了財(cái)富。</p><p> 從上述發(fā)現(xiàn)我們可以提出兩個(gè)建議。首先,應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)旅游公司促進(jìn)婦女擔(dān)任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職位。如果他們沒有這樣做,他們將錯(cuò)過其企業(yè)成長(zhǎng)和創(chuàng)造財(cái)富的機(jī)會(huì)。沃森(2002,第98頁)正確指出,女性可能有不同的管理方式,并且利用財(cái)政資源不同于男性,但是在投資回報(bào)率方面,“她們的效率不比男性低”。</p><p>
94、其次,鼓勵(lì)決策者優(yōu)先考慮在企業(yè)管理、融資渠道和公司創(chuàng)業(yè)等領(lǐng)域促進(jìn)性別平等的政策。在過去的十年中,西班牙政府制定了平等機(jī)會(huì)計(jì)劃,來幫助婦女企業(yè)順利起步,促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)或擴(kuò)大國際市場(chǎng)(帕爾多瓦爾,2010)。后來的作者還指出,短期的財(cái)政支持是不夠的;相反,計(jì)劃應(yīng)該從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的角度設(shè)計(jì),并針對(duì)每種類型的業(yè)務(wù)。穆拉維耶夫等人(2009年)確定需要“反歧視政策,更普遍地來說,強(qiáng)調(diào)女性在社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)中的價(jià)值的政策”。</p><p>
95、; 本文不試圖解釋業(yè)績(jī)表現(xiàn)的差異,而只是證明它們的存在,并決定它們是否受性別的影響。因此,它不涉及社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)變量,例如教育、管理技能、公司政策、公司領(lǐng)導(dǎo)或所有者的以往經(jīng)驗(yàn)或其他特征。今后應(yīng)該擴(kuò)大這一研究領(lǐng)域,以彌補(bǔ)這一限制。</p><p> 女性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)特征及其對(duì)業(yè)績(jī)的影響是另一個(gè)在旅游公司管理背景下尚未充分發(fā)展的研究方向。在西班牙和其他成熟和新興的旅游目的地的行業(yè)之間,也應(yīng)該進(jìn)行比較研究。</p>
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