數(shù)控專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯--數(shù)控

1、<p>　　Numerical Control</p><p>　　One of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC).Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manua

2、l operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product i

3、s directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator . Numerical control represents the first major </p><p>　　Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems t

4、hough the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool, For a machine tool to be nume

5、rically controlled , it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the p2ogrammed instructions, known as a reader.</p><p>　　Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of huma

6、n operator , and it has done so . Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines , they can produce parts more uniformly , they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower . The de

7、velopment of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:</p><p>　　Electrical discharge machining.</p><p>　　Laser cutting.</p><p>　　Electron b

8、eam welding.</p><p>　　Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide variety of par4s , each invol

9、ving an assortment of undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tools and processes.</p><p>　　Like so many advanced

10、 technologies , NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S Air Force .In its earliest stages , NC ma

11、chines were able to make straight cuts efficiently and effectively.</p><p>　　However ,curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertic

12、al steps to produce a curve. The shorter is the straight lines making up the step ,the smoother is 4he curve . Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.</p><p>　　This problem led to the developmen

13、t in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motio

14、ns. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the further development of NC technology. The original NC system were vastly different from those used punched paper , which was later to replaced by ma

15、gnetic plastic tape .A tap</p><p>　　A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium . It was common for the paper containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining

16、 process, This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to rerun thought the reader . If it was necessa

17、ry to produce 100 copies of a given part , it was also necessary to run the paper tape thought the reader 100</p><p>　　This led to the development of a special magnetic tape . Whereas the paper tape carried

18、the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape , theThis most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape . To make even the most minor

19、adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape thought the reader as many times a</p><p>　　The d

20、evelopment of a concept known as numerical control (DNC) solve the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions . In

21、direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer and fed to the machine tool as needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major ste

22、p forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However ,</p><p>　　The development of the microprocessor allowed for the development of programmable logic controllers (PLC) and microcomputers . These two techn

23、ologies allowed for the development of computer numerical control (CNC).With CNC , each machine tool has a PLC or a microcomputer that serves the same purpose. This allows programs to be input and stored at each individu

24、al machine tool. CNC solved the problems associated downtime of the host computer , but it introduced another problem known as data manage</p><p>　　There are numerous situations where analog signals to be pr

25、ocessed in many ways, like filtering and spectral analysis , Designing analog hardware to perform these functions is possible but has become less and practical, due to increased performance requirements, flexibility need

26、s , and the need to cut down on development/testing time .It is in other words difficult pm design analog hardware analysis of signals.</p><p>　　The act of sampling an signal into thehat are specialised for

27、embedded signal processing operations , and such a processor is called a DSP, which stands for Digital Signal Processor . Today there are hundreds of DSP families from as many manufacturers, each one designed for a parti

28、cular price/performance/usage group. Many of the largest manufacturers, like Texas Instruments and Motorola, offer both specialised DSP’s for certain fields like motor-control or modems ,and general high-performance D&l

29、t;/p><p>　　DSP’s more or less fall into two categories depending on the underlying architecture-fixed-point and floating-point. The fixed-point devices generally operate on 16-bit words, while the floating-poin

30、t devices operate on 32-40 bits floating-point words. Needless to say , the fixed-point devices are generally cheaper . Another important architectural difference is that fixed-point processors tend to have an accumulato

31、r architecture, with only one “general purpose” register , making them quite tric</p><p>　　There are thousands of different DSP’s on the market, and it is difficult task finding the most suitable DSP for a p

32、roject. The best way is probably to set up a constraint and wishlist, and try to compare the processors from the biggest manufacturers against it.</p><p>　　The “big four” manufacturers of DSPs: Texas Instrum

33、ents, Motorola, AT&T and Analog Devices.</p><p>　　Digital-to-analog conversion</p><p>　　In the case of MPEG-Audio decoding , digital compressed data is fed into the DSP which performs the de

34、coding , then the decoded samples have to be converted back into the analog domain , and the resulting signal fed an amplifier or similar audio equipment . This digital to analog conversion (DCA) is performed by a circui

35、t with the same name & Different DCA’s provide different performance and quality , as measured by THD (Total harmonic distortion ), number of bits, linearity , speed, filter char</p><p>　　The TMS320 fami

36、ly DQP of Texas Instruments</p><p>　　The TLS320family consists of fixed-point, floating-point, multiprocessor digital signal processors (D[Ps) , and foxed-point DSP controllers. TMS320 DSP have an architectu

37、re designed specifically for real-time signal processing . The’ F/C240 is a number of the’C2000DSP platform , and is optimized for control applications. The’C24x series of DSP controllers combines this real-time processi

38、ng capability with controller peripherals to create an ideal solution for control system applications. The fol</p><p>　　--- Very flexible instruction set</p><p>　　--- Inherent operational flexib

39、ility </p><p>　　---High-speed performance</p><p>　　---Innovative parallel architecture</p><p>　　---Cost effectiveness</p><p>　　Devices within a generation of the TMS32

40、0 family have the same CPU structure but different on-chip memory and peripheral configurations. Spin-off devices use new combinations of On-chip memory and peripherals to satisfy a wide range of needs in the worldwide e

41、lectronics market. By integrating memory and peripherals onto a single chip , TMS320 devices reduce system costs and save circuit board space.</p><p>　　The 16-bit ,fixed-point DSP core of the ‘C24x devices p

42、rovides analog designers a digital solution that does not sacrifice the precision and performance of their system performance can be enhanced through the use of advanced control algorithms for techniques such as adaptive

43、 control , Kalman filtering , and state control. The ‘C24x DSP controller offer reliability and programmability . Analog control systems, on the other hand ,are hardwired solutions and can experience performance degradat

44、ion d</p><p>　　The high-speed central processing unit (CPU) allows the digital designer to process algorithms in real time rather than approximate results with look-up tables. The instruction set of these DS

45、P controllers, which incorporates both signal processing instructions and general-purpose control functions, coupled with the extensive development time and provides the same ease of use as traditional 8-and 16-bit micro

46、controllers. The instruction set also allows you to retain your software investment when</p><p>　　The ‘C24x architecture is also well-suited for processing control signals. It uses a 16-bit word length along

47、 with 32-bit registers for storing intermediate results, and has two hardware shifters available to scale numbers independently of the CPU . This combination minimizes quantization and truncation errors, and increases p2

48、ocessing power for additional functions. Such functions might include a notch filter that could cancel mechanical resonances in a system or an estimation technique that co</p><p>　　The ‘C24xDSP controllers t

49、ake advantage of an set of peripheral functions that allow Texas Instruments to quickly configure various series members for different price/ performance points or for application optimization.</p><p>　　This

50、 library of both digital and mixed-signal peripherals includes:</p><p><b>　　---Timers</b></p><p>　　---Serial communications ports (SCI,SPI)</p><p>　　---Analog-to-digital

51、 converters(ADC)</p><p>　　---Event manager</p><p>　　---System protection, such as low-voltage and watchdog timer</p><p>　　The DSP controller peripheral library is continually growin

52、g and changing to suit the of tomorrow’s embedded control marketplace.</p><p>　　The TMS320F/C240 is the first standard device introduced in the ‘24x series of DSP controllers. It sets the standard for a sing

53、le-chip digital motor controller. The ‘240 can execute 20 MIPS. Almost all instructions are executed in a simple cycle of 50 ns . This high performance allows real-time execution of very comple8 control algorithms, such

54、as adaptive control and Kalman filters. Very high sampling rates can also be used to minimize loop delays.</p><p>　　The ‘ 240 has the architectural features necessary for high-speed signal processing and dig

55、ital control functions, and it has the peripherals needed to provide a single-chip solution for motor control applications. The ‘240 is manufactured using submicron CMOS technology, achieving a log power dissipation rat

56、ing . Also included are several power-down modes for further power savings. Some applications that benefit from the advanced processing power of the ‘240 include: </p><p>　　---Industrial motor drives</p&g

57、t;<p>　　---Power inverters and controllers</p><p>　　---Automotive systems, such as electronic power steering , antilock brakes, and climate control</p><p>　　---Appliance and HVAC blower/

58、compressor motor controls</p><p>　　---Printers, copiers, and other office products</p><p>　　---Tape drives, magnetic optical drives, and other mass storage products</p><p>　　---Robo

59、tic and CNC milling machines</p><p>　　To function as a system manager, a DSP must have robust on-chip I/O and other peripherals. The event manager of the ‘240 is unlike any other available on a DSP . This ap

60、plication-optimized peripheral unit , coupled with the high performance DSP core, enables the use of advanced control techniques for high-precision and high-efficiency full variable-speed control of all motor types. Incl

61、ude in the event manager are special pulse-width modulation (PWM) generation functions, such as a programmable </p><p>　　There independent up down timers, each with it’s own compare register, support the gen

62、eration of asymmetric (noncentered) as well as symmetric (centered) PWM waveforms.</p><p>　　Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Control</p><p>　　Open-loop Control Systems</p><p>　　The word au

63、tomatic implies that there is a certain amount of sophistication in the control system. By automatic, it generally means That the system is usually capable of adapting to a variety of operating conditions and is able to

64、respond to a class of inputs satisfactorily . However , not any type of control system has the automatic feature. Usually , the automatic feature is achieved by feed.</p><p>　　g the feedback structure, it is

65、 called an open-loop system , which is the simplest and most economical type of control system.inaccuracy lies in the fact that one may not know the exact characteristics of the further ,which has a definite bearing on t

66、he indoor temperature. This alco points to an important disadvantage of the performance of an open -loop control system, in that the system is not capable of adapting to variations in environmental conitions or to extern

67、al disturbances. In the case </p><p>　　An electric washing machine is another typical example of an open-loop system , because the amount of wash time is entirely determined by the judgment and estimation of

68、 the human operator . A true automatic electric washing machine should have the means of checking the cleanliness of the clothes continuously and turn itsedt off when the desired degised of cleanliness is reached.</p&

69、gt;<p>　　Closed-Loop Control Systems</p><p>　　What is missing in the open-loop control system for more accurate and more adaptable control is a link or feedback from the output to the input of the sys

70、tem . In order to obtain more accurate bontrol, the controlled signal c(t) must be fed back and compared with the reference input , and an actuating signal proportional to the difference of the output and the input must

71、be sent through the system to correct the error. A system with one or more feedback pat(s like that just described is called a</p><p>　　To illustrate the human being as a feedback control system , let us con

72、sider that the objective is to reach for an object on aperform the task. The eyes serve as a sensing device which feeds back continuously the position of the hand . The distance between the hand and the object is the err

73、or , which is eventually brought to zero as the hand reacher the object. This is a typical example of closed-loop control. However , if one is told to reach for the object and then is blindolded, one can only </p>

74、<p><b>　　數(shù)控</b></p><p>　　在先進制造技術(shù)領(lǐng)域最根本的觀念之一是數(shù)控（NC）。數(shù)控來臨之前，所有機床是手工操作和控制。手動控制機床有許多限制，或許沒有比操作者的技能更突出。用手動控制，產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量直接相關(guān)，并僅限于操作者的技能。數(shù)控具有重要的意義在于它擺脫手動控制機床。</p><p>　　數(shù)控機床意味著，機器操作和其他手寫機器操作系

75、統(tǒng)的到來。操作機床，數(shù)控技術(shù)員只要寫出機床的指示程序，機床就會自動控制，它必須與一個接口接受和解碼程序指示，作為一個讀者已知的設(shè)備。</p><p>　　數(shù)控開發(fā)，克服了人工操作的局限性，并且已經(jīng)完成。數(shù)控機床比手動操作機器更為準確，他們可以使得生產(chǎn)部分更得體，他們更快，從長遠來說他的時間花費成本較低。數(shù)控的開發(fā)推動了制造業(yè)的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展：</p><p>　　1。電火花加工。2。激光切割

76、。3。電子束焊接。</p><p>　　數(shù)控機床也比他們更早的機器更為的靈活。一種數(shù)控機床能自動產(chǎn)生的種類繁多，每個涉及的零件，從經(jīng)濟的角度，將不會被可行的手動控制機床和工藝產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)品種所替代。</p><p>　　像許多先進技術(shù)一樣，數(shù)控出生于美國麻省理工學(xué)院的實驗室。該數(shù)控概念是在50年代初由美國空軍提出。在最初階段，數(shù)控機床能夠使直接有效地削減人力。 </p><

77、;p>　　然而，制作彎曲的零件是一個問題，因為機床要進行編程，進行橫向和縱向的一系列步驟，以產(chǎn)生一個曲線。較短的可以用直線組成，是平滑曲線。它的的每一步驟都必須進行計算。</p><p>　　這個問題導(dǎo)致了1959年自動編程工具（APT）語言的發(fā)展，使用類似數(shù)控英文語句來定義幾何零件，描述刀具配置，并制定所需的方案。新的APT語言的發(fā)展是重大的一步，推動數(shù)控技術(shù)的進一步發(fā)展。原來的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)廣泛使用穿孔紙，后

78、來由磁性塑料帶代替。一個使用穿孔紙的人解釋了該機器的磁帶使用說明?？傊?，所有一切都代表數(shù)控控制的大步發(fā)展。然而，有一些問題，就是數(shù)控在這點上的發(fā)展。</p><p>　　一個主要的問題是該打孔紙帶中的脆弱性。就是在輸入程序指令時紙帶的撕裂，比這個問題更加嚴重的是，在機床制造過程中的連續(xù)性，攜帶的紙帶編程指示必須重新運行。如果生產(chǎn)預(yù)先制定的100份，還需要運行100個紙帶獨立運行的時間。脆弱的紙帶根本無法承受這樣的

79、環(huán)境，這樣的無法重復(fù)使用。</p><p>　　這導(dǎo)致了一個特殊磁帶的發(fā)展。而通過在磁帶打孔系列的編程指令中的紙帶，其中最重要的是，很難或者不可能改變磁帶上輸入的指令。即使是在一個最微小的調(diào)整方案，也需要中斷才能加工，并制作出新的磁帶。它仍然需要盡可能多的時間運行磁帶來實現(xiàn)要產(chǎn)生部分。幸運的是，計算機技術(shù)成為了現(xiàn)實，并很快解決了數(shù)控問題，這與打孔紙和膠帶密切相關(guān)。</p><p>　　作為

80、知名的數(shù)控概念發(fā)展（DNC）解決了紙張和塑料帶與數(shù)控相關(guān)作為執(zhí)行指令的編程語言磁帶的問題。在直接數(shù)字控制下，精密機床的束縛，通過數(shù)據(jù)傳輸鏈路，連接在主機和機器工具，通過數(shù)據(jù)傳輸連接需要。直接數(shù)字控制穿孔紙帶和塑料帶的應(yīng)用上是一個重大的進步。但是，它受所有技術(shù)，在主機上卻有相同的限制。當(dāng)主機出現(xiàn)故障，機器工具也會出現(xiàn)故障。這個問題引導(dǎo)了計算機數(shù)控的發(fā)展。</p><p>　　關(guān)于可編程邏輯控制器（PLC）和微型計算

81、機的發(fā)展使微處理器的發(fā)展。這兩項技術(shù)的發(fā)展，計算機數(shù)字控制（CNC）允許的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。每臺機器工具，PLC或微型計算機，它為同樣的目的。這允許程序自動輸入和存儲在每個機床上。數(shù)控解決相關(guān)的主機停機的問題，但它推出了著名的數(shù)據(jù)管理的另一個問題。同樣的程序可能會被裝上10種不同的微型電腦，它們之間沒有溝通。此問題處理是在當(dāng)?shù)貐^(qū)域網(wǎng)絡(luò)的過程中解決的connectDigital信號處理器的。</p><p>　　在許多情況

82、下的模擬信號會用各種方法處理問題，在很多方面像濾波和頻譜分析，設(shè)計模擬硬件來執(zhí)行這些職能是可能的，但已變得越來越少，由于更高的性能需求，靈活性的需求，以及需要削減減少開發(fā)/測試的時間的需求。正是在困難時，換句話說，是模擬信號的硬件設(shè)計分析改變了現(xiàn)狀。</p><p>　　抽樣一個信號是專門為嵌入式信號處理的操作，這種處理器被稱為數(shù)字信號處理器，是數(shù)字信號處理器的代表。今天有數(shù)百個家庭的DSP從盡可能多的制造商，每

83、一個特定的價格/性能/使用組來設(shè)計的。大的廠家很多，像德州儀器，摩托羅拉，都提供專門的DSP像馬達控制或調(diào)制解調(diào)器這些領(lǐng)域的，和一般的高性能DSP處理，可以執(zhí)行廣泛的任務(wù)范圍。軟件開發(fā)工具包也可以，也有公司做好DSP的，允許程序員可以實現(xiàn)復(fù)雜的處理算法，利用簡單的“拖放'和'下降”的方法的軟件開發(fā)工具。</p><p>　　DSP的或多或少取決于兩類下降的基礎(chǔ)架構(gòu)的定點和浮點。定點設(shè)備操作一般在1

84、6位，而浮點器件上32-40位浮點操作。不用說，定點設(shè)備一般比較便宜。另一個重要的結(jié)構(gòu)不同的地方是，定點處理器往往只有一個“通用的蓄電池架構(gòu)”，這使得他們的方案很棘手，更重要的是，制造的C-編譯器固有的低效率。浮點DSP的表現(xiàn)更像是共同的通用CPU的寄存器文件。</p><p>　　在市場上有成千上萬不同的數(shù)字信號處理器，找到項目最合適的數(shù)字信號處理器是一個艱巨的任務(wù)。最好的辦法可能是成立一個約束和心愿，并試圖針

85、對它的最大制造商的處理器來進行比較。 </p><p>　　“四大”的數(shù)字信號處理器制造商：德州儀器，摩托羅拉，AT＆T和模擬設(shè)備。</p><p><b>　　數(shù)字至模擬轉(zhuǎn)換</b></p><p>　　MPEG音頻解碼，數(shù)字壓縮的數(shù)據(jù)反饋到執(zhí)行的DSP解碼，解碼后的樣本，將轉(zhuǎn)換成模擬域回來，與由此產(chǎn)生的信號放大器或類似的音頻設(shè)備。這個數(shù)字

86、到模擬轉(zhuǎn)換（DCA）的工作由一個具有相同名稱和不同音頻媒體的電路提供不同的性能和質(zhì)量，如THD（總諧波失真），對位，線性度，速度，過濾特征和其他一些。</p><p>　　TMS320系列DQP的德州儀器</p><p>　　該TLS320family儀器由定點，浮點組成，數(shù)字信號處理器的多處理器（DSP）及foxed點DSP控制器。 TMS320系列數(shù)字信號處理器設(shè)計了實時信號處理具體的

87、架構(gòu)。F/C240是C2000DSP平臺，并控制應(yīng)用而優(yōu)化。C24x的DSP控制器系列，結(jié)合這個控制器外設(shè)的實時處理能力，以創(chuàng)造一個控制系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用的理想解決方案。以下特點使TMS320系列正確選擇應(yīng)用廣泛的加工范圍：</p><p>　　---非常靈活的指令集</p><p>　　---固有業(yè)務(wù)靈活性</p><p><b>　　---高速性能</b&

88、gt;</p><p>　　---創(chuàng)新的并行結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p><b>　　---成本效益</b></p><p>　　一代的TMS320系列器件具有相同的CPU結(jié)構(gòu)，但不同的片上存儲器和外設(shè)配置不同。附帶了設(shè)備使用的片上存儲器和外設(shè)新組合，以滿足全球電子市場的需求范圍。通過整合到一個單一芯片內(nèi)存和外設(shè)，TMS320系列設(shè)備降低了系統(tǒng)成本和節(jié)

89、省電路板空間。</p><p>　　16位定點DSP的C24x核心器件模擬設(shè)計提供了數(shù)字解決方案，不犧牲精度和系統(tǒng)性能，可通過為技術(shù)先進的控制算法，如適應(yīng)控制使用增強，卡爾曼濾波，和國家控制。C24x DSP控制器提供的可靠性和可編程性。模擬控制系統(tǒng)，一方面，是硬連線解決方案和經(jīng)驗，可能因老化性能降低，元件容差和漂移。</p><p>　　高速中央處理單元（CPU）可處理的數(shù)字化設(shè)計，事實

90、上，并不是與查表結(jié)果近似的算法。這些指令集的DSP控制器，它集成了信號處理指令和通用控制功能，具有廣泛的開發(fā)時間，并提供了結(jié)合傳統(tǒng)的8位和16位微控制器使用相同的環(huán)節(jié)。指令集還允許您保留您的軟件投資在其他普通C2x上，源代碼C2x代兼容，源代碼與德州儀器的數(shù)字信號處理器C5x代兼容。</p><p>　　在C24x架構(gòu)也非常適用于控制信號的處理。它用于存儲中間結(jié)果的32位寄存器的16位字，并有兩個硬件可用號碼提供

91、給獨立的CPU。這種組合減少量化誤差和截斷，以及附加功能增加進化的能力。這些職能可能包括取消陷波器，可以在一個系統(tǒng)或一個機械共振技術(shù)，可消除系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)的傳感器。</p><p>　　在C24xDSP控制器考慮讓德州儀器具備快速配置不同價格/性能點或各種系列的成員進行應(yīng)用優(yōu)化的外設(shè)功能設(shè)置的優(yōu)勢。這兩個數(shù)字和混合信號外設(shè)庫包括：</p><p><b>　　---定時器</b&

92、gt;</p><p>　　---串行通信接口（SCI的，SPI）</p><p>　　---模擬到數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換器（ADC）</p><p><b>　　---事件管理器</b></p><p>　　---系統(tǒng)保護，如低電壓和看門狗定時器</p><p>　　該DSP控制器外設(shè)庫是不斷增長和變化的，以

93、適應(yīng)未來的嵌入式控制市場。</p><p>　　該TMS320F/C240于的介紹是第一個標準裝置中的DSP控制器24x系列。它決定一個單芯片的數(shù)字電機控制器的標準。該C240可以執(zhí)行20 MIPS。幾乎所有的指令執(zhí)行時間為50 ns。這一高性能允許實時非常完整的控制算法，如自適應(yīng)控制，卡爾曼濾波的執(zhí)行。非常高的采樣率也可用于盡量減少循環(huán)延遲。</p><p>　　在240C具有高速信號處

94、理和數(shù)字控制功能所必需的建筑特色，以及它需要提供一個電機控制應(yīng)用的單芯片解決方案的外設(shè)。該240C使用亞微米CMOS制造技術(shù)，實現(xiàn)了日志的功耗等級。還包括一些掉電模式，進一步節(jié)省功耗。有些應(yīng)用程序從240C具有先進的處理能力的好處：</p><p>　　---工業(yè)馬達驅(qū)動器</p><p>　　---電源逆變器和控制器</p><p>　　---汽車系統(tǒng)，如電子動力

95、轉(zhuǎn)向，防抱死制動系統(tǒng)和氣候控制</p><p>　　---家電和空調(diào)風(fēng)機/壓縮機電機控制</p><p>　　---打印機，復(fù)印機和其他辦公用品</p><p>　　---磁帶機，磁光盤驅(qū)動器和其他大容量存儲產(chǎn)品</p><p>　　---機器人和數(shù)控銑床</p><p>　　要作為一個系統(tǒng)管理員，必須有強大的DSP芯

96、片上的I / O和其他外圍設(shè)備。該240事物管理器是不同于其他任何可以用一個數(shù)字信號處理器的處理器。此應(yīng)用程序優(yōu)化的周邊裝置，與高性能的DSP核心，可提供了高精確度和高效率的全變速控制的所有汽車類型的先進控制技術(shù)。事物管理器包括特殊的脈沖寬度調(diào)制（PWM）生成功能，如可編程死區(qū)的功能和空間矢量PWM狀態(tài)機，3相馬達，提供了完善的設(shè)施，最先進的最高效率開關(guān)電源晶體管。</p><p>　　有獨立的定時器，每個與它自

97、己比較的寄存器，支持非對稱代（noncentered）以及對稱（中心）的PWM波形。</p><p><b>　　開環(huán)和閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)</b></p><p><b>　　開環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　這個詞意味著有一個復(fù)雜的控制系統(tǒng)自動控制一定的數(shù)額。它通常意味著該系統(tǒng)通常是能夠適應(yīng)不同的作業(yè)條件，并能有令人滿

98、意的回應(yīng)。然而，并非任何類型的控制系統(tǒng)都具有自動功能。通常情況下，自動控制功能是通過feed來完成的。</p><p>　　g的反饋結(jié)構(gòu)，它被稱為開環(huán)系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)是精確控制的一個事實，就是可能不知道確切的控制，特點在于最簡單，最經(jīng)濟，它有一個明確的軸承溫度。這也指出了一個開環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)的性能重要的缺餡，該系統(tǒng)不能夠適應(yīng)變化的環(huán)境或外部干擾。在此控制情況下，或許是有經(jīng)驗的人提供了一個理想中的外室溫控制，門或窗被打開或

99、在營運期間，關(guān)閉間歇性，在房子里的最后溫度不會精確的受開環(huán)控制。</p><p>　　電動洗衣機是另一種開環(huán)系統(tǒng)的典型例子，因為洗的時間是完全由人類的判斷和估計確定的。一個真正的全自動電動洗衣機應(yīng)具有的檢查不斷清潔的衣服的功能，關(guān)閉時所需達到清潔的目的。</p><p><b>　　閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　閉環(huán)控制缺少更準確和

100、更適應(yīng)由輸出反饋提高系統(tǒng)的輸入。為了獲得更準確的控制信號必須反饋，并參考輸入，以及一個驅(qū)動信號成比例的輸出和輸入的差異，必須通過系統(tǒng)發(fā)送而修正錯誤。與一個或更多反饋，就像是剛才所說的是被稱為閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)。人類系統(tǒng)是可能是最復(fù)雜和精密的反饋控制系統(tǒng)的存在。一個人可以被認為是一個控制系統(tǒng)有許多輸入和輸出，開展高度復(fù)雜的操作能力。</p><p>　　為了說明人類作為一個正反饋控制系統(tǒng)，讓我們考慮該計劃的目的是達成一個任務(wù)