數(shù)控技術(shù)外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　附錄 英文翻譯</b></p><p>　　aaNC Technology</p><p>　　1、Research current situation of NC lathe in our times</p><p>　　Research and development process to such vario

2、us kinds of new technologies as numerical control lathe , machining center , FMS , CIMS ,etc. of countries all over the world, linked to with the international economic situation closely. The machine tool industry has in

3、ternational economy to mutually promote and develop, enter 21 alert eras of World Affairs, the function that people's knowledge plays is more outstanding , and the machine tool industry is regarded as the foundation

4、of the manufacturi</p><p>　?。?）、Pay more attention to new technology and innovation</p><p>　　Worldwide , are launching the new craft , new material , new structure , new unit , research and deve

5、lopment of the new component in a more cost-effective manner, developmental research of for instance new cutter material , the new electric main shaft of main shaft structure , high speed , high-speed straight line elect

6、rical machinery ,etc.. Regard innovating in improvement of the processing technology as the foundation, for process ultra and hard difficult to cut material and special composite </p><p>　?。?）、Improve the pr

7、ecision and research of machine tooling</p><p>　　In order to improve the machining accuracy of the machining center , are improving rigidity of the lathe , reduction vibration constantly, dispel hotly and ou

8、t of shape, reduce the noise , improve the precision of localization of NC lathe , repeat precision , working dependability , stability , precision keeping, world a lot of country carry on lathe hot error , lathe sport a

9、nd load out of shape software of error compensate technical research, take precision compensate , software compensate meas</p><p>　?。?）、Improve the research of the machine tooling productivity</p><

10、;p>　　World NC lathe, machining center and corresponding some development of main shaft , electrical machinery of straight line , measuring system , NC system of high speed, under the prerequisite of boosting productiv

11、ity.</p><p>　　（4）、What a lot of countries have already begun to the numerical control system melt intelligently, openly, study networkedly</p><p>　　elligent research of the numerical control sys

12、tem</p><p>　　Mainly showing in the following aspects: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, the self-adaptation to the processing course is controlled, the cr

13、aft parameter produces research automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, to the feedback control , adaptive operation , discerning automatically load sel

14、ects models automatically , since carries on research whole definitely ,etc. of the el</p><p>　　B、 The numerical control system melts and studies open</p><p>　　Mainly showing in the following as

15、pects: The development of the numerical control system is on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and support finally, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control tar

16、get ), form the seriation, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, f

17、orm leading brand products</p><p>　　C、Meeting the manufacture system of the production line , demand for the information integration of the manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equi

18、pment, it is a basic unit of realizing the new manufacture mode too.</p><p>　　2、Classification of the machining center</p><p>　?。?）Process according to main shaft space position when it classifi

19、es to be as follows, horizontal and vertical machining center.</p><p>　　Horizontal machining center, refer to the machining center that the axis level of the main shaft is set up . Horizontal machining cente

20、r for 3-5 sport coordinate axis, a common one three rectilinear motion coordinate axis and one turn the coordinate axis of sports round (turn the workingbench round), it can one is it is it finish other 4 Taxi processing

21、 besides installing surfaces and top surfaces to insert to install in work piece, most suitable for processing the case body work piece . Compare</p><p>　　Vertical machining center, the axis of the main shaf

22、t of the vertical machining center, in order to set up vertically, its structure is mostly the regular post type, the workingbench is suitable for processing parts for the slippery one of cross, have 3 rectilinear motion

23、 coordinate axis generally , can find a room for one horizontal numerical control revolving stage (the 4th axle ) of axle process the spiral part at workingbench. The vertical machining center is of simple structure, the

24、 floor s</p><p>　　Large-scale gantry machining center, the main shafts are mostly set up vertically, is especially used in the large-scale or with complicated form work piece , is it spend the many coordinat

25、e gantry machining center to need like aviation , aerospace industry , some processing of part of large-scale steam turbine.</p><p>　　Five machining centers, this kind of machining center has function of the

26、 vertical and horizontal machining center, one is it after inserting , can finish all five Taxi processing besides installing the surface to install in work piece, the processing way can make form of work piece error low

27、est , save 2 times install and insert working, thus improve production efficiency , reduce the process cost.</p><p>　　(2)Classify by craft use</p><p>　　Is it mill machining center to bore, is it

28、 mill for vertical door frame machining center , horizontal door frame mill the machining center and Longmen door frame mill the machining center to divide into. Processing technology its rely mainly on the fact that the

29、 door frame is milled, used in case body, shell and various kinds of complicated part special curve and large processes , curved surface of outline process, suitable for many varieties to produce in batches small.</p&

30、gt;<p>　　Complex machining center, point five times and compound and process mainly, the main shaft head can be turned round automatically, stand, lie and process, after the main shaft is turned round automaticall

31、y, realize knowing that varies in the horizontal and vertical direction.</p><p>　　(3)Classify by special function</p><p>　　Single workingbench , a pair of workingbench machining center;</p>

32、;<p>　　Single axle , dual axle , three axle can change machining center , main shaft of case;</p><p>　　Transfer vertically to the tower machining center and transfer ;</p><p>　　One hundre

33、d sheets of storehouses adds the main shaft and changes one one hundred sheets of machining centers;</p><p>　　One hundred sheets of storehouses connects and writes hands to add the main shaft and change one

34、hundred sheets of machining centers; </p><p>　　One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the manipulator and adds one pair of main shafts to transfer to the tower machining center.</p><p>　　3、Devel

35、opment trend of the current numerical control lathe</p><p>　　At present, the advanced manufacturing technology in the world is rising constantly, such application of technology as ultrafast cutting , ultrapr

36、ecision processing ,etc., the rapid development of the flexible manufacturing system and integrated system of the computer one is constant and ripe, have put forward higher demand to the process technology of numerical c

37、ontrol. Nowadays the numerical control lathe is being developed in several following directions.</p><p>　?。?）. The speed and precision at a high speed , high accuracy are two important indexes of the numeric

38、al control lathe , it concerns directly that processes efficiency and product quality. At present, numerical control system adopt-figure number, frequency high processor, in order to raise basic operation speed of system

39、. Meanwhile , adopt the super large-scale integrated circuit and many microprocessors structure, in order to improve systematic data processing ability , namely improve and insert</p><p>　　For meet ultrafast

40、 demand that process, numerical control lathe adopt main shaft motor and lathe structure form that main shaft unite two into one, realize frequency conversion motor and lathe main shaft integrate , bearing , main shaft o

41、f electrical machinery adopt magnetism float the bearing , liquid sound pigeonhole such forms as the bearing or the ceramic rolling bearing ,etc.. At present, ceramic cutter and diamond coating cutter have already begun

42、to get application.</p><p>　?。?）. Multi-functional to is it change all kinds of machining centers of organization (a of capacity of storehouse can up to 100 of the above ) automatically to furnished with, ca

43、n realize milling paring , boring and pares , bores such many kinds of processes as paring , turning , reaming , reaming , attacking whorl ,etc. to process at the same time on the same lathe , modern numerical control la

44、the adopt many main shaft , polyhedron cut also , carry on different cutting of way process to one dif</p><p>　?。?）. Intelligent modern numerical control lathe introduce the adaptive control technology, acco

45、rding to cutting the change of the condition, automatic working parameter, make the processing course can keep the best working state , thus get the higher machining accuracy and roughness of smaller surface , can improv

46、e the service life of the cutter and production efficiency of the equipment at the same time . Diagnose by oneself , repair the function by oneself, among the whole working state, the s</p><p>　?。?）. Numeric

47、al control programming automation with the development of application technology of the computer, CAD/CAM figure interactive automatic programming has already get more application at present, it is a new trend of the tec

48、hnical development of numerical control. It utilize part that CAD draw process pattern , is it calculate the trailing punishing to go on by cutter orbit data of computer and then, thus produce NC part and process the pro

49、cedure automatically, in order to realize the in</p><p>　?。?）. The dependability of the dependability maximization numerical control lathe has been the major indicator that users cared about most all the tim

50、e . The numerical control system will adopt the circuit chip of higher integrated level , will utilize the extensive or super large-scale special-purpose and composite integrated circuit, in order to reduce the quantity

51、of the components and parts , to improve dependability . Through the function software of the hardware, in order to meet various ki</p><p>　?。?）. Control system miniaturization systematic miniaturization of

52、numerical control benefit and combine the machine , electric device for an organic whole. Adopt the super large-scale integrated component , multi-layer printed circuit board mainly at present, adopt the three-dimensiona

53、l installation method , make the electronic devices and components must use the high density to install, narrow systematic occupying the space on a larger scale. And utilize the new-type slim display of colored liq</p

54、><p>　　本文出自：Shigley J E. Mechanical Engineering Design. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998</p><p><b>　　數(shù)控技術(shù)</b></p><p>　　1、當(dāng)前世界NC機(jī)床的研究現(xiàn)狀</p><p>　　世界各國(guó)對(duì)數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心以至FMS、

55、CIMS等各種新技術(shù)的研究與發(fā)展進(jìn)程，是與世界經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)緊密相連的。機(jī)床工業(yè)有世界經(jīng)濟(jì)相互促進(jìn)和發(fā)展，進(jìn)入21世界知識(shí)機(jī)警時(shí)代，人們的知識(shí)所起的作用更加突出，而機(jī)床工業(yè)作為機(jī)器制造業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)，其重點(diǎn)地位與戰(zhàn)略意義也更加明顯。在1991—1994年間，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退，昂貴的FMS，CIMS降溫，1995—2000年間，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)在低速增長(zhǎng)，根據(jù)當(dāng)前世界市場(chǎng)各方面用戶為提高生產(chǎn)率對(duì)NC機(jī)床的要求以及世界四大國(guó)際機(jī)床展（歐洲的EMO、美國(guó)的IMTS、

56、日本的JIMTOF、中國(guó)的CIMT）上展品的分析，當(dāng)前世界NC機(jī)床的技術(shù)研究主要有以下幾點(diǎn)：</p><p>　?。?）、更加重視新技術(shù)和創(chuàng)新</p><p>　　在世界范圍內(nèi)，對(duì)新工藝、新材料、新結(jié)構(gòu)、新單元、新元件的研究開發(fā)工作正在大力開展，如新的刀具材料、新的主軸結(jié)構(gòu)、高速電主軸、高速直線電機(jī)等的開發(fā)研究。以加工工藝的改進(jìn)創(chuàng)新為基礎(chǔ)，為加工超硬、難切削材料及特殊復(fù)合材料及復(fù)雜零件、不

57、規(guī)則曲面等在不斷研究開發(fā)新機(jī)種。</p><p>　?。?）、提高機(jī)床加工的精度和研究</p><p>　　為了提高加工中心的加工精度，不斷提高機(jī)床的剛度、減少振動(dòng)，消除熱變形，降低噪聲，提高NC機(jī)床的定位精度、重復(fù)精度、工作可靠性、穩(wěn)定性、精度保持性，世界很多國(guó)家都在進(jìn)行機(jī)床熱誤差、機(jī)床運(yùn)動(dòng)及負(fù)載變形誤差的軟件補(bǔ)償技術(shù)研究，并采取精度補(bǔ)償、軟件補(bǔ)償?shù)却胧┘右愿纳?，有的已?jīng)可以使此類誤差消

58、除60%。并在不斷開發(fā)精細(xì)加工，納米加工。</p><p>　?。?）、提高機(jī)床加工生產(chǎn)率的研究</p><p>　　世界NC機(jī)床、加工中心及相應(yīng)的高速點(diǎn)主軸、直線電機(jī)、測(cè)量系統(tǒng)、NC系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)，均以提高生產(chǎn)率為前提。</p><p>　?。?）、許多國(guó)家都已經(jīng)開始對(duì)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的智能化、開放化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化研究</p><p>　　A、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的智能

59、化的研究</p><p>　　主要表現(xiàn)在：為追求加工效率和加工質(zhì)量的智能化，對(duì)加工過(guò)程的自適應(yīng)控制，工藝參數(shù)自動(dòng)生成進(jìn)行研究；為提高驅(qū)動(dòng)性能及使用連接方便的智能化，對(duì)反饋控制、電機(jī)參數(shù)的自適應(yīng)運(yùn)算、自動(dòng)識(shí)別負(fù)載自動(dòng)選定模型、自整定等進(jìn)行研究；還有智能化的自動(dòng)編程、智能化的人機(jī)界面、智能診斷、智能監(jiān)控等方面的研究。</p><p>　　B、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)開放化研究</p><p

60、>　　主要表現(xiàn)在：數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)在統(tǒng)一的運(yùn)行平臺(tái)上，面向機(jī)床廠家和最終擁護(hù)，通過(guò)改變、增加或剪裁結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)象（數(shù)控對(duì)象），形成系列化，并可方便地將用戶的特殊應(yīng)用和技術(shù)訣竅集成到控制系統(tǒng)中，快速實(shí)現(xiàn)不同品種、不同檔次的開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，形成具有鮮明個(gè)性的名牌產(chǎn)品。目前開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范、通行規(guī)范、配置規(guī)范、運(yùn)行平臺(tái)、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能庫(kù)以及數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能軟件開發(fā)工具等是當(dāng)前研究的核心。</p><p>　　C、數(shù)

61、控裝備的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化將極大地滿足生產(chǎn)線制造系統(tǒng)、制造企業(yè)對(duì)信息集成的需求，也是實(shí)現(xiàn)新的制造模式的基礎(chǔ)單元。</p><p><b>　　2、加工中心的分類</b></p><p>　?。?）按主軸加工時(shí)的空間位置分類有：臥式和立式加工中心。</p><p>　　臥式加工中心，是指主軸軸線水平設(shè)置的加工中心。臥式加工中心一般具有3—5個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)坐標(biāo)軸，常見

62、的是三個(gè)直線運(yùn)動(dòng)坐標(biāo)軸和一個(gè)回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)坐標(biāo)軸（回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)），它能在工件一次裝夾完成除安裝面和頂面以外的其余4個(gè)面的加工，最適合加工箱體類工件。它與力式加工中心相比，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，占地面積大，質(zhì)量大，價(jià)格高。</p><p>　　立式加工中心，立式加工中心主軸的軸線為垂直設(shè)置，其結(jié)構(gòu)多為固定立柱式，工作臺(tái)為十字滑臺(tái)，適合加工盤類零件，一般具有3個(gè)直線運(yùn)動(dòng)坐標(biāo)軸，并可在工作臺(tái)上安置一個(gè)水平軸的數(shù)控轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)（第4軸）來(lái)加工螺旋類

63、零件。立式加工中心結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，占地面積小，價(jià)格低，配備各種附件后，可進(jìn)行大部分工件的加工。</p><p>　　大型龍門式加工中心，主軸多為垂直設(shè)置，尤其使用于大型或形狀復(fù)雜的工件，像航空、航天工業(yè)及大型汽輪機(jī)上的某些零件的加工都需要用這類多坐標(biāo)龍門式加工中心。</p><p>　　五面加工中心，這種加工中心具有立式和臥式加工中心的功能，在工件一次裝夾后，能完成除安裝面外的所有五個(gè)面的加工，

64、這種加工方式可以使工件的形狀誤差降到最低，省去二次裝夾工作，從而提高生產(chǎn)效率，降低加工成本。</p><p>　?。?）按工藝用途分類有：</p><p>　　鏜銑加工中心，分為立式樘銑加工中心、臥式樘銑加工中心和龍門樘銑加工中心。其加工工藝以樘銑為主，用于箱體，殼體以及各種復(fù)雜零件特殊曲線和曲面輪廓的多工序加工，適合多品種小批量生產(chǎn)。</p><p>　　復(fù)合加工

65、中心，主要指五面復(fù)合加工，主軸頭可自動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)，進(jìn)行立，臥加工，在主軸自動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)后，在水平和垂直方向?qū)崿F(xiàn)知道變換。</p><p>　?。?）按特殊功能分類有：</p><p>　　單工作臺(tái)、雙工作臺(tái)加工中心；</p><p>　　單軸、雙軸、三軸及可換主軸箱的加工中心；</p><p>　　立式轉(zhuǎn)塔加工中心和臥式轉(zhuǎn)塔加工中心；</p>

66、<p>　　刀庫(kù)加主軸換刀加工中心；</p><p>　　刀庫(kù)接寫手加主軸換刀加工中心；</p><p>　　刀庫(kù)加機(jī)械手加雙主軸轉(zhuǎn)塔加工中心。</p><p>　　3、當(dāng)今數(shù)控機(jī)床的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)：</p><p>　　目前，世界先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)不斷興起，超高速切削、超精密加工等技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，柔性制造系統(tǒng)的迅速發(fā)展和計(jì)算機(jī)集成系統(tǒng)的不斷成

67、熟，對(duì)數(shù)控加工技術(shù)提出了更高的要求。當(dāng)今數(shù)控機(jī)床正在朝著以下幾個(gè)方向發(fā)展。</p><p>　?。?）.高速度、高精度化速度和精度是數(shù)控機(jī)床的兩個(gè)重要指標(biāo)，它直接關(guān)系到加工效率和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。目前，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)采用位數(shù)、頻率更高的處理器，以提高系統(tǒng)的基本運(yùn)算速度。同時(shí)，采用超大規(guī)模的集成電路和多微處理器結(jié)構(gòu)，以提高系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)處理能力，即提高插補(bǔ)運(yùn)算的速度和精度。并采用直線電動(dòng)機(jī)直接驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)床工作臺(tái)的直線伺服進(jìn)給方式，其高速

68、度和動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)特性相當(dāng)優(yōu)越。采用前饋控制技術(shù)，使追蹤滯后誤差大大減小，從而改善拐角切削的加工精度。</p><p>　　為適應(yīng)超高速加工的要求，數(shù)控機(jī)床采用主軸電動(dòng)機(jī)與機(jī)床主軸合二為一的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，實(shí)現(xiàn)了變頻電動(dòng)機(jī)與機(jī)床主軸一體化，主軸電機(jī)的軸承采用磁浮軸承、液體動(dòng)靜壓軸承或陶瓷滾動(dòng)軸承等形式。目前，陶瓷刀具和金剛石涂層刀具已開始得到應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　（2）.多功能化配有自動(dòng)換刀機(jī)構(gòu)

69、(刀庫(kù)容量可達(dá)100把以上)的各類加工中心，能在同一臺(tái)機(jī)床上同時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)銑削、鏜削、鉆削、車削、鉸孔、擴(kuò)孔、攻螺紋等多種工序加工，現(xiàn)代數(shù)控機(jī)床還采用了多主軸、多面體切削，即同時(shí)對(duì)一個(gè)零件的不同部位進(jìn)行不同方式的切削加工。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)由于采用了多CPU結(jié)構(gòu)和分級(jí)中斷控制方式，即可在一臺(tái)機(jī)床上同時(shí)進(jìn)行零件加工和程序編制，實(shí)現(xiàn)所謂的“前臺(tái)加工，后臺(tái)編輯”。為了適應(yīng)柔性制造系統(tǒng)和計(jì)算機(jī)集成系統(tǒng)的要求，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)具有遠(yuǎn)距離串行接口，甚至可以聯(lián)網(wǎng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)控機(jī)

70、床之間的數(shù)據(jù)通信，也可以直接對(duì)多臺(tái)數(shù)控機(jī)床進(jìn)行控制。</p><p>　?。?）.智能化現(xiàn)代數(shù)控機(jī)床將引進(jìn)自適應(yīng)控制技術(shù)，根據(jù)切削條件的變化，自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)工作參數(shù)，使加工過(guò)程中能保持最佳工作狀態(tài)，從而得到較高的加工精度和較小的表面粗糙度，同時(shí)也能提高刀具的使用壽命和設(shè)備的生產(chǎn)效率。具有自診斷、自修復(fù)功能，在整個(gè)工作狀態(tài)中，系統(tǒng)隨時(shí)對(duì)CNC系統(tǒng)本身以及與其相連的各種設(shè)備進(jìn)行自診斷、檢查。一旦出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)，立即采用停機(jī)等措

71、施，并進(jìn)行故障報(bào)警，提示發(fā)生故障的部位、原因等。還可以自動(dòng)使故障模塊脫機(jī)，而接通備用模塊，以確保無(wú)人化工作環(huán)境的要求。為實(shí)現(xiàn)更高的故障診斷要求，其發(fā)展趨勢(shì)是采用人工智能專家診斷系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　?。?）.數(shù)控編程自動(dòng)化隨著計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù)的發(fā)展，目前CAD／CAM圖形交互式自動(dòng)編程已得到較多的應(yīng)用，是數(shù)控技術(shù)發(fā)展的新趨勢(shì)。它是利用CAD繪制的零件加工圖樣，再經(jīng)計(jì)算機(jī)內(nèi)的刀具軌跡數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行計(jì)算和后置處理，從而自

72、動(dòng)生成NC零件加工程序，以實(shí)現(xiàn)CAD與CAM的集成。隨著CIMS技術(shù)的發(fā)展，當(dāng)前又出現(xiàn)了CAD／CAPP／CAM集成的全自動(dòng)編程方式，它與CAD／CAM系統(tǒng)編程的最大區(qū)別是其編程所需的加工工藝參數(shù)不必由人工參與，直接從系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的CAPP數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)獲得。</p><p>　?。?）.可靠性最大化數(shù)控機(jī)床的可靠性一直是用戶最關(guān)心的主要指標(biāo)。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)將采用更高集成度的電路芯片，利用大規(guī)?；虺笠?guī)模的專用及混合式集成電路，以減

73、少元器件的數(shù)量，來(lái)提高可靠性。通過(guò)硬件功能軟件化，以適應(yīng)各種控制功能的要求，同時(shí)采用硬件結(jié)構(gòu)機(jī)床本體的模塊化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和通用化及系列化，使得既提高硬件生產(chǎn)批量，又便于組織生產(chǎn)和質(zhì)量把關(guān)。還通過(guò)自動(dòng)運(yùn)行啟動(dòng)診斷、在線診斷、離線診斷等多種診斷程序，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)硬件、軟件和各種外部設(shè)備進(jìn)行故障診斷和報(bào)警。利用報(bào)警提示，及時(shí)排除故障；利用容錯(cuò)技術(shù)，對(duì)重要部件采用“冗余”設(shè)計(jì)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)故障自恢復(fù)；利用各種測(cè)試、監(jiān)控技術(shù)，當(dāng)生產(chǎn)超程、刀損、干擾、斷電等