無(wú)線通信畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯

1、<p>　　Wireless communication </p><p>　　Modern computer technology, industrial revolution, the world economy from the capital into the economy to knowledge economy. Field in the electronic world, from th

2、e 20th century into the era of radio to computer technology in the 21st century as the center of the intelligent modern era of electronic systems. The basic core of modern electronic systems are embedded computer systems

3、 (referred to as embedded systems), while the microcontroller is the most typical and most extensive and most popular</p><p>　　First, radio has created generations of excellence in the world</p><p

4、>　　Fifties and sixties in the 20th century, the most representative of the advanced electronic technology is wireless technology, including radio broadcasting, radio, wireless communications (telegraph), Amateur Radio

5、, radio positioning, navigation and other telemetry, remote control, remote technology. Early that these electronic technology led many young people into the wonderful digital world, radio show was a wonderful life, the

6、prospects for science and technology. Electronics began to form a </p><p>　　Second, from the popularity of the radio era to era of electronic technology</p><p>　　The early radio technology to pr

7、omote the development of electronic technology, most notably electronic vacuum tube technology to semiconductor electronic technology. Semiconductor technology to realize the active device miniaturization and low cost, s

8、o more popular with radio technology and innovation, and to greatly broaden the number of non-radio-control areas. The development of semiconductor technology lead to the production of integrated circuit, forming the mod

9、ern electronic technology le</p><p>　　Third, from the classic era of electronic technology to modern electronic technology of the times</p><p>　　80 years into the 20th century, the century of ec

10、onomic change is the most important revolution in the computer. The computer revolution in the most important sign is the birth of the computer embedded applications. Modern computer numerical requirements should be born

11、. A long period of time, is to develop the massive computer numerical duty. But the computer shows the logic operation, processing, control, attracting experts in the field of electronic control, they want development to

12、 meet the c</p><p>　　Although the early general-purpose computer converted the embedded computer systems, and real embedded system began in the emergence of SCM. Because the microcontroller is designed speci

13、fically for embedded applications, the MCU can only achieve embedded applications. MCU embedded applications that best meet environmental requirements, for example, chip-level physical space, large-scale integrated circu

14、its low-cost, good peripheral interface bus and outstanding control of instruction. A computer</p><p>　　Forth, single chip to create the modern era of electronic systems.</p><p>　　A microcontrol

15、ler and embedded systems Embedded computer systems from embedded applications, embedded systems for early general-purpose computer adapted to the object system embedded in a variety of electronic systems, such as the shi

16、p's autopilot, engine monitoring systems. Embedded system is primarily a computer system, followed by it being embedded into the object system, objects in the object system to achieve required data collection, proces

17、sing, status display, the output control functions</p><p>　　2 MCU modern electronic systems consisting of electronic systems will become mainstream</p><p>　　MCU is a device-level computer system

18、s, it can be embedded into any object system to achieve intelligent control. Small to micro-machinery, such as watches, hearing aids.</p><p>　　Low-cost integrated device-level, low-to a few dollars, ten doll

19、ars, enough to spread to many civilian SCM appliances, electronic toys to go. SCM constitutes a modern electronic systems has in-depth to the households, are changing our lives, such as home audio, televisions, washing m

20、achines, microwave ovens, telephones, security systems, and air conditioners. SCM innovation the original electronic systems, such as microwave ovens use SCM, it can easily set the clock, the program memory, power co<

21、/p><p>　　Fifth, SCM will create a new generation of electronic elite.</p><p>　　If the 50's, radio has created several generations of the world elite, then today's SCM will create a new gene

22、ration of e-world elite. A single chip with you to the intelligent electronics If we as a dead classic electronic system electronic system, then the intelligent modern electronic systems is a "life" of the elec

23、tronic system. Application System of hardware, electronic systems, "body", microcontroller applications, the application gives it "life." For example, in the design of intelligent </p><p>

24、;　　MCU Attacks</p><p>　　Currently, there are four single chip attack technique, namely: (1) software attack The technology is commonly used processor communication interface and use protocol, encryption algo

25、rithm or the algorithm of security vulnerabilities to attack. The success of software attack is a typical example of the early ATMEL AT89C MCU attacks. Attacker single chip erase operation of the timing design flaw, eras

26、e the encryption used by ourselves locked in place, the next stop on-chip program memory data era</p><p>　　intrusion type attack (physical attack), such attack requires destruction of package, then use semic

27、onductor test equipment, microscopes and micro-positioning device, in a special laboratory spend hours or even weeks to complete. All of the micro-probe techniques are invasive type attack. The other three methods are no

28、n-invasive type attack, attack the MCU will not be physical damage. In some cases, non-invasive-type attacks are particularly dangerous, but because of non-invasive type attacks ca</p><p>　　MCU general proce

29、ss of invasion-type attack</p><p>　　Invasive type of attack is thrown off its first chip package. There are two ways to achieve this goal: the first one is completely dissolved out chip package, exposed meta

30、l connections. The second is only removed to the top of the plastic package silicon core. The first method is the need to bind to the test fixture on the chip, using bind Taiwan to operate. The second method requires the

31、 attacker in addition to a certain degree of knowledge and necessary skills, but also the wisdom and patience</p><p>　　use of different parts of the chip is exposed to ultraviolet light and observe the resul

32、ts under the simple search mode. Operation applied opaque paper cover to protect the program memory chips are not erased by ultraviolet light. Will protect the fuse exposed under UV light 5 to 10 minutes to destroy the p

33、rotection bit of the protective effect, use a simple programmer can directly read the contents of program memory. The use of the protective layer to protect the MCU EEPROM cell, using ultravio</p><p>　　have

34、become easier.</p><p>　　About common single chip</p><p>　　STC microcontroller STC's mainly based on the 8051 microcontroller core is a new generation of enhanced MCU, the instruction code is

35、 fully compatible with the traditional 8051, 8 to 12 times faster, with ADC, 4 Road, PWM, dual serial ports, a global unique ID, encryption of good, strong anti-interference. PIC Microcontroller: MICROCHIP's products

36、 is its prominent feature is a small, low power consumption, reduced instruction set, interference, reliability, strong analog interface, the code of co</p><p>　　Texas Instruments MSP430 provides the TMS370

37、and two series of general-purpose microcontroller. TMS370 MCU is the 8-bit CMOS MCU with a variety of storage mode, a variety of external interface mode, suitable for real-time control of complex situations; MSP430 MCU i

38、s a low power, high functionality integrated 16-bit low-power microcontroller, especially for applications that require low power consumption occasions Taiwan Sonix's single, mostly 8-bit machines, some with PIC 8-bi

39、t microcontroller c</p><p><b>　　無(wú)線通信</b></p><p>　　從無(wú)線電世界到單片機(jī)世界 現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的產(chǎn)業(yè)革命,將世界經(jīng)濟(jì)從資本經(jīng)濟(jì)帶入到知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì) 時(shí)代。在電子世界領(lǐng)域,從 20 世紀(jì)中的無(wú)線電時(shí)代也進(jìn)入到 21 世紀(jì)以計(jì) 算機(jī)技術(shù)為中心的智能化現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)時(shí)代?，F(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)的基本核心是 嵌入式計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)嵌入式系統(tǒng))

40、,而單片機(jī)是最典型,最廣泛,最普及 的嵌入式系統(tǒng)。 </p><p>　　一 , 無(wú)線電世界造就了幾代英才 </p><p>　　在 20 世紀(jì)五六十年代,最具代表的先進(jìn)的電子技術(shù)就是無(wú)線電技術(shù), 包括無(wú)線電廣播,收音,無(wú)線通信(電報(bào)),業(yè)余無(wú)線電臺(tái),無(wú)線電定位,導(dǎo) 航等遙測(cè),遙控,遙信技術(shù)。早期就是這些電子技術(shù)帶領(lǐng)著許多青少年步 入了奇妙的電子世界,無(wú)線電技術(shù)展示了當(dāng)時(shí)科技生活美妙的前景

41、。電子 科學(xué)開(kāi)始形成了一門(mén)新興學(xué)科。無(wú)線電電子學(xué),無(wú)線通信開(kāi)始了電子世界 的歷程。 無(wú)線電技術(shù)不僅成為了當(dāng)時(shí)先進(jìn)科學(xué)技術(shù)的代表,而且從普及到 專(zhuān)業(yè)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,吸引了廣大青少年,并使他們從中找到了無(wú)窮的樂(lè)趣。 從床頭的礦石收音機(jī)到超外差收音機(jī);從無(wú)線電發(fā)報(bào)到業(yè)余無(wú)線電臺(tái);從 電話,電鈴到無(wú)線電操縱模型。無(wú)線電技術(shù)成為當(dāng)時(shí)青少年科普,科技教 育最普及,最廣泛的內(nèi)容。至今,許多老一輩的工程師,專(zhuān)家,教授當(dāng)年 都是無(wú)線電愛(ài)好者。無(wú)線電技術(shù)的無(wú)窮

42、樂(lè)趣,無(wú)線電技術(shù)的全面訓(xùn)練,從 電子學(xué)基本原理,電子元器件基礎(chǔ)到無(wú)線電遙控,遙測(cè),遙信電子系統(tǒng)制 作,培養(yǎng)出了幾代科技英才。 </p><p>　　二 , 從無(wú)線電時(shí)代到電子技術(shù)普及時(shí)代 </p><p>　　早期的無(wú)線電技術(shù)推動(dòng)了電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展,其中最主要的是真空管電 子技術(shù)向半導(dǎo)體電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展。半導(dǎo)體電子技術(shù)使有源器件實(shí)現(xiàn)了微小 型化和低成本,使無(wú)線電技術(shù)有了更大普及和創(chuàng)新,并大大地

43、開(kāi)闊了許多 非無(wú)線電的控制領(lǐng)域。 半導(dǎo)體技術(shù)發(fā)展導(dǎo)致集成電路器件的產(chǎn)生,形成了近代電子技術(shù)的飛 躍,電子技術(shù)從分立器件時(shí)代走進(jìn)了電路集成時(shí)代。電子設(shè)計(jì)工程師不再 用分立的電子元器件設(shè)計(jì)電路單元,而直接選擇集成化的電路單元器件構(gòu) 成系統(tǒng)。他們從電路單元設(shè)計(jì)中解放出來(lái),致力于系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì),大大地解放 了科技生產(chǎn)力,促進(jìn)了電子系統(tǒng)更大范圍的普及。半導(dǎo)體集成電路首先在基本數(shù)字邏輯電路上取得突破。大量數(shù)字邏輯 電路,如門(mén)電路,計(jì)數(shù)器,定時(shí)器,移位寄存

44、器以及模擬開(kāi)關(guān),比較器等, 為電子數(shù)字控制提供了極佳的條件,使傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械控制轉(zhuǎn)向電子控制。功 率電子器件以及傳感技術(shù)的發(fā)展使原先以無(wú)線電為中心的電子技術(shù)開(kāi)始轉(zhuǎn) 向工程領(lǐng)域中的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的數(shù)字控制,檢測(cè)領(lǐng)域中的信息采集,運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)械 對(duì)象的電氣伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)控制。 半導(dǎo)體及其集成電路技術(shù)將我們帶入了一個(gè)電子技術(shù)普及時(shí)代,無(wú)線 電技術(shù)成為電子技術(shù)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)部分。 進(jìn)入 20 世紀(jì) 70 </p><p>　　三 , 從經(jīng)典電

45、子技術(shù)時(shí)代到現(xiàn)代電子技術(shù)時(shí)代</p><p>　　進(jìn)入 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代,世紀(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)中最重要的變革是計(jì)算機(jī)的產(chǎn)業(yè)革命。 而計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)革命的最重要標(biāo)志則是計(jì)算機(jī)嵌入式應(yīng)用的誕生。近代電子 計(jì)算機(jī)是應(yīng)數(shù)值計(jì)算要求誕生的。在很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi),電子計(jì)算機(jī)都是以發(fā) 展海量數(shù)值計(jì)算為己任。但是電子計(jì)算機(jī)表現(xiàn)出的邏輯運(yùn)算,處理,控制 能力,吸引了電子控制領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)家,他們要求發(fā)展能滿足控制對(duì)象要求, 實(shí)現(xiàn)嵌入式應(yīng)用的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。

46、如果將滿足海量數(shù)據(jù)處理的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)稱(chēng) 為通用計(jì)算機(jī)系 統(tǒng), 那么則可把嵌入 到對(duì) 象體系(如艦船 ,飛機(jī) ,機(jī)車(chē)等) 中的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)稱(chēng)作嵌入式計(jì)算機(jī)。顯而易見(jiàn),兩者的技術(shù)發(fā)展方向是不 同的。前者要求海量數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ),吞吐,高速數(shù)據(jù)處理分析及傳輸;而后者 要求在對(duì)象環(huán)境中可靠運(yùn)行,對(duì)外部物理參數(shù)的高速采集,邏輯分析處理 和對(duì)外部對(duì)象的快速控制等。早期人們將通用計(jì)算機(jī)加上數(shù)據(jù)采集單元, 輸出驅(qū)動(dòng)電路勉為其難地構(gòu)成一個(gè)熱處理爐的溫控系統(tǒng)。這樣的通

47、用計(jì)算 機(jī)系統(tǒng)不可能為大多數(shù)電子系統(tǒng)采用,而且要使通用計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)滿足嵌入式應(yīng)用要求,必然影響高速數(shù)值處理技術(shù)的發(fā)展。為了解決計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)發(fā)展的矛盾,在 20 世紀(jì) 70 年代,半導(dǎo)體專(zhuān)家另辟蹊徑,</p><p>　　四 , 單片機(jī)開(kāi)創(chuàng)了現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)時(shí)代</p><p>　　1 單片機(jī)與嵌入式系統(tǒng) 嵌入式系統(tǒng)源于計(jì)算機(jī)的嵌入式應(yīng)用,早期嵌入式系統(tǒng)為通用計(jì)算機(jī) 經(jīng)改裝后嵌入到對(duì)象體系中的各種電

48、子系統(tǒng),如艦船的自動(dòng)駕駛儀,輪機(jī) 監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)等。嵌入式系統(tǒng)首先是一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng),其次它被嵌入到對(duì)象體 系中,在對(duì)象體系中實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)象要求的數(shù)據(jù)采集,處理,狀態(tài)顯示,輸出控 制等功能,由于嵌入在對(duì)象體系中,嵌入式系統(tǒng)的計(jì)算機(jī)沒(méi)有計(jì)算機(jī)的獨(dú) 立形式及功能。單片機(jī)完全是按照嵌入式系統(tǒng)要求設(shè)計(jì)的,因此單片機(jī)是 最典型的嵌入式系統(tǒng)。早期的單片機(jī)只是按嵌入式應(yīng)用技術(shù)要求設(shè)計(jì)的計(jì) 算機(jī)單芯片集成,故名單片機(jī)。隨后,單片機(jī)為滿足嵌入式應(yīng)用要求不斷 增強(qiáng)其控制

49、功能與外圍接口功能,尤其是突出控制功能,因此國(guó)際上已將 單片機(jī)正名為微控制器(MCU,Microcontroller Unit)。 2 單片 機(jī)構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)將成為主流電子系統(tǒng) 單片機(jī)構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)將成為主流電子系統(tǒng) 單片機(jī)是器件級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng),它可以嵌入到任何對(duì)象體系中去,實(shí)現(xiàn) 智能化控制。小到微型機(jī)械,如手表,助聽(tīng)器。集成器件級(jí)的低價(jià)位,低 到幾元,十幾元,足以使單片機(jī)普及到許多民用家電,電子玩具中去。單 片機(jī)構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)代電子系

50、統(tǒng)</p><p>　　五 , 單片機(jī)將造就新一代電子精英</p><p>　　如果說(shuō)五十年代起,無(wú)線電世界造就了幾代精英,那么當(dāng)今的單片機(jī) 世界將會(huì)造就出新一代電子精英。 1 單片機(jī)帶你進(jìn)入智能化電子領(lǐng)域 若將經(jīng)典電子系統(tǒng)當(dāng)作一個(gè)僵死的電子系統(tǒng),那么智能化的現(xiàn)代電子 系統(tǒng)則是一個(gè)具有"生命"的電子系統(tǒng)。 單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的硬件結(jié)構(gòu)給予電子 系統(tǒng)"身軀"

51、;,單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用程序賦予其"生命"。例如,在設(shè)計(jì)智能 化儀器顯示器的顯示功能時(shí),可在開(kāi)機(jī)時(shí)顯示系統(tǒng)自檢結(jié)果,未進(jìn)入工作 時(shí)顯示各種待機(jī)狀態(tài),儀器運(yùn)行時(shí)顯示運(yùn)行過(guò)程,工作結(jié)束后可顯示當(dāng)前 結(jié)果,自檢結(jié)果,原始數(shù)據(jù),各種處理報(bào)表等。在無(wú)人值守時(shí),可給定各 種自動(dòng)運(yùn)行功能。 電子系統(tǒng)的智能化為無(wú)止境境界,常常不需硬件資源的增添就能實(shí)現(xiàn) 各種翻新功能。這也是當(dāng)前許多家用電器功能大量增設(shè)的因素之一。 2 單片機(jī)帶你進(jìn)入

52、計(jì)算機(jī)工控領(lǐng)域 21 世紀(jì)是全人類(lèi)進(jìn)入計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)代的世紀(jì),許多人不是在制造計(jì)算機(jī)便 是在使用計(jì)算機(jī)。在使用計(jì)算機(jī)的人們中,只有從事嵌入式系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用的人 才真正地進(jìn)入到計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)部軟,硬件體系中,才能真正領(lǐng)會(huì)計(jì)算機(jī)的智能化本質(zhì)并掌握智能化設(shè)計(jì)的知識(shí)。從學(xué)習(xí)單片機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù)入手是當(dāng) 今培養(yǎng)計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用軟,硬件技術(shù)人</p><p>　　單片機(jī)攻擊技術(shù) 目前,攻擊單片機(jī)主要有四種技術(shù),分別是: ( 1 ) 軟件攻擊 該技術(shù)

53、通常使用處理器通信接口并利用協(xié)議,加密算法或這些算法 中的安全漏洞來(lái)進(jìn)行攻擊。軟件攻擊取得成功的一個(gè)典型事例是對(duì)早期A TMEL AT89C 系列單片機(jī)的攻擊。攻擊者利用了該系列單片機(jī)擦 除操作時(shí)序設(shè)計(jì)上的漏洞,使用自編程序在擦除加密鎖定位后,停止下一 步擦除片內(nèi)程序存儲(chǔ)器數(shù)據(jù)的操作,從而使加過(guò)密的單片機(jī)變成沒(méi)加密的 單片機(jī),然后利用編程器讀出片內(nèi)程序。 ( 2 ) 電子探測(cè)攻擊 該技術(shù)通常以高時(shí)間分辨率來(lái)監(jiān)控處理器在正常操作時(shí)所有電源

54、和接 口連接的模擬特性,并通過(guò)監(jiān)控它的電磁輻射特性來(lái)實(shí)施攻擊。因?yàn)閱纹?機(jī)是一個(gè)活動(dòng)的電子器件,當(dāng)它執(zhí)行不同的指令時(shí),對(duì)應(yīng)的電源功率消耗 也相應(yīng)變化。這樣通過(guò)使用特殊的電子測(cè)量?jī)x器和數(shù)學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì)方法分析和檢 測(cè)這些變化,即可獲取單片機(jī)中的特定關(guān)鍵信息。 ( 3 ) 過(guò)錯(cuò)產(chǎn)生技術(shù) 該技術(shù)使用異常工作條件來(lái)使處理器出錯(cuò),然后提供額外的訪問(wèn)來(lái)進(jìn) 行攻擊。使用最廣泛的過(guò)錯(cuò)產(chǎn)生攻擊手段包括電壓沖擊和時(shí)鐘沖擊。低電 壓和高電壓攻擊可用來(lái)禁止保護(hù)電路工作

55、或強(qiáng)制處理器執(zhí)行錯(cuò)誤操作。時(shí)鐘瞬態(tài)</p><p>　　單片機(jī)侵入型攻擊的一般過(guò)程 侵入型攻擊的第一步是揭去芯片封裝。有兩種方法可以達(dá)到這一目的: 第一種是完全溶解掉芯片封裝,暴露金屬連線。第二種是只移掉硅核上面 的塑料封裝。第一種方法需要將芯片綁定到測(cè)試夾具上,借助綁定臺(tái)來(lái)操 作。第二種方法除了需要具備攻擊者一定的知識(shí)和必要的技能外,還需要 個(gè)人的智慧和耐心,但操作起來(lái)相對(duì)比較方便。 芯片上面的塑料可以用小刀揭

56、開(kāi),芯片周?chē)沫h(huán)氧樹(shù)脂可以用濃硝酸 腐蝕掉。熱的濃硝酸會(huì)溶解掉芯片封裝而不會(huì)影響芯片及連線。該過(guò)程一 般在非常干燥的條件下進(jìn)行,因?yàn)樗拇嬖诳赡軙?huì)侵蝕已暴露的鋁線連接。 接著在超聲池里先用丙酮清洗該芯片以除去殘余硝酸,然后用清水清 洗以除去鹽分并干燥。沒(méi)有超聲池,一般就跳過(guò)這一步。這種情況下,芯 片表面會(huì)有點(diǎn)臟,但是不太影響紫外光對(duì)芯片的操作效果。最后一步是尋 找保護(hù)熔絲的位置并將保護(hù)熔絲暴露在紫外光下。一般用一臺(tái)放大倍數(shù)至 少100倍

57、的顯微鏡,從編程電壓輸入腳的連線跟蹤進(jìn)去,來(lái)尋找保護(hù)熔 絲。若沒(méi)有顯微鏡,則采用將芯片的不同部分暴露到紫外光下并觀察結(jié)果 的方式進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的搜索。操作時(shí)應(yīng)用不透明的紙片覆蓋芯片以保護(hù)程序存 儲(chǔ)器不被紫外</p><p>　　EMC 單片機(jī) : 單片機(jī): 是臺(tái)灣義隆公司的產(chǎn)品,有很大一部分與 PIC 8 位單片機(jī)兼容,且相 兼容產(chǎn)品的資源相對(duì)比 PIC 的多,價(jià)格便宜,有很多系列可選,但抗干擾較差。 ATMEL 單片

58、機(jī) 單片機(jī)(51 單片機(jī) : 單片機(jī)): ATMEl 公司的 8 位單片機(jī)有 AT89,AT90 兩個(gè)系列,AT89 系列是 8 位 Flash 單片機(jī),與 8051 系列單片機(jī)相兼容,靜態(tài)時(shí)鐘模式;AT90 系列單片機(jī)是 增強(qiáng) RISC 結(jié)構(gòu),全靜態(tài)工作方式,內(nèi)載在線可編程 Flash 的單片機(jī),也叫 AVR 單片機(jī)。 PHLIPIS 51PLC 系列單片機(jī) 系列單片機(jī)(51 單片機(jī) : 單片機(jī)): PHILIPS 公司的單片機(jī)是基于