工業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯及原文-- “3r”原則對的工業(yè)設(shè)計的影響

1、<p>　　3100單詞，15500英文字符，4500漢字</p><p>　　出處：Hertenstein J H, Platt M B. The impact of “3r” principles to industrial design [J]. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 2005, 22(1): 3-9.</p><p

2、>　　The impact of “3r” principles to industrial design</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　While industrial design creates modem life and living surroundings for people，it also accel

3、erates the exhaustion of the natural resources and the energy resources．Besides，it has done harm to the ecological balance，and threatened the existence and the sustainable development of human beings．Confront with this

4、situation，the strategy of sustainable development，proposed in 1990s，is accepted by many people．Recycling economy and its key point，“3r” principle，were born for this situation and become imp</p><p><b>　

5、　Key words</b></p><p>　　3 R principle；industrial design；recycling economy；Redesign</p><p>　　1 Introduction</p><p>　　Industrial design as a cross-cutting technology and the art

6、s disciplines， it is closely related to the economy and to maintain its development and progress of society. It can be summarized： First， it services for industrial mass production， making industrial products enhance the

7、 value and value-added. Second， It leads the fashion， to effectively stimulate consumption， so that consumers not only use the product at the same time， but also enjoy the new technology and material； Third， it puts tech

8、n</p><p>　　However， along with the traditional industrial design creating high-quality modern lifestyle and living environment and promoting economic development ，it also speeds up the consumption of resourc

9、es and energy. What is more ，it dose harm to the ecological balance of the Earth and brings about a serious of great damage to human survival and sustainable development. Especially the excessive commercialization of ind

10、ustrial design， utilitarian and excessive pursuit of profit， the implementation of "</p><p>　　Facing the threat of human survival and sustainable development， in the 20th century， people began to questi

11、on the sustainable development of humanity ，to carry out a profound reflection on sustainable development and to put forward a suitable model of circular economy ， the principle of circular economy is “3r” (i.e. Reduce，

12、Reuse， Recycle) which is of great significance to the implementation and promotion of socio-economic stability， sustainable development Against this background， the concept</p><p>　　2 Cycle economic model an

13、d the principle of “3r”</p><p>　　Economy is engaged in production， consumption and reproduction activities， which is to meet human material needs of their own material .Recycling economy is considered follow

14、ing the original economy， the agricultural economy， industrial economy after the time of the post-industrial economy， with the industrial economy is  different between the resources and environment relationship. Fol

15、lowing the economic cycle refers to the natural ecosystem of the material circulation and energy flow reconstru</p><p>　　2.1 The relationship between economic model， environment and the resources</p>

16、<p>　　Human survival and economic activities rely on the resources and the environment. On one hand ，it is the source of the human beings material system； on the other hand， it bears the economic activities of human

17、 waste generated by the various roles. The Earth can provide resources but are limited， even though it must have the ability to purify， however it is subject to human economic activity the ability of emissions is also li

18、mited.</p><p>　　Industrial economic development patterns are from "One Product One resource pollution" posed by one-way flow of material and an open economy， this openness has led to a global deple

19、tion of resources and waste， as well as the serious deterioration of the ecological environment. </p><p>　　Circular economy development pattern is from "one of resources of renewable resources， one of g

20、reen products" posed by the material energy of the closed-loop feedback loop process， this closed loop system， can maintain economic production of low， high-quality， low-waste， which will be economic activity of nat

21、ural resources and environmental impacts to minimize damage.</p><p>　　2.2 Interpretation of the circular economy mode “3r” principle</p><p>　　“3r” principle is the basic manifestation of the eco

22、nomic cycle， and its specific contents are as follows：</p><p>　　"Reduction" principle is the first principle of circular economy， that is the source of control method， which requires the source of

23、economic activity - the design stage， pay attention to the use of resources-saving and pollution reduction requirements with fewer resources to achieve the established purpose of the production or consumption In the prod

24、uction areas， usually the energy-saving production processes， materials and conservation of resources， the products of small size and lightweight， </p><p>　　"Recycling" principle is the third princ

25、iple of circular economy， that is， terminal control method of production and consumption in the process of waste generated， through the "resources" of the means of its re-processing of raw materials can be re-u

26、sed or product， put it back on consumption. Resources of the so-called class of resources usually include the original and secondary resources. The original class of resources is the waste of resources after the formatio

27、n of the same with the origina</p><p>　　3. The impact of the “3r” principle of to industrial design</p><p>　　“3r” principle is not only on products from the design， production， sales， use， dispo

28、sal and so on throughout the life cycle have an impact on all aspect， but also on the industrial design itself， a more extensive and profound changes：</p><p>　　3.1 The impact of design concept</p><

29、;p>　　In modern industrial economy， the product design is often to serve the people， just from the people to meet needs and solve the problem as the starting point， and do not consider the follow-up products， use of re

30、sources and energy consumption and emissions on the environment and other ecological problems. “3r” principle in the design concept under the influence from the "people-oriented" towards the "harmony betwe

31、en man and nature" of green design， while respecting the needs of people， but also </p><p>　　3.2 The impact of design style</p><p>　　Simple is an aesthetic pursuit of extremists on the desi

32、gn of easy style， popular in the 20th century， in the United States age 80. If we say that in the industrial economic model， the simple style of product design aesthetic is a subjective pursuit of people， then in the rec

33、ycling economy mode， the structure of the simplest and most parsimonious of the materials， the most beautiful modeling， the most pristine appearance simplicity of product design， sustainable development concept is a conc

34、rete</p><p>　　First， the premise of ensuring the functionality as far as choice of materials can be recycled， such as biological materials， so less material on refined， appropriate； Second， to promote. Small

35、 is beautiful ". Less Is More"， the lightweight and pleasant form of products. Third， the design features of the object collation， evaluation， definition， must always focus on the merger， to simplify， optimize，

36、 and makes the core functions briefly products； Fourth， the product is intended to be simple and </p><p>　　3.3 The impact of design method</p><p>　　The impact of the “3r” principle and under the

37、 guidance of the implementation of green design methods are： modular design， removable design， recyclable design， long-life design.</p><p>　　Modular design is at a certain range of different functions or dif

38、ferent functions the same performance， different specifications of the products on the basis of functional analysis， and design into a series of functional modules， through the selection and combination of modules can co

39、nstitute different products to designed to meet the different needs of the Ways. The benefits of modular design： First， make products with good performance Recycling demolition， settled design different types of pr</p

40、><p>　　Product design is removable at the design stage， so that parts of the Products has a good performance of the demolition. Conducive to the re-use of components or recycled materials to save not only prote

41、ct the environment and Materials. The demolition of the design requirements， Product First， connect the various parts and components， as far as possible the use of detachable connection， such as threaded connections， uni

42、fied type fasteners， reducing the number of fasteners， try not to use welding</p><p>　　Recyclable design refers to product design， to take full account of the various materials Product components the possibi

43、lity of recycling， recovery treatment， recycling and product recovery of costs related to a series of questions， thus saving materials and reducing waste， minimum of environmental pollution for the purpose of a design me

44、thod. Long-life design is the design of products based on life in the economic indicators to ensure that products， value and environmental requirements at the s</p><p>　　3.4 The impact of design material<

45、/p><p>　　“3r” principle in guidance and norms， product design， material selection should be taken into consideration： First of all， minimize the use of materials. Try using high quality materials to enhance the

46、 service life of products； the prohibition of the use of contaminated material against big， look for the corresponding sound material substitution； Reuse as much as possible the use of recyclable materials. Secondly， the

47、 preferred sound of the ecological environment of the material， after the prefe</p><p>　　4. From “3r” to 4R</p><p>　　In the recycling economy mode， the product life cycle from the previous end-o

48、f-life for the end product， after the extension to the end-of-life recycling. It should be noted that starting from the waste products for the consideration of a second use for them， so that the product design is no long

49、er a product before， but the other products. Therefore， the design process we will call it "re-engineering (Redesign)"</p><p>　　4.1 The concept of re-engineering</p><p>　　The so-called

50、 re-engineering， that is， through the product components as well as their overall utilization of the re-design method to save resources. Given the United Kingdom Environmental Design Alliance is defined as： "Materia

51、ls by Product， the structure of a meaningful way to re-use， in order to save resources for the purpose of the premise， to extend the product life cycle， and tap the potential ecological value of the design method."

52、In short， the product re-engineering refers to the produc</p><p>　　Whether they are re-engineering the design of a new trend， or the design of a self-activity changes， which are related to the sustainable de

53、velopment strategy in line belong to the scope of green design. If it is said that green design is usually considered the entire product life-cycle environmental impact， and re-design considerations are at the end of pro

54、duct life-weeks to reduce the environmental impact of problem， it is the “3r” principle in the extension of the field of industrial design. </p><p>　　4.2 The form of re-engineering</p><p>　　Prod

55、uct re-engineering is aimed at new products to effectively use the original parts and components products and materials. Product re-engineering have a variety of forms， for the same product re-engineering can have a vari

56、ety of forms， can be divided into assimilation and alienation of the re-engineering.</p><p>　　Assimilation refers to re-design is a before and after re-engineering products， have been recycling their own re-

57、engineering of the parts not changed before and after. For example， before the re-design car audio， re-engineering the home was converted into sound.</p><p>　　Alienation refers to the re-engineering re-desig

58、n before and after are different products， re-use of components was necessary in order to be used transformation. For example， re-engineering before the cell phone components， into a walkie-talkie after the re-engineerin

59、g of an important part of； In another example， the re-engineering of old jeans before， by re-engineering can be turned into shorts， vest and so on.</p><p>　　5. Conclusions</p><p>　　Circular econ

60、omy is to achieve sustainable human development of new economic development model， “3r” principle is the core substance of the economic cycle， the idea of circular economy is the fundamental expression. "Re-design&q

61、uot; are able to make the best of “3r” in the extension of the field of industrial design and development， is a matter of deep study and practice the new task， it should be， together with the “3r” principle， become a mod

62、el of circular economy are industrial 4R principles of de</p><p>　　As the international chairman of the Federation of Societies of Industrial Design， Mr. Peter said "the design of human development as a

63、n important factor， with the exception of self-destruction might be the ruin of mankind， human arrival may also become a shortcut to a better world." Today， in the framework of national sustainable development strat

64、egies， the role of industrial design is changing， and actively looking for a new direction for the development of circular economy at all levels play </p><p>　　“3r”原則對的工業(yè)設(shè)計的影響</p><p><b>　　

65、摘要</b></p><p>　　在工業(yè)設(shè)計為人類創(chuàng)造了現(xiàn)代生活和生活環(huán)境的同時，也進(jìn)一步加速自然資源和能源資源的消耗。此外，它已經(jīng)危害到生態(tài)平衡、威脅到人類的生存和可持續(xù)發(fā)展。面對這種形式，20世紀(jì)90年代，可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略被提出后被許多人所接受。循環(huán)經(jīng)濟和其關(guān)鍵——“3r”就在這樣的情況下應(yīng)運誕生了，成為在各種經(jīng)濟活動以及設(shè)計和制造領(lǐng)域的重要原則。本文通過對“3r”原則的解析，分析其在工業(yè)設(shè)計中影響

66、和導(dǎo)向。此外，本文還試圖探討“再設(shè)計”的概念，這是“3r”原則在工業(yè)設(shè)計領(lǐng)域的延伸，最后闡述了在循環(huán)經(jīng)濟中工業(yè)設(shè)計的“4R”原則。</p><p><b>　　關(guān)鍵詞</b></p><p>　　“3r”原則；工業(yè)設(shè)計；循環(huán)經(jīng)濟；“再設(shè)計”</p><p><b>　　1介紹</b></p><p>

67、;　　工業(yè)設(shè)計作為技術(shù)與藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域的交叉學(xué)科，它在維持經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和社會的進(jìn)步上有密切的聯(lián)系。它可以簡要地概括為：第一，它服務(wù)于工業(yè)大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，制造工業(yè)產(chǎn)品和提高其價值并使其增值。第二，引領(lǐng)時尚，有效地刺激消費，促使消費者在使用產(chǎn)品同時，也感受帶來的新技術(shù)和新材料。第三，迫使產(chǎn)品將技術(shù)與市場聯(lián)系起來，以提升其市場競爭力。最后一點，也是至關(guān)重要的一點，它能夠給企業(yè)帶來創(chuàng)新力。因此，工業(yè)設(shè)計已成為國家的經(jīng)濟建設(shè)和發(fā)展不可或缺的部分。</p

68、><p>　　然而，隨著傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)設(shè)計創(chuàng)造優(yōu)越現(xiàn)代生活方式和居住環(huán)境以及促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的同時，也加快了資源與能源消耗。更重要的是，它已經(jīng)損害了地球的生態(tài)平衡，并帶來了一系類嚴(yán)肅的人類生存和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的危害。特別是工業(yè)設(shè)計過度的商業(yè)化、功利主義以及過度追求利益，在產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)、使用、加工工程中沒有加入“商品計劃性廢止體系”，導(dǎo)致對環(huán)境和資源造成影響?？梢赃@樣說，人們在不適當(dāng)?shù)倪^度消費的模式中生活，工業(yè)設(shè)計成為客觀的鼓勵人們隨意

69、消費的媒介，而這與工業(yè)設(shè)計原本創(chuàng)造科學(xué)健康的生活方式的初衷是完全背道而馳。</p><p>　　面對人類生存和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的威脅，在20世紀(jì)，人們開始質(zhì)疑并深刻反思人類的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，提出了合適的循環(huán)經(jīng)濟模式，發(fā)展循環(huán)經(jīng)濟的原則就是“3r”(即減量化、再使用、再循環(huán))，在此背景下，這“3r”原則對實現(xiàn)和提升社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的穩(wěn)定、經(jīng)濟的可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義，在這種探索與實踐的基礎(chǔ)上，經(jīng)濟飛速發(fā)展，而其中貫徹的可持

70、續(xù)發(fā)展的概念與設(shè)計是不可分的。本文試圖整理出工業(yè)設(shè)計在各個方面的指導(dǎo)作用，并試圖探索在工業(yè)設(shè)計的延伸領(lǐng)域的“3r”原則。</p><p>　　2循環(huán)經(jīng)濟模型和“3r”原則</p><p>　　經(jīng)濟是從事生產(chǎn)、消費和生殖的活動，這些活動是去滿足人類的基本物質(zhì)需要。循環(huán)經(jīng)濟被認(rèn)為是跟隨原始經(jīng)濟、農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟，工業(yè)經(jīng)濟在后工業(yè)化時代的一種經(jīng)濟形式，始終有別于工業(yè)經(jīng)濟與資源和環(huán)境的關(guān)系。隨著涉及自然生

71、態(tài)系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)循環(huán)和能量流動的經(jīng)濟循環(huán)重建體系，以至于和諧的深入到自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)和能量循環(huán)的過程中去生產(chǎn)清潔產(chǎn)品，資源循環(huán)利用和具有高效回收性的資源循環(huán)生態(tài)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展模式，也稱為生態(tài)經(jīng)濟，綠色經(jīng)濟。</p><p>　　2.1經(jīng)濟模式之間的關(guān)系，環(huán)境和資源</p><p>　　人類的生存和經(jīng)濟活動依賴于資源和環(huán)境。一方面，它是人類物質(zhì)系統(tǒng)的來源：另一方面，它承擔(dān)著經(jīng)濟活動所產(chǎn)生的人類廢棄物

72、的各種角色。地球能提供資源是有限的，即使它必須有凈化能力、然而這種能力也是以人類經(jīng)濟活動中排污能力的限制的。</p><p>　　工業(yè)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展模式是“一件產(chǎn)品換來一份污染”式的單向型物質(zhì)流轉(zhuǎn)的開放經(jīng)濟模式，這種開放式導(dǎo)致了全球性的資源消耗與浪費，以及生態(tài)環(huán)境的嚴(yán)重惡化。</p><p>　　循環(huán)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展模式是物質(zhì)和能源以“一份可再生資源得到一件綠色產(chǎn)品”的形式封閉循環(huán)反饋的過程，這個閉環(huán)循

73、環(huán)反饋系統(tǒng)，能保持經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)品低價、優(yōu)質(zhì)、低消耗，它將使經(jīng)濟活動對自然資源和環(huán)境的影響最小化。</p><p>　　2．2“3r”原則循環(huán)經(jīng)濟模式內(nèi)涵</p><p>　　“3r”原則是經(jīng)濟循環(huán)的基本體現(xiàn)，具體內(nèi)容如下：</p><p>　　“減少”原則是經(jīng)濟循環(huán)的第一原則，那是從源頭上控制的方式，它要求從經(jīng)濟活動的源頭-設(shè)計階段，注重資源使用的節(jié)約性和減少污染的要求，

74、在生產(chǎn)區(qū)域內(nèi)以更少的資源去達(dá)到生產(chǎn)或消費的既定目標(biāo)，通常是節(jié)能的生產(chǎn)工藝、材料和節(jié)約資源，產(chǎn)品體積小、重量輕、操作簡單，方便包裝要求以達(dá)到減少制造廢物排放的目的；在消費者領(lǐng)域、從消費者的生活方式上，減少霸權(quán)消費的原則，提倡適度消費和綠色消費?！霸倮迷瓌t”是循環(huán)經(jīng)濟的第二個原則，即過程控制方式，目的是提高產(chǎn)品和資源利用效率的，它要求為初始產(chǎn)品設(shè)計多個項目的包裝形式避免因方案不成熟而造成浪費。在設(shè)計時，使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸的部分，修理和升級為更換

75、做準(zhǔn)備，從而延長產(chǎn)品使用壽命；而在消費區(qū)，促進(jìn)購買耐用消費品，減少使用一次性產(chǎn)品，如售后服務(wù)盡可能通過強化手段延長產(chǎn)品壽命并且不浪費。</p><p>　　“循環(huán)”的原則是循環(huán)經(jīng)濟的第三原則，即產(chǎn)品和消費在廢物產(chǎn)生過程中實行終端控制的方法，通過原材料再加工的方法得到的“資源”可以被再利用與生產(chǎn)，把它重新消費。資源中所謂的一類資源通常包括原原始資源和二次資源。原來的一類資源再形成原有產(chǎn)品后是資源的浪費，在形成新產(chǎn)品

76、后，子資源是資源不同類型的浪費。去促進(jìn)廢物循環(huán)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展將是原始與分支資源的結(jié)合的源泉，從而充分的實現(xiàn)資源的循環(huán)利用。</p><p>　　3 “3r”原則對工業(yè)設(shè)計的影響</p><p>　　“3r”原則不僅對產(chǎn)品從設(shè)計、生產(chǎn)、銷售、使用、處置等整個生命周期的各個方面產(chǎn)生影響，而且還使工業(yè)設(shè)計本身，更廣泛而深刻的變化：</p><p>　　3.1概念設(shè)計的影響&l

77、t;/p><p>　　在現(xiàn)代工業(yè)經(jīng)濟中，產(chǎn)品設(shè)計經(jīng)常是為人服務(wù)，就從滿足人們的需求和解決人們的問題為出發(fā)點，并沒有考慮到后續(xù)產(chǎn)品、資源利用、能源消耗、污染物排放、和其它生態(tài)問題。設(shè)計理念中的“3r”原則在“以人為本”思想指導(dǎo)下更多的體現(xiàn)在“天人合一”的綠色設(shè)計中，尊重人們需求的同時，還要考慮生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的安全。循環(huán)經(jīng)濟模式下的工業(yè)設(shè)計的設(shè)計理念，把人與自然和諧發(fā)展放在首要位置，工業(yè)設(shè)計中所有行為的使用體系和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，是從產(chǎn)品

78、設(shè)計之初優(yōu)先考慮宏觀環(huán)境，在注重產(chǎn)品的協(xié)調(diào)運行的各種要素的過程中達(dá)到系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化。在這里，全部的設(shè)計和終了都以環(huán)境因素為出發(fā)點，經(jīng)過設(shè)計，努力地改進(jìn)和降低產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)、使用、循環(huán)工藝過程，例如對環(huán)境造成的不良影響。所以綠色設(shè)計的產(chǎn)品是在“天人合一”思想的指導(dǎo)下達(dá)到人與自然和諧發(fā)展的基本原理，人、機系統(tǒng)包括環(huán)境的理論，是一個綜合優(yōu)化的工業(yè)設(shè)計的新概念。</p><p>　　3.2影響設(shè)計風(fēng)格的因素</p>

79、<p>　　簡約的是一種在設(shè)計上追求極端審美的設(shè)計風(fēng)格，流行于美國建國80年左右的20世紀(jì)。我們?nèi)粽f在工業(yè)的經(jīng)濟模式下，簡單的產(chǎn)品款式設(shè)計美學(xué)是主觀人的追求，然而在循環(huán)經(jīng)濟模式下，結(jié)構(gòu)的最簡單、最吝嗇的材料，最美麗的建模、最原始外觀簡樸的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計、是產(chǎn)品可持續(xù)發(fā)展理念的具體體現(xiàn)。這種簡約風(fēng)格對“3r”產(chǎn)品具有重要、深刻的內(nèi)涵和現(xiàn)實意義。</p><p>　　第一，在保證功能的前提下，盡可能的選擇可以回收

80、再用的材料，如生態(tài)材料，以減少化工材料使用；其次，促進(jìn)。麻雀雖小肝膽俱全?！吧偌词嵌唷保亓枯p，令人愉快的形式的產(chǎn)品。第三，目標(biāo)設(shè)計的設(shè)計特點的整理、評估、定義、必須總是關(guān)注合并、簡化，優(yōu)化，使核心職能簡要的產(chǎn)品；第四，本產(chǎn)品傾向于使用簡單易懂的語言；五、結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、容易產(chǎn)生；其六，選擇不同的可降解材料、結(jié)構(gòu)簡單的解決方案，例如捆綁式。</p><p>　　3．3 設(shè)計方法的影響因素</p><

81、p>　　“3r”原則的影響的指導(dǎo)下，綠色設(shè)計的實施方法有：模塊化設(shè)計的，可移動的設(shè)計，可回收的設(shè)計、長壽命設(shè)計。</p><p>　　模塊化的設(shè)計是在一定的范圍內(nèi)不同的功能或同種性能、不同功能、不同規(guī)格的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行基本功能分析，設(shè)計成一系列功能模塊，通過模塊的選擇、組合能構(gòu)成不同的產(chǎn)品來設(shè)計來滿足不同需求的來。模塊化設(shè)計的好處：第一，使產(chǎn)品具有良好的拆卸回收性能、解決不同類型的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計形式不同造成的資源浪費；

82、第二，它可以是易于使用或獨立恢復(fù)復(fù)制功能，提高獨立成分的多功能性，一旦出現(xiàn)使用壽命到期產(chǎn)品，可以回收；第三，提高產(chǎn)品的維修能延長產(chǎn)品的使用壽命。</p><p>　　產(chǎn)品設(shè)計在設(shè)計階段是可移動的，因此產(chǎn)品的各部分有很好的拆卸性，性能優(yōu)良的破壞。有利于組件的再利用及材料的回收利用，既可保護(hù)環(huán)境又節(jié)約材料。拆除設(shè)計要求，產(chǎn)品第一，連各零部件、盡可能的利用可分離的連接，例如螺紋連接、統(tǒng)一型緊固件，盡量減少緊固件，不要用

83、焊接、鉚釘、紐帶和其他固定的連接；第二，選擇和加工原料、部件的連接；盡可能的使用和再利用可回收材料，各種類型材料。</p><p>　　可循環(huán)的設(shè)計是指產(chǎn)品設(shè)計工程中，充分考慮產(chǎn)品組件的各種材料的可回收的可能性，回收處理，回收循環(huán)和產(chǎn)品的成本相關(guān)的一系列問題，從而以節(jié)約材料和減少廢物污染環(huán)境、最小為目的的設(shè)計方法。長壽命設(shè)計產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計基于經(jīng)濟指標(biāo)的生活為保證，確保產(chǎn)品的價值、環(huán)保要求同時，努力使我們的產(chǎn)品達(dá)到延長

84、使用壽命、資源消耗緩慢的設(shè)計方法。具體包括以下幾點：首先，提高產(chǎn)品的可靠性和耐用性；第二，產(chǎn)品便于維修，維修；第三，使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的、模塊化的產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　3．4設(shè)計材料的影響因素</p><p>　　在“3r”原則指導(dǎo)和規(guī)范、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計、材料的選擇，應(yīng)考慮：首先，盡量減少使用的材料。嘗試采用優(yōu)質(zhì)材料使用壽命的提高產(chǎn)品，禁止使用受污染的材料與大，尋找相應(yīng)的吸聲材料替代，重復(fù)使用盡

85、可能多的可回收材料的使用。其次，首選的聲音的生態(tài)環(huán)境的首選材料，經(jīng)過分解的廢氣和自然界來吸收資料，優(yōu)先考慮低功耗、低成本、低污染材料、優(yōu)先加工容易，及加工無污染或更少的污染材料、優(yōu)先材料回收。最后，減少使用的各種類型的物質(zhì)，以降低成本費用的回收材料；保持原資料，盡量使用簡單材料外，使用合金材料，避免資料對環(huán)境有危害的表面處理；成品件標(biāo)記材料組成為材料，便于循環(huán)利用等等。</p><p>　　4從“3r”到“4r”

86、</p><p>　　在循環(huán)經(jīng)濟模式，整個產(chǎn)品生命周期的前中后期，最終產(chǎn)品延伸到回收。值得注意的是，從廢物的思考，所以第二個念頭產(chǎn)品設(shè)計不再是一個產(chǎn)品之前，但其他產(chǎn)品。因此，設(shè)計過程中，我們會把它叫做“重建重新設(shè)計”。</p><p><b>　　4.1概念的重組</b></p><p>　　所謂的重建，即通過產(chǎn)品元件以及他們利用在設(shè)計方法得到

87、的全部部件來節(jié)省資源。被英國環(huán)境設(shè)計聯(lián)盟是定義為：“產(chǎn)品的材料是再設(shè)計的重要途徑，是以節(jié)省資源的前提，延長產(chǎn)品生命周期、發(fā)掘潛力生態(tài)價值的設(shè)計方法?！焙喍灾a(chǎn)品重建是指在整個產(chǎn)品生命周期重用的設(shè)計。</p><p>　　不管他們是否再造設(shè)計的新趨勢，或者設(shè)計的自發(fā)改變，這與可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中的協(xié)調(diào)一致屬于綠色設(shè)計的范圍。如果據(jù)說綠色設(shè)計通常被認(rèn)為是整個產(chǎn)品生命周期環(huán)境的影響，和設(shè)計要素是產(chǎn)品生命周期結(jié)束時減少環(huán)

88、境影響的問題，這是“3r”原則在工業(yè)設(shè)計領(lǐng)域的推廣。因此，用結(jié)合“3r”原則，作為工業(yè)設(shè)計中一種循環(huán)經(jīng)濟的“4r”原則。</p><p><b>　　4.2重組的形式</b></p><p>　　產(chǎn)品重建是針對新產(chǎn)品有效使用原配件產(chǎn)品和材料。產(chǎn)品重建有多種形式，為同類產(chǎn)品重建可以有多種形式，可分為同化與異化重組。</p><p>　　設(shè)計是指同

89、化之前和之后，重組產(chǎn)品回收自己的重建的零件之前和之后沒有改變。例如，在設(shè)計汽車音響，重組家庭被改成了聲音。</p><p>　　異化是指產(chǎn)品重新再造之前和之后是不同的產(chǎn)品，是必要的組件的重用以便將來使用的轉(zhuǎn)變。例如，重組在手機零件，在對講機中的重新整合后的重要組成部分；又如，在舊牛仔褲的重新整合，以重建可變成短褲、背心等等。</p><p><b>　　5總結(jié)</b>

90、</p><p>　　循環(huán)經(jīng)濟是實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)人類發(fā)展的新經(jīng)濟發(fā)展模式、“3r”原則為核心的實質(zhì)是經(jīng)濟周期循環(huán)經(jīng)濟的理念的根本體現(xiàn)?！霸僭O(shè)計”是能夠充分利用“3r”推廣工業(yè)領(lǐng)域的設(shè)計和開發(fā)，是一種深入的研究和實踐的新任務(wù)，它應(yīng)該，連同“3r”原則，成為一種工業(yè)設(shè)計領(lǐng)域循環(huán)經(jīng)濟模式中的“4r”設(shè)計原則。</p><p>　　作為國際聯(lián)合會與社會的工業(yè)設(shè)計的主席、彼得先生說“設(shè)計作為人類發(fā)展的一種