計算機系外文翻譯---歷史的計算

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　系 別 計算機信息與技術(shù)系 </p><p>　　專 業(yè) 計算機科學與技術(shù) </p><p>　　班 級 </p><p>　　姓 名

2、 </p><p>　　學 號 </p><p>　　外文出處 </p><p>　　附 件 1. 原文； 2. 譯文 </p><p><b>　　2012年3月</b></p>

3、;<p>　　History of computing</p><p>　　Main article: History of computing hardware</p><p>　　The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who ca

4、rried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine

5、that carries out computations. </p><p>　　Limited-function early computers</p><p>　　The Jacquard loom, on display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, England, was one of the firs

6、t programmable devices.</p><p>　　The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies, automated calculation and programmability, but no single device can be identified as the earliest co

7、mputer, partly because of the inconsistent application of that term. A few devices are worth mentioning though, like some mechanical aids to computing, which were very successful and survived for centuries until the adve

8、nt of the electronic calculator, like the Sumerian abacus, designed around 2500 BC of which a descendant w</p><p>　　First general-purpose computers</p><p>　　During the first half of the 20th cen

9、tury, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not program

10、mable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers.</p><p>　　Alan Turing is widely regarded as the father of modern computer science. In 1936 Turing provided an influential f

11、ormalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer. Of his role in the creation of the modern computer, Time magazine in naming

12、 Turing one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century, states: "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-pro</p><p>　　EDSAC was one of the firs

13、t computers to implement the stored-program (von Neumann) architecture.</p><p>　　Die of an Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor (actual size: 12×6.75 mm) in its packaging.</p><p>　　The first progr

14、am-controlled computer was invented by Konrad Zuse, who built the Z3, an electromechanical computing machine, in 1941. The first programmable electronic computer was the Colossus, built in 1943 by Tommy Flowers.</p>

15、;<p>　　George Stibitz is internationally recognized as a father of the modern digital computer. While working at Bell Labs in November 1937, Stibitz invented and built a relay-based calculator he dubbed the "

16、Model K" (for "kitchen table", on which he had assembled it), which was the first to use binary circuits to perform an arithmetic operation. Later models added greater sophistication including complex arit

17、hmetic and programmability.</p><p>　　A succession of steadily more powerful and flexible computing devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the key features that are seen in modern c

18、omputers. The use of digital electronics (largely invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and more flexible programmability were vitally important steps, but defining one point along this road as "the first digital elec

19、tronic computer" is difficult. Notable achievements include. Konrad Zuse's electromechanical "Z machines". The Z3 (</p><p>　　The non-programmable Atanasoff–Berry Computer (commenced in 193

20、7, completed in 1941) which used vacuum tube based computation, binary numbers, and regenerative capacitor memory. The use of regenerative memory allowed it to be much more compact than its peers (being approximately the

21、 size of a large desk or workbench), since intermediate results could be stored and then fed back into the same set of computation elements.</p><p>　　The secret British Colossus computers (1943), which had l

22、imited programmability but demonstrated that a device using thousands of tubes could be reasonably reliable and electronically reprogrammable. It was used for breaking German wartime codes.</p><p>　　The Harv

23、ard Mark I (1944), a large-scale electromechanical computer with limited programmability.</p><p>　　The U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory ENIAC (1946), which used decimal arithmetic and is sometim

24、es called the first general purpose electronic computer (since Konrad Zuse's Z3 of 1941 used electromagnets instead of electronics). Initially, however, ENIAC had an inflexible architecture which essentially required

25、 rewiring to change its programming.</p><p>　　Stored-program architecture</p><p>　　Semiconductors and microprocessors</p><p>　　Computers using vacuum tubes as their electronic eleme

26、nts were in use throughout the 1950s, but by the 1960s had been largely replaced by semiconductor transistor-based machines, which were smaller, faster, cheaper to produce, required less power, and were more reliable. Th

27、e first transistorised computer was demonstrated at the University of Manchester in 1953. In the 1970s, integrated circuit technology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors, such as the Intel 4004, further decrea

28、sed si</p><p>　　Modern smartphones are fully programmable computers in their own right, and as of 2009 may well be the most common form of such computers in existenc.</p><p><b>　　歷史的計算<

29、/b></p><p>　　主要文章:計算機硬件的歷史</p><p>　　在第一次使用“計算機”這個詞被記錄在1613年,指的是對一個人進行了計算,或計算,與詞的意思相同,直到繼續(xù)20世紀中期。19世紀末開始其更熟悉的含義,一個機器進行計算。</p><p>　　Limited-function早期計算機</p><p>　　雅卡爾的

30、展覽上,在科學工業(yè)博物館在曼徹斯特,是英國最早的一種可編程設(shè)備。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)代計算機的歷史開始于兩個獨立的技術(shù),自動計算和可編程,但沒有一種單一的設(shè)備可以看成是最早的電腦,部分的原因是由于不應(yīng)用那個術(shù)語。一些設(shè)備值得一提的是,雖然喜歡一些機械復制計算,很成功,并且存活了幾個世紀,來臨的電子計算器,像蘇美爾算盤,大約在公元前2500年左右的設(shè)計贏得競爭的后代對現(xiàn)代書桌速度計算機器在1946年日本滑動規(guī)則

31、,起源于1620年代,進行了五阿波羅太空機構(gòu),包括月球等機制,一個古老的天文計算機建造大約在公元前80年的希臘人。亞歷山大的希臘數(shù)學家的英雄(公元前10 -公元70年)建造了一個機械劇院演了一出劇的持續(xù)10分鐘的時間,是一個復雜的旋轉(zhuǎn)系統(tǒng)操作的繩索和桶,可能會被認為是一種手段決定的哪個部位進行行為和機理的時候。這是可編程的本質(zhì)。</p><p><b>　　第一次通用計算機</b></

32、p><p>　　在20世紀初,許多科學計算需要受到了越來越復雜的模擬計算機,它通過直接機械或電氣模型為基礎(chǔ)計算問題。然而,這不是編程,通常缺乏的通用性和準確性的現(xiàn)代數(shù)字計算機。</p><p>　　阿蘭·圖靈就被廣泛認為是現(xiàn)代計算機科學之父。在1936年提供了一個有影響力的正規(guī)化涂林的概念和計算方法與涂林機器,提供電子數(shù)字計算機的藍圖。他的角色在創(chuàng)作現(xiàn)代計算機的時候,《時代》雜志在2

33、0世紀命名圖靈的100位最具影響力的人物之一,聲明:“事實是,每個人在一個鍵盤,打開水龍頭電子數(shù)據(jù)表或一個字處理程序,正在涂林的化身”。</p><p>　　這Zuse虛擬的某種知識世界,1941年,被認為是世界上的第一個工作可編程、全自動計算機器。</p><p>　　EDSAC是其中第一個計算機來實現(xiàn)stored-program(馮。諾依曼)的建筑。</p><p&

34、gt;　　一個英特爾80486 DX2微處理器(實際尺寸:12×6.75毫米),在它的包裝。</p><p>　　第一個程控計算機發(fā)明的康拉德祖薩、誰建的虛擬的某種知識世界,機電一體化計算機器,在1941年。第一個可編程電子計算機是龐然大物,始建于1943年由湯米·花朵。</p><p>　　喬治是國際公認的父親的現(xiàn)代數(shù)字計算機。在工作時,在貝爾實驗室在1937年11月

35、,Stibitz發(fā)明,搭建了一個基于繼電器的計算器他稱為“模型K”(“廚房桌子”,但他聚集它),這是第一個使用二進制電路執(zhí)行算術(shù)運算。最近的模型更大的復雜性增加包括復雜的算術(shù)和可編程。</p><p>　　一個接一個的穩(wěn)定更強大和靈活的計算裝置建于1940年代和1930年代,逐漸增加的主要特點是出現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)代的計算機。使用數(shù)碼電子(主要是在1937年發(fā)明的克勞德夏儂)和更靈活的可編程是至關(guān)重要的步驟,但確定一個點沿著

36、這條道路是“第一個電子數(shù)字計算機”是困難的。顯著的成果包括。</p><p>　　康拉德·祖薩機電“Z機器”。這個虛擬的某種知識世界(1941)是第一個以二進制算術(shù)工作機,包括浮點運算和可編程的一個衡量標準。在1998年,虛擬的某種知識世界被證明是圖靈完整,因此被世界上第一個操作電腦。</p><p>　　可編程的的計算機(開始于1937年,在1941年完成)采用真空管基礎(chǔ)計算、

37、二進制數(shù)字,和蓄熱式電容器的記憶。使用蓄熱式記憶允許他的作品被更緊湊的比它的同行出色(正在約的體積有一個大桌子或平臺,因為中間結(jié)果可以存儲,然后反饋到相同的一組計算元素。</p><p>　　英國的秘密"巨神像"電腦(1943年),有限但顯示裝置可編程使用成千上萬的管可以合理可靠和電子系統(tǒng)中可編程門。它是用來破壞德國戰(zhàn)時的代碼。</p><p>　　哈佛馬克一世(194

38、4年),一個大型機電式計算機有限的可編程。 </p><p><b>　　半導體和微處理器</b></p><p>　　計算機使用真空管為其在使用電子元件在整個1950年代,但到了1960年代已經(jīng)很大程度地取代了半導體的電晶體的機械,這些機械是更小,更快,更便宜的生產(chǎn),需要更少的電力,并且他們也更可在1970年代,集成電路技術(shù)和隨后而來的微處理器,如英特爾4004,進