藍牙技術(shù)外文翻譯

1、<p>　　本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文翻譯</p><p>　　畢設(shè)題目：智能醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)設(shè)計</p><p><b>　　譯文題目：藍牙技術(shù)</b></p><p>　　外文題目：bluetooth project</p><p>　　學(xué) 院： 信息科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院 </p>

2、<p>　　專業(yè)班級： 電子信息工程0801班 </p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名： </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師： </p><p>　　2012年 3月 14日</p><p><b>　　Bluetooth</b><

3、;/p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　Bluetooth is a forever, limited radio connect that resides on a microchip. It was originally expanded through Swedish mobile phone creator Ericsson in 1994 as a meth

4、od to let laptop computers make calls above a mobile phone. As then, numerous organizations have signed on to create Bluetooth the low-power thoughtless wireless average for a broad variety of devices (LeVitus, 216-220).

5、 Industry spectators anticipate Bluetooth to be fitted in billions of devices through 2005.</p><p>　　Discussion</p><p>　　Developed by engineers at Ericsson in the late 1990s, Bluetooth is more a

6、nd more special technology that facilitates thoughtless wireless communication among a diversity of electronic devices. Its mainly important aspect is that it permits devices to “talk” (relocate and orchestrate data) wir

7、elessly with each other, terminating the requirement for the outwardly continuous tangle of cables, cords, and adapters important for numerous today’s expertise.</p><p>　　The Bluetooth Special Interest Group

8、 (SIG) was formed in 1998 to manage the expansion and prologue of Bluetooth knowledge (LeVitus, 216-220). IBM, Intel, Toshiba and Nokia connected with Ericsson as the beginning associates of the SIG, and in excess of 8,0

9、00 organizations have contracted since. So as to trade products with the Bluetooth requirement and logo, manufacturers should be associates of the SIG and the devices should meet well-outlined credentials. These procedur

10、es make sure that Blueto</p><p>　　Speed and Range</p><p>　　Range is application specific and although a minimum range is mandated by the Core Specification, there is not a limit and manufacturer

11、s can tune their implementation to support the use case they are enabling.  </p><p>　　Range may vary depending on class of radio used in an implementation: </p><p>　　Class 3 radios – h

12、ave a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feet </p><p>　　Class 2 radios – most commonly found in mobile devices , have a range of 10 meters or 33 feet </p><p>　　Class 1 radios – used primarily in indust

13、rial use cases , have a range of 100 meters or 300 feet</p><p>　　That creates Bluetooth technology appropriate for transporting lesser files for example cell phone contracts and text documents, also as lower

14、-quality pictures and audio (Kumkum, 160-162). At these relocate speeds; Bluetooth may not actually deal streaming video or high-quality pictures and audio at this end, except this possibly will alter in the future when

15、fresh Bluetooth standards are initiated.</p><p>　　Simple and Competent to Utilize</p><p>　　Creating and configuring Bluetooth allowed devices is moderately uncomplicated, with little extra commo

16、tion than acquire the two devices close to one another and twist them on. There is no requirement to mount drivers or further software to complex an ad-hoc, personal wireless network (Kumkum, 160-162). It has a uniform o

17、rganization, meaning that some two wireless products attributing Bluetooth technology, despite of product or nation of origin, have the ability to converse faultlessly with each</p><p>　　Common Applications&

18、lt;/p><p>　　One of the mainly ordinary applications of Bluetooth is hands-free cell phone procedure. About each cell phone fashioned in our day has constructed Bluetooth (Meier, 15-20). Only pair phone with a B

19、luetooth headset, and he may talk whereas his phone is in his purse or pocket. Several of today’s car stereos as well have fitted Bluetooth for hands-free calling in his vehicle. And if his vehicle has a plant stereo or

20、grown-up aftermarket one that he merely doesn’t wish to restore, he may yet like h</p><p>　　Bluetooth 3.0</p><p>　　Bluetooth 3.0 is the fresh Bluetooth wireless typical adopted through the Bluet

21、ooth SIG on April 21, 2009. The fresh standard supports elevated data remove speeds and constructs ahead the preceding standards (Meier, 15-20). With its superior speed, the technology has the probable to transfigure the

22、 consumer electronics industry.</p><p>　　Technology</p><p><b>　　PROTOCOL</b></p><p>　　The Bluetooth technology standard is set to make different applications can “commun

23、icate” with each other. Remote devices in communication use the same protocol stacks, while different applications need different protocol stacks. But, every application needs the data link layer and physical layer of th

24、e Bluetooth technology. </p><p>　　The whole Bluetooth protocol stacks is shown as blow. Not any application should use all of the protocols, but one or some lists of these. The chart below shows the relation

25、ship between protocols, but the relationship may change in some applications.</p><p>　　The completely protocol stacks include Bluetooth special protocols (like LMP and L2CAP) and not special ones (such as OB

26、EX and UDP). The basic principle for designing protocol and protocol stacks is that use existing high level protocol as possible, ensure the combination of protocols and Bluetooth technology, and take the best advantage

27、of the software and hardware which adapt to the Bluetooth technology standards. The open Bluetooth technology makes device manufacturers can choose protocols fr</p><p>　　The protocols in Bluetooth protocol s

28、ystem</p><p>　　There are four layers in Bluetooth protocol system according to the SIG</p><p>　　Core protocols</p><p>　　Cable replacement protocols</p><p>　　Telephony c

29、ontrol protocols</p><p>　　Adopted protocols</p><p>　　Except the protocol layers above, the standard also defines Host/Controller Interface (HCI),which provides command interface for baseband con

30、troller, connection manager, hardware state and control register.</p><p>　　Bluetooth core protocols consist of the special protocols made by SIG. Most Bluetooth devices need core protocols, while other proto

31、cols are used depend on needs of the application. After all, cable replacement protocols, technology control protocols and adopted protocols based on the core protocols constitute the object-oriented protocols. </p>

32、;<p>　　Core protocols</p><p>　　LMP (Link Management Protocol)</p><p>　　Used for control of the radio link between two devices. Implemented on the controllers.</p><p>　　It ide

33、ntifies and encrypts through launching, exchanging and checking the connection, and decides the size of baseband data packets through conference. It also controls the power mode and work cycle of wireless equipment, and

34、connection status of unit equipment in piconet.</p><p>　　L2CAP (Logical Link Control & Adaptation Protocol)</p><p>　　This protocol is used to multiplex multiple logical connections between t

35、wo devices using different higher level protocols, and provides segmentation and reassembly of on-air packets.</p><p>　　In Basic mode, L2CAP provides packets with a payload configurable up to 64kB, with 672

36、bytes as the default MTU, and 48 bytes as the minimum mandatory supported MTU.</p><p>　　In Retransmission & Flow Control modes, L2CAP can be configured for reliable or isochronous data per channel by per

37、forming retransmissions and CRC checks.</p><p>　　Bluetooth Core Specification Addendum 1 adds two additional L2CAP modes to the core specification. These modes effectively deprecate original Retransmission a

38、nd Flow Control modes:</p><p>　　Enhanced Retransmission Mode (ERTM): This mode is an improved version of the original retransmission mode. This mode provides a reliable L2CAP channel.</p><p>　　S

39、treaming Mode (SM): This is a very simple mode, with no retransmission or flow control. This mode provides an unreliable L2CAP channel.</p><p>　　Reliability in any of these modes is optionally and/or additio

40、nally guaranteed by the lower layer Bluetooth BDR/EDR air interface by configuring the number of retransmissions and flush timeout (time after which the radio will flush packets). In-order sequencing is guaranteed by the

41、 lower layer.</p><p>　　Only L2CAP channels configured in ERTM or SM may be operated over AMP logical links.</p><p>　　SDP (Service Discovery Protocol)</p><p>　　Service Discovery Prot

42、ocol (SDP) allows a device to discover services supported by other devices, and their associated parameters. For example, when connecting a mobile phone to a Bluetooth headset, SDP will be used for determining which Blue

43、tooth profiles are supported by the headset (Headset Profile, Hands Free Profile, Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP) etc.) and the protocol multiplexer settings needed to connect to each of them. Each service is

44、identified by a Universally Unique Ide</p><p>　　Cable replacement protocols(RFCOMM)</p><p>　　Radio frequency communications (RFCOMM) is a cable replacement protocol used to create a virtual seri

45、al data stream. RFCOMM provides for binary data transport and emulates EIA-232 (formerly RS-232) control signals over the Bluetooth baseband layer.</p><p>　　RFCOMM provides a simple reliable data stream to t

46、he user, similar to TCP. It is used directly by many telephony related profiles as a carrier for AT commands, as well as being a transport layer for OBEX over Bluetooth.</p><p>　　Telephony control protocols

47、(TCP).</p><p>　　Telephony control protocol-binary (TCS BIN) is the bit-oriented protocol that defines the call control signaling for the establishment of voice and data calls between Bluetooth devices. Addit

48、ionally, "TCS BIN defines mobility management procedures for handling groups of Bluetooth TCS devices."</p><p>　　TCS-BIN is only used by the cordless telephony profile, which failed to attract impl

49、ementers. As such it is only of historical interest.</p><p>　　Adopted protocols</p><p>　　Adopted protocols are defined by other standards-making organizations and incorporated into Bluetooth’s p

50、rotocol stack, allowing Bluetooth to create protocols only when necessary. The adopted protocols include:</p><p>　　Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP): Internet standard protocol for transporting IP datagrams over

51、 a point-to-point link.</p><p>　　TCP/IP/UDP:For communicating with the device connected to Internet.</p><p>　　Object Exchange Protocol (OBEX): Session-layer protocol for the exchange of objects

52、, providing a model for object and operation representation. It uses the client-server mode.</p><p>　　Wireless Application Environment/Wireless Application Protocol (WAE/WAP):WAE specifies an application fra

53、mework for wireless devices and WAP is an open standard to provide mobile users access to telephony and information services.</p><p>　　Technology</p><p>　　SPECTRUM AND INTERFERENCE</p>&l

54、t;p>　　Bluetooth technology operates in the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band at 2.4 to 2.485 GHz, using a spread spectrum, frequency hopping, full-duplex signal at a nominal rate of 1600 hops/se

55、c. The 2.4 GHz ISM band is available and unlicensed in most countries.</p><p>　　SIM frequency band is open to all radio system, So the use of a certain frequency band will meet unpredictable interference sou

56、rces. Therefore, Bluetooth designs special fast acknowledge and frequency hopping technique to ensure the stability of link. Frequency hopping technique to divide the band into many frequency hopping channels, in a conne

57、ction, radio transceiver “jump” from a channel to another constantly according to certain code sequence. Only sender and receiver communicate according t</p><p>　　ERROR CORRECTION</p><p>　　Bluet

58、ooth supports circuit switching and packet switching two techniques, and defines two types of link connection, namely connection-oriented synchronous link (SCO) and connectionless-oriented asynchronous link (ACL)</p&g

59、t;<p>　　Bluetooth use three error correction models: 1/3 Forward Error Correction (FEC), 2/3forward Forward Error Correction and Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ). Purpose to the error correction is to reduce the pos

60、sibility of retransmission, while at the same time increase the extra expenses, but in a reasonable errorless environment, redundant bids will reduce output. So the packet definition itself also keeps flexible ways. Henc

61、e the software can be defined whether to adopt FEC. In general, when the ch</p><p><b>　　RANGE</b></p><p>　　Range is application specific and although a minimum range is mandated by t

62、he Core Specification, there is not a limit and manufacturers can tune their implementation to support the use case they are enabling.  </p><p>　　Range may vary depending on class of radio used in

63、an implementation: </p><p>　　Class 3 radios – have a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feet </p><p>　　Class 2 radios – most commonly found in mobile devices , have a range of 10 meters or 33 feet <

64、/p><p>　　Class 1 radios – used primarily in industrial use cases , have a range of 100 meters or 300 feet</p><p><b>　　POWER</b></p><p>　　In order to make a Bluetooth equipm

65、ent can also be in connection even in a very low power state, Bluetooth stipulates three energy saving state: Park state, Hold state and Sniff state. The energy saving efficiency of these states declines one by one. <

66、/p><p>　　The most commonly used radio is Class 2 and users 2.5mW of power. Bluetooth technology is designed to have very low power consumption. This is reinforced in the specification by allowing radios to be p

67、owered down when inactive.</p><p>　　The Generic Alternate MAC/PHY in Version 3.0 HS enables the discovery of remote AMPs for high speed devices and tums on the radio only when needed for data transfer giving

68、 a power optimization benefit as well as aiding in the security of the radios.</p><p>　　Bluetooth low energy technology, optimized for devices requiring maximum battery life instead of a high data transfer r

69、ate, consumers between 1/2 and 1/100 the power of classic Bluetooth technology.</p><p><b>　　SECURITY</b></p><p>　　Mobility and open of Bluetooth system makes safety problems extremel

70、y important. Although the frequency modulation technique used by Bluetooth system has already provided a certain security, but Bluetooth system still need safety management to link layer and application layer. In link la

71、yer, Bluetooth system provides authentication, encryption and key management, and other functions. Each user has a Personal Identification Number (PIN), which will be translated into 128 bit link key for one-way </p&g

72、t;<p>　　Bluetooth system also supports the high level of protocol stack in different applications of special security mechanisms. Bluetooth security mechanism builds trust relationship between devices relying on p

73、ins. Once this relationship established, these pins can be stored in the equipment, in order to connection more quickly the next time.</p><p>　　Application</p><p>　　The Bluetooth application can

74、 be divided into 4 main aspects: Home, Work, En route and Entertainment.</p><p><b>　　Home</b></p><p>　　Modern family home is so different with pervious. With the seamless improvement

75、 of modern technology, more and more people start home office, living more freely and efficiently. Moreover, they also extend the technology to other aspects more than family office, such as family life.</p><p

76、>　　By using the products of Bluetooth technology, people are able to get rid of the cables around the home office. Mouse, keyboard, printer, laptop, computer, earphone and speakers can be used in a PC environment wire

77、less, which not only increase the office area of beauty, but also for interior decoration and to provide more creative freedom. In addition, with mobile devices and home PC to be synchronous and

78、share calendar information, uses can access the latest information everywhere, at all times</p><p>　　Bluetooth devices can not only make the home office easier, but also make home entertainment more convenie

79、nt: You don’t have to put aside the guests, left alone to choose the music. Users can store 30 feet wireless control on a PC or Apple iPod audio files. Bluetooth technology can also be used in the adapter, allowing peopl

80、e share with friends by sending photos to the TV Bluetooth Headset from cameras, mobile phone and laptop. BT GO of ASUS is an perfect example of the Bluetooth technology whic</p><p>　　Workpreviously, the of

81、fice is usually in chaos for various wires tangled. Power cable for the device, connection between the computer and the keyboard, printer, mouse, and cables of PDA, all of them make a disorder work environment. 

82、;In some cases, this will increase the risk of the office, such as the employee may be tripping over wires or cables around. However, with Bluetooth wireless technology, the office no longer exist messy wires, the w

83、hole office is like a machine, like an orderly and e</p><p>　　Not limited to the use of Bluetooth technology to solve the clutter of an office environment. Bluetooth enabled devices can also create inst

84、ant network, allowing users to share presentations or other files without compatibility or e-mail access restrictions. Bluetooth devices can easily set group meetings, through the wireless network to engage in dialo

85、gue with other offices, and deliver the ideas to the computer. </p><p>　　Whether in a non-networked, or trying to hold a heated discussion, Bluetooth wireless technology can help users easily convene meeting

86、s, improving efficiency and enhancing creative collaboration. Currently, there are many products on the market are supported by Bluetooth connection from a wireless device to another device to transfer files. Produc

87、ts similar as eBeam Projection enable keep the record of the meeting wireless, and other devices are supported multi-stakeholder suggestions.</p><p>　　In order to eliminate desktop clutter connection, wirele

88、ss high office, Bluetooth wireless keyboard, mouse, and presentation equipment can streamline the work space. Simultaneously connecting PDA or cell phone to computer wirelessly can update and manage user's contact li

89、st and calendar timely and effective. </p><p>　　Bluetooth also helps users create a fast, effective and secure way of selling. There are a growing number of Bluetooth enabled mobile device support

90、sales. Salesmen can use mobile phones to connect through GPRS, EDGE or UMTS mobile network to transmit information. They can use Bluetooth technology to connect a laptop computer and mobile printer so that they prin

91、t a receipt for the customer site. Whether in the office, at the dinner table, or on the way, workers can reduce the word processing, re</p><p>　　Improve logistics efficiency. By using Bluetooth te

92、chnology to connect, shipping giant UPS and FedEx have been successful in reducing the need for replacement of cable to use, and significantly improve worker efficiency.</p><p>　　En routePeople frequently t

93、ravel to the workplace, home and other destinations, while Bluetooth technology provides exactly the way for people to access important personal information or communications connectivity. No matter what role people

94、 are- parents, students or mobile professionals - in this fast-paced world, everyone needs to continue to access the network or to communicate. A variety of new equipment and new technologies are constantly entering

95、 the market, to ensure better mobile conne</p><p>　　Bluetooth-enabled mobile phone, PDA, laptop computer, headphones and cars can be on the road for hands-free communication, so that the user is located or c

96、able broadband connection hot spots remain outside the scope of the Internet network connection, as well as PC and mobile devices to synchronize contacts and calendar entries access to important information. &l

97、t;/p><p>　　Bluetooth-enabled laptop computers and other portable computing devices can use GRPS, EDGE or UMTS to link the PC and wireless PDA to the Interne through Bluetooth-enabled mobile phones everywhere at

98、 all times creating unlimited hot pot, even if you are on the way able to work efficiently. </p><p>　　Currently, Bluetooth technology is most used in the support of Bluetooth cell phone calls, such as mobile

99、 phones Bluetooth headsets, car hands-free Bluetooth. Bluetooth make driving safer, many drivers feel inconvenient to answer the phone while driving: only one hand on the steering wheel, one hand holding the phone to ans