采礦外文翻譯--　煤礦火災(zāi)控制的最近發(fā)展和實(shí)踐

1、<p><b>　　中文2860字</b></p><p>　　出處： Fire technology, 2007, 43(4): 285-300</p><p><b>　　英文原文</b></p><p>　　Recent Developments and Practices to Control

2、Fire in Undergound Coal Mines</p><p>　　S. K. Ray* and R. P. Singh, Central Mining Research Institute, Barwa Road,</p><p>　　Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826 001, India</p><p>　　Abstract: Coal

3、mine ?res cause serious threat to the property and human lives. Out-break of ?re may be dealt with advanced ?re suppression techniques like Infusion of inert gases or liquid nitrogen, Dynamic Balancing of pressure, Rever

4、sal of under-ground mine ventilation, Application of nitrogen foam, Inertisation of Goaf, Water mist etc. The paper addresses all those control techniques in detail. Success story of controlling ?res in coal mines of dif

5、ferent parts of the world are reported. Resul</p><p>　　Keywords: coal mine ?re, reversal of underground mine ventilation, nitrogen foam, inertisation of goaf & water mist</p><p>　　1. Introdu

6、ction`</p><p>　　Since inception, mining is considered as a most hazardous and dangerous of peacetime activities. An outbreak of ?re in the underground workings of a mine poses a direct threat from the ?re it

7、self. Further, an invisible and immediate threat from carbon monoxide poisoning and an explosion, particularly in gassy coal mines is also there. It affects to both persons working underground at the time of the outbreak

8、 and to those involved in the subsequent rescue and ?re ?ghting. It hampers the coal prod</p><p>　　Fires in coal mines may be categorised into two groups viz.,</p><p>　　(a) ?res resulting from s

9、pontaneous combustion of coal </p><p>　　(b) open ?res, which are accidental in nature, caused as a result of ignition of combustible materials.</p><p>　　In coal mines, ?res are generally caused

10、due to several reasons viz., sluggish ventilation, high pressure difference across intake and return airways, loose and fallen coal in the goaf area, electricity, mechanical friction, blasting, welding, explosions and il

11、licit distillation of liquor.</p><p>　　2. Mine Fire Model Gallery</p><p>　　To understand the complex dynamic phenomenon of open ?res (?res that occur in mine airways usually commence from a sing

12、le point of ignition) and to study the effectiveness of various ?re suppression techniques viz., liquid nitrogen, high pressure high stability nitrogen foam and water mist, recently Central Mining Research Institute, Dha

13、nbad, India has designed and constructed a Mine Fire Model Gallery. The model gallery is 65.5 m long; arch in shape with a base of 2.4 m and crown height of 2.7 </p><p>　　It is equipped with a state-of-the-a

14、rt computer aided on-line telemonitoring system. The system consists of 130 sensors (98 temperature, 25 gas, 3 pressure, 2 heat ?ux, 1 each velocity and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) concentration sensor) and instru

15、ments with data logger, computer, computer peripheral etc. for continuous monitoring of various ?re parameters like gas concentration (O2, CO2, CO, CH4 & H2), air velocity, pressure across ?re zone and fan pressure,

16、temperature, heat ?ux, dust </p><p>　　Figure 1 Isometric view of mine ?re model gallery</p><p>　　Details of the construction of the gallery and its instrumentation system have beendescribed el

17、sewhere In the experiments inner side of the ?ring zone of the gallery which is 22 m in length (?ring zone starts from 10.5 m from the entry of the gallery) was lined with a thin layer of coal slabs, 8–10 cm thick, broug

18、ht from Dobrana seam of New Kenda Colliery. Fixing of coal slabs were effected with a mixture of air setting cement and liquid binder. In each set of experiments about 18–20 tons of coa</p><p>　　The paper ad

19、dresses all the above control measures that have been applied all over the world. Results of experimentation on open ?res in Mine Fire Model Gallery are also discussed.</p><p>　　3.Fghting Mine Fires</p>

20、;<p>　　3.1 High Pressure Foam</p><p>　　Use of foam plugs has been successful in ?ghting mine ?res in roadways where direct attack with water is not possible. USBM studies reveals that the water conten

21、t of the foam should not be less than 0.20 kg/m3 otherwise the foam is not capable of controlling the ?re. With su?cient ventilating forces (around 8 cm wg) properly generated foam may be transported over 300 m. Foam doe

22、s not appear to be effective against deep seated, rapidly advancing, buried or dead end ?res.</p><p>　　In India, suppression of spontaneous heating by high pressure high stability foam is a new and effective

23、 method. However, the method has been widely used in Czech mines in controlling spontaneous heating of the mined out areas of longwall panels.</p><p>　　The foam is produced by high pressure foam generator un

24、der the pressure of 10 foaming gas. The produced foam is transported by pipelines or ?re hoses to the ?re area. Inert gas (N2, CO2), compressed air or a combination of both is used as foaming gas. The foam generator cons

25、ists of two independent units namely pumping unit and foam generating unit. The foam is produced from a mixture consisting of water and 5% foaming agent. This mixture is pumped by a pumping unit into a foam-generating un

26、it wh</p><p>　　The foam helps in controlling the spontaneous heating in following manner.</p><p>　　Reducing air leakage through mined out area</p><p>　　Reducing temperature</p>

27、;<p>　　Reducing the rate of sorption of oxygen by the coal as the foam forms a thin</p><p>　　protective ?lm over the coal.</p><p>　　Pumping Unit</p><p>　　400 V, 50 Hz</p&g

28、t;<p>　　5%mixture Fire Hose Foam to Fire</p><p>　　Affected Area</p>&l

29、t;p>　　of water &</p><p>　　foaming agent Foam Generating Unit</p><p>　　Figure 3 Set up for injection of high-pressure high stability nitrogen</p><

30、p>　　High pressure nitrogen foam has recently been used in AW1 longwall panel of 1 & 2 Incline mine of Jhanjra project, ECL with very encouraging results. In this mine foam was injected in the longwall goaf through

31、 boreholes. A trolley mounted PSA type nitrogen generator having a capacity of 300 Nm3/h. was used. High pressure high stability nitrogen foam (HPHS) is cheap (one kg of foaming agent capable of producing 2 m3 of foam co

32、sting about 2.1 $) and has long self life. The HPHS nitrogen foam at a </p><p>　　It has been observed from the results that there was substantial reduction in temperature. The average value of this reduction

33、 in temperature has been found to be 207°C per hour.</p><p>　　After infusion of foam in open ?re condition the concentration of all the Products of Combustion (POC) like CO2, CO, CH4 and H2 has decrease

34、d, indicating the retardation of combustion process.</p><p>　　On infusion of foam, reduction of generation rate of CO2 and CO is estimated as 80% and 85%, respectively.</p><p>　　High-pressure hi

35、gh stability nitrogen foam technology proved to be promising to control open ?res. However, 200-m3/h infusion rate was found inadequate to suppress the ?re completely.</p><p>　　3.2. Water Mist</p><

36、;p>　　Water can be used in mines either in the form of spray or mist. McPherson (1993) mentioned that once a ?re has been progressed to a fuel rich condition thereis little chance of extinguishing without sealing off t

37、he ?re. He does, however, suggest that a means available to gain control of the ?re by the application of water as a natural scale fog.</p><p>　　‘‘Water mist’’ refers to ?ne water sprays in which 99% of the

38、volume of the spray is in droplets with diameter less than 1,000 l. Water mist ?re suppression systems (WMFSSs) are readily available, simple in design and construction, easy to maintain, effectual in suppressing various

39、 ?res, non-toxic, and cheaper than other familiar ?re suppressing system with no harmful environmental impact.</p><p>　　While applied in ?re areas, it cleans the air by dissolving soluble toxic gases produce

40、d during combustion, washing down smoke and suppressing dust, and thus improves visibility as well. Unlike many other ?re ?ghting systems, WMFSSs can be safely used in manned areas and found to be effective in open condi

41、tion. Furthermore, water consumption in WMFSSs is far less than that in water ?ushing, spraying or sprinkling systems. On account of these advantages, much study has been carried out in recent </p><p>　　A su

42、rvey carried out in 1996 indicated that nearly 50 agencies around the world were involved in the research and development of WMFSSs, ranging from theoretical investigations into extinguishing mechanisms and computer mode

43、ling to the development, patenting and manufacturing of water mist generating equipment . Water mist is being evaluated for the suppression of ?res in diesel fuel storage areas in underground mines at National Institute

44、for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh. </p><p>　　The concept of water mist to suppress the mine ?re is a unique one and for the ?rst time in India it has been tried in the Mine Fire Model Ga

45、llery to work out the strategy to control ?re with the water mist in actual mining condition . For the purpose an indigenous system for generation of water mist has been developed.</p><p>　　The water mist wa

46、s infused in the gallery at a rate of 33 l/min. From the study the following points are emerged.</p><p>　　After only 20 min of infusion of water mist on the full-?edged ?re the temperature along the length o

47、f the gallery was reduced to a great extent. The average reduction of temperature was found to be 294°C per hour. It also reduces the backlash to a great extent.</p><p>　　It has been found that after ap

48、plication of water mist the oxygen concentration had increased to above 19% whereas the product of combustion gases (no measurable amount of methane) have decreased indicating retardation of combustion process.</p>

49、<p>　　On application of water mist, reduction of generation rate of CO2 and CO was estimated as 89% and 93%, respectively.</p><p>　　In the experiment with water mist hydrogen percent recorded an incre

50、ase by 0.01–0.26% which is well below the explosive limit. Therefore, there was no formation of water gas (fuel gas containing about 50% CO, 40% H2, and small amounts of CH4, CO2 and N2) terminating the possibility of ex

51、plosion.</p><p>　　On application of water mist the opacity was decreased by 84%. Therefore, it can be inferred that the water mist has the potential to improve the visibility in the mines during open ?re con

52、dition.</p><p>　　4. Conclusion</p><p>　　Based on theoretical, experimental and ?eld observations the following points are emerged.</p><p>　　1) Recent successful control of ?re with

53、high-pressure high stability nitrogen foam in Indian coal mines and on open ?re experimentation in CMRI mine ?re model gallery has provided ample evidence that foam technology is a promising one.</p><p>　　2)

54、 Water mist seems to have enough potential to control open mine ?re as has been observed on experimentation in CMRI mine ?re model gallery. It has several advantages. It reduces the temperature as well as Product of Comb

55、ustion POC) gases particularly CO to a great extent. Further, it reduces the backlash nd SPM concentration thereby improves the visibility. There is no threat of ormation of water gas eliminating the chances of explosion

56、.</p><p>　　References</p><p>　　[1] R.P. Singh, I. Ahmed, A.K. Singh, S.M. Verma, B.C. Bhowmick ‘‘A Model Experimental Gallery in India to Study Open Fire Dynamics in Mines—Its Design and nstrume

57、ntation’’, in Proceedings of the 7th International Mine Ventilation Congress. racow, Poland, 17–22 June, 2001, pp. 885–892.</p><p>　　[2] S.K. Ray, A. Zutshi, B.C. Bhowmick, N. Sahay, and R.P. Singh, ‘‘Fighti

58、ng Mine Fires sing Gases with Particular Reference to Nitrogen’’, Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, vol. 100(4), 2000, pp. 265–272.</p><p>　　[3] A. Adamus, ‘‘Review of the Use

59、of Nitrogen in Mine Fires’’, Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section A, Mining Technology, vol. 111, 2002, pp.A89–A98.</p><p>　　[4] R. Morris, ‘‘A Review of Experiences on the Use o

60、f Inert Gases in Mine Fires’’, Mining Science and Technology, vol. 6(1), 1987, pp. 37–69.</p><p>　　[5] T.V. Thomas, ‘‘The Use of Nitrogen in Controlling an Underground Fire at Fernhill olliery’’, The Mining

61、Engineer, vol. 123, 1964, pp. 311–336.</p><p>　　[6] J.P.L. Bacharach, A.L. Craven, and D.B. Stewart, ‘‘Underground Mine Fire Control ith Inerting Systems’’, CIM Bulletin, vol. 79, 1986, pp. 67–72.</p>

62、<p>　　[7] S.P. Banerjee, ‘‘Nitrogen Flushing in Coal mines as a Measure against Mine Fires’’, ransactions, Mining Geological and Metallurgical Institute of India, vol. 84(supplemento. 2), 1987, pp. 1–9.</p>

63、<p>　　[8] E.R. Wastell and G. Walker, ‘‘The Use of Nitrogen in Fryston Colliery’’, The Mining ngineer, vol. 142, 1983, pp. 27–36.</p><p>　　[9] CMRI S&T Report on ‘‘Studies on Simulation of Open Fire

64、s in a Mine Gallery under aried Air?ow for Suppression of Fire and Explosions in Underground Coal mines’’, GAP/11/97, 116 pp.</p><p><b>　　中文譯文</b></p><p>　　煤礦火災(zāi)控制的最近發(fā)展和實(shí)踐</p>

65、<p>　　S . K·雷　　 R . P·辛格</p><p>　　中央礦業(yè)研究所，印度，丹巴德，恰爾肯德邦，826 001</p><p>　　摘要：煤礦火災(zāi)嚴(yán)重威脅人們的財(cái)產(chǎn)和生命。防火的先進(jìn)技術(shù)已經(jīng)取得突破，例如火風(fēng)壓控制，注惰性氣體或液體氮、動(dòng)態(tài)壓力平衡,礦井通風(fēng)中風(fēng)流逆轉(zhuǎn)的應(yīng)用,地下采空區(qū)的注泡沫、惰性、水霧等。文中對(duì)以上控制技術(shù)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的介紹

66、，對(duì)世界各地區(qū)煤礦控制火災(zāi)的成功案例進(jìn)行了報(bào)道。討論了最近完成的一個(gè)關(guān)于各種的火壓控制工藝,如注液體氮、注入高壓高穩(wěn)定性氮?dú)馀菽?多組分細(xì)水霧在明火控制的科學(xué)技術(shù)項(xiàng)目。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：煤礦火災(zāi)、氮?dú)馀菽?、采空區(qū)惰性氣體及水霧</p><p><b>　　1簡(jiǎn)介</b></p><p>　　一直以來(lái),采礦被看作是最危險(xiǎn)的日常活動(dòng)。地

67、下礦井工作面火災(zāi)的爆發(fā)的直接的威脅來(lái)自明火。此外,另一個(gè)無(wú)形的直接威脅來(lái)自一氧化碳中毒和爆炸,特別是高瓦斯煤礦。它會(huì)影響到工作人員在地下的時(shí)間,包括后續(xù)救援及消防工作。</p><p>　　它不僅妨害煤炭生產(chǎn),還會(huì)損失采煤機(jī)械。</p><p>　　在煤礦火災(zāi)分成兩組：(a)由煤自燃引起；(b)明火,由自然環(huán)境中的意外造成,由于點(diǎn)燃可燃材料。</p><p>　　煤

68、礦火災(zāi)通常是由如下原因造成的：風(fēng)流停滯，進(jìn)風(fēng)和回風(fēng)高壓力差,采空區(qū)松散遺煤，電力、機(jī)械摩擦、爆破、焊接、爆炸和違規(guī)喝酒。</p><p><b>　　2防火巷道模型</b></p><p>　　為了理解明火發(fā)生的復(fù)雜動(dòng)態(tài)現(xiàn)象(我礦井風(fēng)流中的火災(zāi)通常從單一點(diǎn)的著火點(diǎn)開(kāi)始)和各種控制火災(zāi)技術(shù)的有效性：例如液氮壓制工藝,高壓高穩(wěn)定性氮?dú)馀菽退F,最近印度丹巴德中央礦井水霧

69、研究所設(shè)計(jì)和建造了一個(gè)礦井火災(zāi)模型的巷道。該模型巷道長(zhǎng)65.5米;拱形，底寬2.4米,高2.7米。巷道的橫截面是5.86平方米。巷道分為火區(qū)和無(wú)火區(qū)。抽出式軸流風(fēng)機(jī)通風(fēng)能力為25m3/ s .50mm高水柱的空氣壓入裝置被安裝在它的末端。這條巷道配備兩部滑動(dòng)門(mén)作為調(diào)節(jié)所需氣流快速密封火區(qū)的移動(dòng)風(fēng)門(mén)。三維視圖模型畫(huà)廊如圖1所示。它配備了最先進(jìn)的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助在線遠(yuǎn)程控制系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)由130個(gè)傳感器(98個(gè)溫度、3個(gè)壓力、25個(gè)氣體、2個(gè)熱流

70、密度、1個(gè)速度和懸浮微粒(SPM)濃度傳感器)和數(shù)據(jù)日志記錄器、電腦、電腦輔助設(shè)備等火災(zāi)連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)的各種參數(shù),如巷道內(nèi)氣體濃度(O2、CO2, CH4和CO,H2),空氣流速、火區(qū)壓力和風(fēng)機(jī)壓力、溫度、熱流密度、灰塵和微粒濃度。巷道內(nèi)的結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)節(jié)及儀器系統(tǒng)在其他地方描述 [1]。</p><p>　　長(zhǎng)22米的實(shí)驗(yàn)火區(qū)巷道 (巷道開(kāi)始10.50米)是用薄薄的一層從多不拉新建煤礦運(yùn)來(lái)的煤板襯里,厚8 - 10厘米。固

71、定的煤板和氣體裝置混合物用水泥和液體的粘合劑固定住。每一組實(shí)驗(yàn)用18 - 20噸煤。</p><p>　　上文所有的控制措施,已被廣泛應(yīng)用于世界各地。在礦井火災(zāi)模型巷道中的明火的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果也進(jìn)行了討論。</p><p>　　圖1　等距礦井火災(zāi)巷道模型</p><p><b>　　3防火技術(shù)</b></p><p><

72、b>　　3.1高壓泡沫</b></p><p>　　注泡沫已經(jīng)成功應(yīng)用在礦山火災(zāi)救援中，在巷道中直接用水滅火是不可能的。USBM研究表明,泡沫中含水不應(yīng)小于0.20公斤/立方米,否則泡沫不能夠控制火勢(shì)。足夠的風(fēng)力(大約8厘米高水柱)產(chǎn)生的泡沫可以能被運(yùn)輸?shù)?00米。泡沫對(duì)深部,快速推進(jìn),被埋或盲巷火災(zāi)似乎無(wú)效。</p><p>　　在印度,用高壓高穩(wěn)定性泡沫抑制自燃熱是一

73、種新的、有效的方法。然而,這種方法已經(jīng)被廣泛地應(yīng)用于控制捷克礦山長(zhǎng)壁工作面自熱。</p><p>　　泡沫是由高壓泡沫產(chǎn)生器的發(fā)泡氣體的壓力下產(chǎn)生的。所產(chǎn)生的泡沫由管道和消防水龍輸送到火區(qū)。惰性氣體(N2,二氧化碳)、壓縮空氣或兩者的結(jié)合,作為泡沫氣體。泡沫發(fā)生器由兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的單位即抽出裝置和泡沫產(chǎn)生裝置組成。泡沫是由水和5%的發(fā)泡劑組成的混合物。泡沫產(chǎn)生裝置產(chǎn)生泡沫，再由抽出裝置抽出形成混合物。同時(shí)惰性氣體(N2

74、)為泡沫發(fā)生器提供0.2兆帕的最低壓力,泡沫混合物從噴嘴噴出,然后通過(guò)泡沫發(fā)生器內(nèi)部安裝的細(xì)網(wǎng)格。發(fā)泡單位的出口，阻燃水帶的適用管徑依據(jù)泡沫注入的運(yùn)輸方式。HPHS氮泡沫的發(fā)生系統(tǒng)被如圖3。</p><p>　　泡沫以如下方式控制自燃熱：　　</p><p>　　降低通過(guò)開(kāi)采區(qū)域漏風(fēng)</p><p><b>　　降低溫度</b></p&g

75、t;<p>　　煤形成薄泡沫降低吸附氧的速率</p><p>　　在煤表面形成保護(hù)膜。</p><p>　　高壓氮?dú)馀菽?最近已被應(yīng)用于約翰約拉項(xiàng)目2號(hào)礦井的AW1長(zhǎng)壁工作面，取得了令人鼓舞的結(jié)果。將這個(gè)礦井的泡沫注入長(zhǎng)壁采空區(qū)圍巖附近。一個(gè)推車(chē)上安裝產(chǎn)量300 Nm3 /小時(shí)的PSA型氮發(fā)生器。高壓高穩(wěn)定性氮泡沫(HPHS)成本低(一公斤的發(fā)泡劑可以生產(chǎn)2立方米的泡沫，成本

76、2.1美元)，使用壽命長(zhǎng)。</p><p><b>　　抽出機(jī)</b></p><p>　　400 V,50赫茲</p><p><b>　　2007年火技術(shù)</b></p><p><b>　　5%混合物的水和</b></p><p>　　發(fā)泡劑　　　

77、　　泡沫發(fā)生器</p><p>　　圖3　用于注入高壓高穩(wěn)定氮的設(shè)備</p><p>　　HPHS氮?dú)馀菽乃俾蕿?00立方米/小時(shí)，被應(yīng)用在CMRI礦井火災(zāi)模型試驗(yàn)巷道控制開(kāi)火。</p><p>　　以下幾點(diǎn)值得一提的。</p><p>　　觀察實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,溫度顯著降低。平均降低溫度值是為207°C/h。在著火狀態(tài)輸入泡沫后所有

78、產(chǎn)物的濃度如二氧化碳、一氧化碳、CH4及H2有所減少,說(shuō)明燃燒過(guò)程中有阻滯效應(yīng)。在輸入泡沫上, CO2和CO減少的生成率大約分別為80%、85%。高壓高穩(wěn)定氮技術(shù)已被證明是控制火災(zāi)的有前景的技術(shù)。然而,200m3 / h注入速率不足以完全抑制火災(zāi)。</p><p><b>　　3.1水霧</b></p><p>　　水可以在礦山中以噴涂或霧的形式使用。麥弗遜式(199

79、3)提到,一旦大火燃料豐富的條件下發(fā)展，不封閉將火熄滅的可能性很小。然而, 他建議的可用方法：用水作一種自然水霧控制火災(zāi)。</p><p>　　“水霧”是指細(xì)霧噴劑,其中1%體積是水，液滴直徑小于1000。細(xì)水霧撲滅火災(zāi)系統(tǒng)(WMFSSs)可用性強(qiáng),設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)單、施工維護(hù)容易，可有效抑制各種火災(zāi)、無(wú)毒、成本低，抑制系統(tǒng)與其他熟悉的防火系統(tǒng)對(duì)環(huán)境無(wú)害。應(yīng)用于火災(zāi)地區(qū)時(shí),它可通過(guò)溶解空氣中可溶性有毒氣體產(chǎn)物凈化空氣，洗滌

80、煙燃燒過(guò)程及其抑制灰塵、提高能見(jiàn)度。不同于其他許多消防系統(tǒng)、WMFSSs可被安全地用于載人航天領(lǐng)域,還能有效用于開(kāi)放狀態(tài)。另外， WMFSSs用水量遠(yuǎn)小于沖洗,噴施或?yàn)⑺到y(tǒng)。由于這些優(yōu)勢(shì), 近年來(lái)已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了許多研究發(fā)展適當(dāng)?shù)腤MFSSs來(lái)控制各種類型和尺寸的火災(zāi)。</p><p>　　1996年的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查表明,在世界各地近50個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)參與了WMFSSs調(diào)查研究和發(fā)展, 調(diào)查范圍從理論到滅火機(jī)制，從計(jì)算機(jī)建模到發(fā)展

81、前景，并申請(qǐng)了生產(chǎn)細(xì)水霧發(fā)生設(shè)備的專利。職業(yè)安全與國(guó)家研究所健康管理局也在評(píng)估水霧在柴油燃料儲(chǔ)存區(qū)域和地下開(kāi)采礦山的防火效果。細(xì)水霧顯示出抑制富燃料火災(zāi)的積極影響。礦業(yè)及礦物工程部、維吉尼亞理工大學(xué)和州立大學(xué)建了一條30平方厘米,9米長(zhǎng)風(fēng)洞，在其中進(jìn)行了一系列水霧實(shí)驗(yàn)。富燃料火災(zāi)指燃燒產(chǎn)物中氧含量低于15%。細(xì)水霧的概念來(lái)滅礦井火災(zāi)是獨(dú)特的，也是第一次在印度嘗試，一直以來(lái)礦井火災(zāi)模型巷道也在解決細(xì)水霧在實(shí)際開(kāi)采條件控制火勢(shì)的技術(shù)。水霧發(fā)

82、生系統(tǒng)已被發(fā)展出來(lái)。水霧以33 升/分鐘的速度注入巷道。研究中有以下幾點(diǎn)值得說(shuō)明：</p><p>　　水霧在完全燃燒的火災(zāi)中20分鐘后，沿巷道溫度能最大程度的降低。平均降低溫度294°C/小時(shí)。它也能最大限度降低復(fù)燃的可能。人們發(fā)現(xiàn),應(yīng)用細(xì)水霧后氧濃度增加到19%以上，燃燒氣體產(chǎn)物(微量甲烷)減少，表明延遲了燃燒過(guò)程。</p><p>　　應(yīng)用細(xì)水霧后,減少CO2和CO的生成率

83、分別為大約89%和93%。在細(xì)水霧實(shí)驗(yàn)中,氫含量百分比增加了0.01-0.26%，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于爆炸極限。因此,沒(méi)有形成水蒸氣(可燃?xì)怏w含有50%CO和40% H2,微量的CH4、CO2、N2)，沒(méi)有爆炸性。</p><p><b>　　4結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　基于理論、實(shí)驗(yàn)和實(shí)地觀察得出如下結(jié)論：</p><p>　　1）最近高壓高穩(wěn)定

84、氮泡沫在印度成功應(yīng)用于煤礦滅火，在CMRI礦山火災(zāi)模擬巷道的明火實(shí)驗(yàn)提供了充分的證據(jù)表明泡沫技術(shù)是一種非常有前景的技術(shù)。</p><p>　　2）細(xì)水霧在礦井明火控制潛能和CMRI礦井火災(zāi)模型巷道實(shí)驗(yàn)中觀察到的一樣。它有幾個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)。它降低溫度以及燃燒氣體產(chǎn)物濃度，尤其是CO。另外,它減少?gòu)?fù)燃，降低SPM濃度,從而提高可見(jiàn)度。無(wú)爆炸性的水煤氣沒(méi)有任何威脅。</p><p><b>　

85、　參考文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　[1]R.P.辛格,艾哈邁德,A.K.辛格，S.M.維爾馬，B.C.伯米格等. 一個(gè)在印度研究礦井火災(zāi)模型試驗(yàn)巷道的設(shè)計(jì)和設(shè)備,第七屆國(guó)際礦井通風(fēng)會(huì)議，波蘭，2001,06： 885-892。 </p><p>　　[2]S.K.雷,A.烏斯,B.C伯米格,N.薩海等.利用氣體氮防治礦井火災(zāi),國(guó)立成功大學(xué)研究所,南非礦冶卷第3期：265–

86、272。</p><p>　　[3] A阿達(dá)姆斯。礦井火災(zāi)使用氮的回顧,礦山技術(shù)第111期，2002：89-98。</p><p>　　[4]R.姆瑞斯。惰性氣體在礦井火災(zāi)的使用，采礦科學(xué)和技術(shù)第6期,1987： 37-69。 </p><p>　　[5]T.V托馬斯。氮在地下煤礦火災(zāi)控制的使用，采礦工程師卷第3期,1964：311-336。 </p>

87、<p>　　[6] J.P.L伯切拉, A.L.卡芬, D.B. 斯特瓦。礦井火災(zāi)控制系統(tǒng), CIM通報(bào),1979：67-72。</p><p>　　[7] ] S.P.伯拉吉。煤礦氮沖洗作為一種礦井火災(zāi)防治方法，開(kāi)采地質(zhì)及冶金研究所,第84期,1987：1 - 9。</p><p>　　[8] E.R. 瓦斯特爾, G. 瓦格。氮在弗賴斯頓煤礦的使用,采礦工程師卷第3期, 1