鉛酸蓄電池基本知識(shí)外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　英文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　英文資料</b></p><p>　　A basic knowledge of lead-acid batteries </p><p>　　(A), the basic concepts of </p><p>　　1,

2、the basic definition of </p><p>　　Energy can be changed in various forms of energy, one of them, the chemical energy into electrical energy conversion device called chemical batteries, the general referred t

3、o as batteries, battery cells and batteries are the original division. </p><p>　　Discharge can not be used after the manner of charging the internal regeneration of active substances called primary cells, al

4、so known as a one-time battery. Can be used after discharge rechargeable internal activity of the establishment of renewable material, the energy stored as chemical energy, the need to discharge the chemical energy to el

5、ectrical energy is converted to the battery, called the battery, also known as secondary batteries.</p><p>　　(B), lead-acid batteries </p><p>　　1, the definition of </p><p>　　Lead-a

6、cid battery is a battery, the main feature is the use of dilute sulfuric acid electrolyte to do with lead dioxide and lead, respectively, velvet-like cells as a positive and negative battery acid. </p><p>　　

7、2, classification </p><p>　　Battery plate according to the types of structure: there is the formation of style, painted cream and tubular batteries.</p><p>　　By the battery cover and the types o

8、f structure: there are open-type, exhaust type, anti-acid-type explosion-proof and sealed valve-regulated batteries. </p><p>　　Battery maintenance mode by Category: A general-type, low maintenance type, main

9、tenance-free battery. </p><p>　　In accordance with the provisions of the relevant standard of China's battery products mainly include: </p><p>　　Starting batteries: mainly used in automobile

10、s, tractors, ships, such as diesel engine start-up and lighting. </p><p>　　Fixed-type batteries: mainly used in telecommunications, power plants, computer systems as a means of protection, automatic control

11、of the standby power. </p><p>　　Traction-type batteries: batteries mainly used in a variety of vehicles, forklifts, lift trucks, such as dynamic power. </p><p>　　Railway Battery: mainly used in

12、railway locomotives, electric locomotives, passenger cars starting, lighting of the driving force. </p><p>　　Motorcycle Batteries: Motorcycle main specifications for a variety of start-up and lighting. </

13、p><p>　　Mine used batteries: mainly used for electric locomotive traction power supply. </p><p>　　Battery Energy Storage: mainly used in wind power, hydro-electric power energy storage. </p>

14、<p>　　3, the basic structure: lead-acid batteries are generated mainly by the following components: </p><p>　　1, hard-rubber trough 2, anode plate 3, cathode plates 4, partition 5, saddle 6, bus 7, rub

15、ber seal 8, the battery slot cover 9, to connect 10 most column 11, the exhaust bolt </p><p>　　Positive and negative electrode </p><p>　　Plate lead-acid batteries, according to chemical structur

16、e and method of active substances can be divided into four categories: style pasted plate, tubular plate, into a plate-type, semi-chemical-type plate. Paste-type electrode coated by the grid and active material compositi

17、on. Grid to support the role of active substances and conduction current, so that uniform current distribution. Material grid of lead-antimony alloys in general, the use of maintenance-free lead-calcium alloy batteries.

18、Cat</p><p>　　Partition </p><p>　　Battery separators are microporous rubber, fiberglass and other materials, its main role is to: </p><p>　　Positive and negative electrode to prevent

19、 short-circuit; to enable the smooth passage of the electrolyte anion Chiang Kai-shek. Slow positive and negative electrode active material of the loss, positive and negative plates to prevent damage due to vibration. &l

20、t;/p><p>　　Electrolyte </p><p>　　Battery electrolyte is an important part of its role is to conduction current and to participate in electrochemical reaction </p><p>　　By concentrated

21、sulfuric acid electrolyte and purified water (deionized water) from the preparation, the purity and density of the electrolyte of the battery capacity and life expectancy have had a significant impact. </p><p&

22、gt;　　Battery shell, covered </p><p>　　Battery shells, cover the positive and negative electrode and electrolyte loading of containers, generally made of plastic and rubber materials. </p><p>　　E

23、xhaust bolt </p><p>　　Exhaust bolt generally made of plastic material, the role of the battery from sealed to prevent air entry, to prevent electrode oxidation. At the same time, the battery can be recharged

24、 when the gas produced from the battery to avoid dangerous batteries. </p><p>　　Before use: the need to bolt on the exhaust of the blind hole pierced with wire in order to ensure smooth gas overflow.</p&g

25、t;<p>　　Second, the use of battery electric vehicles and maintenance (A), batteries installed </p><p>　　Battery generally used in series, that is, the cathode of a battery with one battery connected

26、to the anode, all the batteries together, and finally the remaining positive and negative terminals with the wiring connected to the corresponding electric vehicles, electric vehicle motor, controller, instruments such a

27、s the electricity load is a battery. </p><p>　　Battery electric vehicles are generally box, from the installation location divided slash-style, after the plug and the chassis-mounted, the shape of its struct

28、ure can be varied. Each depot has its own electrical characteristics. Figure battery box generally made with engineering plastics, and its strength is better, lighter weight, ease of installation. General by the end of t

29、he battery box tank, roof, and charge the battery contact point socket, trams, etc. lock. Trough and fastens at the end </p><p>　　(B), the rechargeable battery </p><p>　　"Battery is not bad

30、 but bad charge", this is not alarmist talk, the performance of good and bad battery life of the battery and use play a decisive role in performance, attention must be given. </p><p>　　1, the battery ch

31、arging process on the requirements </p><p>　　Rechargeable battery technology for understanding the basic requirements is to analyze the basis of charging technology. Rechargeable batteries of the basic requi

32、rements are: the charge current should be less than or equal to the battery charge current can be received. Otherwise, the current surplus would electrolyte consumed too quickly, resulting in the following hazards: </

33、p><p>　　Increased battery water loss, increased the maintenance workload for the maintenance-free batteries, can cause early battery failure; produce mist, resulting in environmental pollution, health hazards t

34、o workers; so charging efficiency, resulting in a serious waste of energy. </p><p>　　Charging process of electrochemical reaction is the discharge process of the reverse reaction, if the charging process of

35、electrochemical reaction in an ideal state, and this process should be complementary to each reverse reaction, that is filled with the release of the power of electricity should be basically the same. However, in a serio

36、us state of gas, the effective charge of the electrochemical reaction process power consumption of less than 40% of the total electricity consumption, that is</p><p>　　Gathered gases within porous electrode

37、in the battery to reduce the electrolyte and the porous electrode contact area, that is, the electrochemical reaction of the interface charge is drastically reduced, so that the speed of chemical reactions reduce the cha

38、rge, the charge is very difficult to extend the charging time. </p><p>　　Gas will be serious damage to the battery: ① a large number of gases have on the plate were washed active role of the active substance

39、 soft and easy to fall off. ② polarization at the higher voltage, the positive plate grid of serious corrosion, generation of Pb02, such structures and electrochemical corrosion Pb02 survival is completely different, whi

40、ch is not reversible oxide, conductive poor and grid deformation, brittle fracture, the loss of the role of skeleton and conductivity. Should be i</p><p>　　Rechargeable long-term lack of response to the acti

41、ve substance did not produce irreversible positive large granular high PbS04 grain (that is, irreversible sulfation) to decrease battery capacity, internal resistance to increase, charging more difficult, resulting in ea

42、rly damage to the battery. Therefore, as far as possible to ensure sufficient battery power to prevent irreversible sulfation. </p><p>　　2, the frequency of the choice of charging </p><p>　　Batt

43、ery life cycle of the depth of the impact of large changes in the basic exponentially. This is because the positive active material for Pb02, the combination of fastness is not high, discharge time and charge into PbS04

44、into PbO2, and PbSO4 size larger than PbO2 (the volume ratio of about 2: 1). Therefore, the positive plate, the actives will be repeated contraction expansion to the connection between the particles gradually fell off, s

45、o that the loss of battery discharge characteristics act</p><p>　　According to the charging requirements of the best on the actual situation, it is necessary to refer to normal operating frequency, length, t

46、he storage battery factory provided, as well as supporting the development of charger performance parameters such as frequency of charge. By the vast majority of users, in order to discharge the battery depth of 50% -70%

47、 of an electric charge the best, so that battery life for the best results. Actual use can be converted to mileage riding in an electric ch</p><p>　　3, the effects of temperature on the charge </p>&l

48、t;p>　　Season run at a high temperature battery, the main problem of the existence of charge-off. Battery when the temperature increased, the increase in the activity of active substances, positive potential of a decli

49、ne in oxygen evolution, oxygen evolution anode potential also decreased (negative decrease), so charging rechargeable fast response time, charge current, and charging needs lower the charge voltage. In order to prevent e

50、xcessive charge voltage, battery temperature should be kept as low as</p><p>　　Batteries at low temperatures, the lower the activity of the active substance, which dissolved electrode becomes difficult, aft

51、er the charge consumed when it is difficult to be added Pb, the charge current significant drop in positive plate at -20 ℃ in the charge acceptance of current only 70% at room temperature, and the negative effects of cha

52、rging by the expansion agent, the ability to accept a lower charge temperature -20 ℃ to accept the charge current of only 40% of room temperature. There</p><p>　　Storage and use of batteries during charging

53、can be activated periodically, the so-called balance charge, this battery to prevent irreversible sulfation very good for a very good battery life, it is worth advocating.</p><p>　　Third, note the use of bat

54、teries </p><p>　　1, to prevent over discharge </p><p>　　Battery voltage after the termination of discharge to continue to discharge as the discharge-off. Will have serious damage to the battery

55、discharge, the electrical performance of the battery cycle life and severely disadvantaged. </p><p>　　Battery discharge voltage to the termination of the internal resistance of a larger concentration of elec

56、trolyte is very thin, especially the plate hole and the surface almost at neutral, had fever resistance discharge orientation, volume expansion, a larger discharge current, the apparent heat (or even develop fever deform

57、ation), then sulfuric acid concentration of lead in particular, and the existence of branches increased the possibility of short-circuit crystal Moreover at this time will be </p><p>　　Should have been used

58、to prevent battery discharge, the "under-voltage protection" is a very effective measure. In addition, electric vehicles as a result of "under-voltage protection" is controlled by the controller, but

59、the controller other than the voltage of some equipment such as tables, lights and other electrical power consumption is directly powered by the battery, the power supply in general is not controller, the electric lock (

60、switch) In the event of power began to close. While the cu</p><p>　　2, to prevent over charging </p><p>　　In front of charging has been described to lead rechargeable batteries will increase the

61、 water loss will be accelerated grid corrosion and active material softening, the deformation will increase the chance of battery. Should try to avoid the occurrence of charge-off; choose battery charger parameters with

62、a good match, it is necessary to fully understand the seasons in high-temperature battery operation, as well as during the whole life changes. Do not use the battery when placed in the overhea</p><p>　　3, to

63、 prevent short-circuit </p><p>　　State in the short-circuit the battery, the short-circuit current of up to several hundred amperes. Exposure to short-circuit the more firmly, the greater the short-circuit c

64、urrent, so all connections will have a lot of heat in part, in the weak link in greater heat will fuse junction, resulting in short-circuit phenomenon. Local batteries can be explosive gases may be generated (or stoed ch

65、arge can be set when the gas explosion), in connection sparks when the fuse will cause battery explosion; </p><p>　　5, to prevent exposure in the sun </p><p>　　Sun exposure will increase the bat

66、tery temperature, battery the active material to increase the activity, the impact of battery life.</p><p><b>　　中文翻譯</b></p><p>　　一、鉛酸蓄電池基本知識(shí) </p><p>　　（一）、基本概念　　 </p

67、><p><b>　　1、基本定義 　</b></p><p>　　電能可由多種形式的能量變化得來(lái)，其中把化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)換成電能的裝置叫化學(xué)電池，一般簡(jiǎn)稱為電池，電池有原電池和蓄電池之分。</p><p>　　放電后不能用充電的方式使內(nèi)部活性物質(zhì)再生的叫原電池，也稱一次性電池。 放電后可以用充電的方式使內(nèi)部活性物質(zhì)再生，把電能儲(chǔ)存為化學(xué)能，需要放電時(shí)再次

68、把化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)換為電能的電池，叫蓄電池，也稱二次電池。</p><p>　?。ǘU酸蓄電池 </p><p><b>　　1 、定義 </b></p><p>　　鉛酸蓄電池是蓄電池的一種，主要特點(diǎn)是采用稀硫酸做電解液，用二氧化鉛和絨狀鉛分別做為電池的正極和負(fù)極的一種酸性蓄電池。</p><p><b>　　2

69、 、分類 </b></p><p>　　按蓄電池極板結(jié)構(gòu)分類：有形成式、涂膏式和管式蓄電池。</p><p>　　按蓄電池蓋和結(jié)構(gòu)分類：有開口式、排氣式、防酸隔爆式和密封閥控式蓄電池。</p><p>　　按蓄電池維護(hù)方式分類：有普通式、少維護(hù)式、免維護(hù)式蓄電池。 </p><p>　　按我國(guó)有關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定主要蓄電池系列產(chǎn)品有： &

70、lt;/p><p>　　起動(dòng)型蓄電池：主要用于汽車、拖拉機(jī)、柴油機(jī)船舶等起動(dòng)和照明。 </p><p>　　固定型蓄電池：主要用于通訊、發(fā)電廠、計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)作為保護(hù)、自動(dòng)控制的備用電源。 </p><p>　　牽引型蓄電池：主要用于各種蓄電池車、叉車、鏟車等動(dòng)力電源。 </p><p>　　鐵路用蓄電池：主要用于鐵路內(nèi)燃機(jī)車、電力機(jī)車、客車起動(dòng)、照

71、明之動(dòng)力。 </p><p>　　摩托車蓄電池：主要用于各種規(guī)格摩托車起動(dòng)和照明。 </p><p>　　煤礦用蓄電池：主要用于電力機(jī)車牽引動(dòng)力電源。 </p><p>　　儲(chǔ)能用蓄電池：主要用于風(fēng)力、水力發(fā)電電能儲(chǔ)存。 </p><p><b>　　3 、基本構(gòu)造</b></p><p>　　鉛

72、酸蓄電池主要由以下部分構(gòu)成： </p><p>　　1 、硬橡膠槽 2 、負(fù)極板 3 、正極板 4 、隔板 5 、鞍子 6 、匯流排 </p><p>　　7 、封口膠 8 、電池槽蓋 9 、連接條 10 、極柱 11 、排氣栓 </p><p><b>　　正負(fù)極板</b></p><p>　　鉛酸蓄電池的極板，依構(gòu)造

73、和活性物質(zhì)化成方法，可分為四類：涂膏式極板，管式極板，化成式極板，半化成式極板。涂膏式極板由板柵和活性物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的。板柵的作用為支撐活性物質(zhì)和傳導(dǎo)電流、使電流均勻分布。板柵的材料一般鉛銻合金，免維護(hù)電池采用鉛鈣合金。正極活性物質(zhì)主要成分為二氧化鉛，負(fù)極活性物質(zhì)主要成份為絨狀鉛。 </p><p><b>　　隔板</b></p><p>　　電池用隔板是由微孔橡膠、玻璃

74、纖維等材料制成的，它的主要作用是： </p><p>　　防止正負(fù)極板短路；使電解液中正負(fù)離子順利通過(guò)。阻緩正負(fù)極板活性物質(zhì)的脫落，防止正負(fù)極板因震動(dòng)而損傷。 </p><p><b>　　電解液 </b></p><p>　　電解液是蓄電池的重要組成部份，它的作用是傳導(dǎo)電流和參加電化學(xué)反應(yīng)。電解液是由濃硫酸和凈化水（去離子水）配制而成的，電解

75、液的純度和密度對(duì)電池容量和壽命有重要影響。 </p><p><b>　　電池殼、蓋 </b></p><p>　　電池殼、蓋是裝正負(fù)極板和電解液的容器，一般由塑料和橡膠材料制成。 </p><p><b>　　排氣栓 </b></p><p>　　排氣栓一般由塑料材料制成，對(duì)電池起密封作用，阻止空

76、氣進(jìn)入，防止極板氧化。同時(shí)可以將充電時(shí)電池內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的氣體排出電池，避免電池產(chǎn)生危險(xiǎn)。 </p><p>　　使用前：必須將排氣栓上的盲孔用鐵絲刺穿、以保證氣體溢出通暢。 二 、 電動(dòng)車蓄電池的使用與保養(yǎng) </p><p>　?。ㄒ唬?、蓄電池的安裝 </p><p>　　蓄電池一般采用串聯(lián)方式使用，即一只蓄電池的正極與另一只蓄電池的負(fù)極相連，將所有蓄電池連在一起，最后

77、余下正負(fù)接線端子與電動(dòng)車對(duì)應(yīng)接線相連，電動(dòng)車的電機(jī)、控制器、儀表等是蓄電池的用電負(fù)載。電動(dòng)車一般都有電池盒，從安裝位置分有斜杠式，后插式和底盤式安裝，其結(jié)構(gòu)形狀可謂五花八門。每家電動(dòng)車廠都各有特色。如圖電池盒一般用工程塑料制成，其強(qiáng)度較好，重量較輕，安裝方便。電池盒一般由底槽、上蓋、蓄電池接觸點(diǎn)及充電插座、電車鎖等組成。底槽與上蓋扣緊，并用自攻螺絲或螺栓緊固。電池盒是按蓄電池型號(hào)規(guī)格進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)的，在整車設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)考慮其良好的散熱性能。 &l

78、t;/p><p>　　（二）、蓄電池的充電 </p><p>　　“蓄電池不是用壞的而是充壞的”，這一說(shuō)法絕非危言聳聽，蓄電池充電性能好壞對(duì)蓄電池的使用壽命和使用性能起著舉足輕重的作用，必須重視。 </p><p>　　1 、蓄電池對(duì)充電工藝的要求 </p><p>　　認(rèn)識(shí)蓄電池對(duì)充電工藝的基本要求，是分析各種充電技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)。蓄電池對(duì)充電的基本

79、要求是：充電電流應(yīng)小于或等于蓄電池可接收充電電流。否則，過(guò)剩的電流會(huì)使電解液過(guò)快地消耗掉，產(chǎn)生以 下危害：加大蓄電池的失水率，增加維護(hù)工作量，對(duì)于免維護(hù)電池，會(huì)造成蓄電池的早期失效；產(chǎn)生酸霧，造成環(huán)境污染，危害工人身體健康；使充電效率降低，造成能源的嚴(yán)重浪費(fèi)。 </p><p>　　充電過(guò)程，是放電電化學(xué)反應(yīng)的逆反應(yīng)過(guò)程，如果充電電化學(xué)反應(yīng)過(guò)程在理想的狀態(tài)下進(jìn)行，這個(gè)過(guò)程應(yīng)該是互為逆反應(yīng)，即充入的電量與放出的電量

80、應(yīng)基本相等。但在嚴(yán)重析氣的狀態(tài)下，有效充電電化學(xué)反應(yīng)過(guò)程消耗的電能達(dá)不到總電量的40%，即浪費(fèi)電能60%以上。 </p><p>　　氣體的產(chǎn)生聚集在蓄電池多孔電極內(nèi)部，減少了電解質(zhì)與多孔電極的接觸面積，即充電電化學(xué)反應(yīng)界面大幅度減小，使充電化學(xué)反應(yīng)速度降低，充電十分困難，充電時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)。 </p><p>　　嚴(yán)重的析氣會(huì)損害蓄電池：</p><p>　?、?大量氣

81、體的產(chǎn)生對(duì)極板活性物有沖刷作用，使活性物質(zhì)容易松軟和脫落。 ② 在較高的極化電壓下，正極板的板柵會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重腐蝕，生成 Pb02 ，這種腐蝕物與電化學(xué)生存的 Pb02 是完全不同的，是一種不可逆的氧化物，導(dǎo)電較差，并使板柵變形，脆裂，失去骨架和導(dǎo)電作用。因此在充電時(shí)應(yīng)盡可能防止過(guò)充電。 </p><p>　　長(zhǎng)期充電不足，未反應(yīng)的活性物質(zhì)會(huì)產(chǎn)生不可逆的高陽(yáng)性的大顆粒 PbS04 晶粒(即不可逆硫酸鹽化)使蓄電池容量

82、下降，內(nèi)阻加大，充電難度加大，造成蓄電池早期損壞。因此，蓄電池要盡量保證充足電，防止不可逆硫酸鹽化。 </p><p>　　2 、充電頻次的選擇 </p><p>　　蓄電池充電深度對(duì)循環(huán)壽命影響很大，基本呈指數(shù)變化。這是由于正極活性物為 Pb02 ，其結(jié)合牢度不高，放電時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化成 PbS04 充電時(shí)又轉(zhuǎn)化成 PbO2 ，而 PbSO4 的體積遠(yuǎn)比 PbO2 體積大 ( 其體積之比約為 2

83、：1) 。因此，對(duì)正極板而言，活性物將會(huì)膨脹收縮反復(fù)進(jìn)行，使其粒子之間的連接逐漸脫落，使蓄電池活性物失去放電特性成為“陽(yáng)極泥”，使蓄電池性能下降，直至壽命終止。放電深度越深，膨脹收縮量越大，對(duì)活性物結(jié)合力破壞越大，壽命越短；反之則循環(huán)壽命越長(zhǎng)。 </p><p>　　從理論上講蓄電池使用時(shí)應(yīng)盡量避免深放電，應(yīng)做到淺放勤充，前提是有特別匹配的充電器與之 匹配。但是實(shí)際使用中，由于蓄電池充電受充電器性能和蓄電池本身的

84、離散及充電習(xí)慣及充電速度影響，充電器的電壓均比較高，或多或少都存在過(guò)充電。特別是充電多數(shù)在夜間進(jìn)行，時(shí)間一般在 6-10 小時(shí)，平均 8 小時(shí)左右，若是淺放電，其充電很快就會(huì)到達(dá)末期，這時(shí)充電效率變低，會(huì)產(chǎn)生過(guò)充電。過(guò)充電時(shí)間比較長(zhǎng)，加上頻繁充電，就會(huì)使蓄電池壽命因充電受到較大影響。 </p><p>　　最理想的充電要求根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定，要參考平時(shí)運(yùn)行頻率、里程情況、蓄電池廠提供的說(shuō)明，以及配套的充電器性能等參

85、數(shù)制定充電頻次。按絕大多數(shù)用戶的情況，蓄電池以放電深度為 50%-70% 時(shí)充一次電最佳，這樣可使蓄電池壽命達(dá)到最佳效果。實(shí)際使用時(shí)可折算成騎行里程，在需要時(shí)充一次電。 </p><p>　　3 、溫度對(duì)充電的影響 </p><p>　　蓄電池在高溫季節(jié)運(yùn)行，主要存在過(guò)充電的問(wèn)題。蓄電池溫度增高時(shí)，各活性物質(zhì)的活度增加，正極析氧電位下降，負(fù)極析氧電位也下降(負(fù)值下降)，因此，充電時(shí)充電反應(yīng)

86、速度快，充電電流大，充電時(shí)需要的充電電壓較低。為防止過(guò)高的充電電壓，應(yīng)盡量降低蓄電池溫度，保證良好散熱，防止在烈日暴曬后即充電，并應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)離熱源。</p><p>　　蓄電池在低溫情況下，各活性物質(zhì)活度降低，其電極上的Pb溶解變得困難，充電時(shí)消耗后很難得到補(bǔ)充，所充電電流大幅度下降，正極板在-20℃時(shí)充電接受電流僅為常溫的70%，而負(fù)極充電受膨脹劑的影響，低溫充電接受能力更低 -20℃的充電接受電流僅為常溫下的40%

87、 。因此，低溫條件下充電主要存在充電接受能力差、充電不足的問(wèn)題，要求提高充電電壓和延長(zhǎng)充電時(shí)間。改善低溫性能主要應(yīng)從負(fù)極著手。低溫使用時(shí)應(yīng)采取保溫防凍措施，特別是充電時(shí)應(yīng)放在溫暖的環(huán)境中，有利于保證充足電，防止不可逆硫酸的產(chǎn)生，延長(zhǎng)蓄電池的使用壽命。</p><p>　　蓄電池的存儲(chǔ)和使用期間，可定期進(jìn)行活化充電，即所謂的均衡充電，這對(duì)防止蓄電池不可逆硫酸鹽化非常有利，對(duì)蓄電池使用壽命很有好處，值得提倡。 <

88、;/p><p>　　三、蓄電池的使用注意事項(xiàng) 1 、防止過(guò)放電 </p><p>　　蓄電池放電到終止電壓后，繼續(xù)放電稱為過(guò)放電。過(guò)放電會(huì)嚴(yán)重?fù)p害蓄電池，對(duì)蓄電池的電氣性能及循環(huán)壽命極為不利。 </p><p>　　蓄電池放電到終止電壓時(shí)內(nèi)阻較大，電解液濃度非常稀薄，特別是極板孔內(nèi)及表面幾乎處于中性，過(guò)放電時(shí)內(nèi)阻有發(fā)熱傾向，體積膨脹，放電電流較大時(shí)，明顯發(fā)熱 ( 甚至

89、出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱變形 ) ，這時(shí)硫酸鉛濃度特別大，存在枝晶體短路的可能性增大，況且此時(shí)硫酸鉛會(huì)結(jié)晶成較大顆粒，即形成不可逆硫酸鹽化，將進(jìn)一步增大內(nèi)阻，充電恢復(fù)能力很差，甚至無(wú)法修復(fù)。 </p><p>　　蓄電池使用時(shí)應(yīng)防止過(guò)放電，采取“欠壓保護(hù)”是很有效的措施。另外，由于電動(dòng)車“欠壓保護(hù)”是由控制器控制的，但控制器以外的其他一些設(shè)備如電壓表、指示燈等耗電電器是由蓄電池直接供電的，其電源的供給一般不受控制器控制，電動(dòng)車鎖

90、(開關(guān))一旦合上就開始用電。雖然電流小，但若長(zhǎng)時(shí)間放電(1-2周) 就會(huì)出現(xiàn)過(guò)放電。因此，不得長(zhǎng)時(shí)間開鎖，不用時(shí)應(yīng)立即關(guān)掉。 </p><p><b>　　2 、防止過(guò)充電 </b></p><p>　　前面已經(jīng)對(duì)過(guò)充電進(jìn)行了闡述，過(guò)充電會(huì)加大蓄電池的水損失，會(huì)加速板柵腐蝕，活性物質(zhì)軟化，會(huì)增加蓄電池變形的幾率。應(yīng)盡量避免過(guò)充電的發(fā)生；選擇充電器參數(shù)要與蓄電池良好匹配

91、，要充分了解蓄電池在高溫季節(jié)的運(yùn)行狀況，以及整個(gè)使用壽命期間的變化情況。使用時(shí)不要將蓄電池置于過(guò)熱環(huán)境中，特別是充電時(shí)應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)離熱源。蓄電池受熱后要采取降溫措施，待蓄電池溫度恢復(fù)正常時(shí)方可進(jìn)行充電。蓄電池的安裝位置應(yīng)盡可能保證良好散熱，發(fā)現(xiàn)過(guò)熱時(shí)應(yīng)停止充電，應(yīng)對(duì)充電器和蓄電池進(jìn)行檢查。蓄電池放電深度較淺時(shí)或環(huán)境溫度偏高時(shí)應(yīng)縮短充電時(shí)間。 </p><p><b>　　3 、防止短路 </b>&l

92、t;/p><p>　　蓄電池在短路狀態(tài)時(shí)，其短路電流可達(dá)數(shù)百安培。短路接觸越牢，短路電流越大，因此所有連接部分都會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量熱量，在薄弱環(huán)節(jié)發(fā)熱量更大，會(huì)將連接處熔斷，產(chǎn)生短路現(xiàn)象。蓄電池局部可能產(chǎn)生可爆氣體(或充電時(shí)集存的可爆氣體)，在連接處熔斷時(shí)產(chǎn)生火花，會(huì)引起蓄電池爆炸；若蓄電池短路時(shí)間較短或電流不是特別大時(shí)，可能不會(huì)引起連接處熔斷現(xiàn)象，但短路仍會(huì)有過(guò)熱現(xiàn)象，會(huì)損壞 連接條周圍的粘結(jié)劑，使其留下漏液等隱患。因此，

93、蓄電池絕對(duì)不能有短路產(chǎn)生，在安裝或使用時(shí)應(yīng)特別小心，所用工具應(yīng)采取絕緣措施，連線時(shí)應(yīng)先將電池以外的電器連好，經(jīng)檢查無(wú)短路，最后連上蓄電池，布線規(guī)范應(yīng)良好絕緣，防止重疊受壓產(chǎn)生破裂。 </p><p>　　4 、防止連接松動(dòng)和不牢 </p><p>　　若接觸不牢，程度較輕，會(huì)發(fā)生導(dǎo)電不良，使其線路接觸部位發(fā)熱，線路損耗較大，輸出電壓偏低，影響電機(jī)功率，使行駛里程減少或不能正常騎行；若在接線

94、端子部件接觸不牢 ( 絕大多數(shù)故障是在接線端與連線接頭部位 ) ，端子會(huì)大量發(fā)熱，影響端子與密封膠的結(jié)合，時(shí)間一長(zhǎng)就會(huì)發(fā)生漏液 “ 爬酸 " 現(xiàn)象。若在行駛過(guò)程或充電過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)接觸不牢，可能產(chǎn)生斷路，斷路時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的火花，可能點(diǎn)爆蓄電池內(nèi)部的可爆氣體（特別是剛充好電的蓄電池，因電池內(nèi)可爆氣體較多，且蓄電池電量足，斷路時(shí)火花較強(qiáng)烈，爆炸的可能性相當(dāng)大）電動(dòng)車在運(yùn)行時(shí)要承受較為強(qiáng)烈的振動(dòng)，因此，應(yīng)對(duì)所有連接的可靠性進(jìn)行考核，接插