生態(tài)旅游的追求外文翻譯

1、<p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</p><p>　　外文題目： In pursuit of ecotourism </p><p>　　出 處： Biodiversity and Conservation, 1996, Volume 5, </p><p>　　Number 3

2、, Pages 277-291 </p><p>　　作 者： Harold Goodwin </p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　In pursuit of ecotourism</p><p&g

3、t;　　Harold Goodwin</p><p>　　Competing definitions of ecotourism</p><p>　　The word 'ecotourism' has been coined relatively recently and there remains no consensus about its meaning. '

4、Ecotourism' has spread rapidly first because it has a number of different meanings and second because it has been extensively used opportunistically in marketing, 3 where the tag 'eco-' has come to be synonym

5、ous with responsible consumerism. The tourism industry has been quick to exploit the marketing value of ecotourism, the more so since its meaning is unclear and there is no requiremen</p><p>　　The advertisin

6、g appeals to and promotes these approaches. Ecotourism is 'a niche market for environmentally aware tourists who are interested in observing nature' (Wheat, 1994), described by Steele (1993) as 'an economic p

7、rocess where rare and beautiful ecosystems are marketed internationally to attract visitors'. Kelman put it bluntly 'a tour advertised as environmentally friendly can be just as suspect as many of the products ta

8、rted up with green packaging at your grocery store' (Wight, 1994).</p><p>　　The World Travel and Tourism Environment Research Centre in its 1993 World Travel and Environment Review defined ecotourism as

9、tourism 'with the specific motive of enjoying wildlife or undeveloped natural areas' (WTI'ERC, 1993), making no distinction between nature tourism and ecotourism. Others have also used ecotourism and nature t

10、ourism synonymously (Lindberg, 1991; Aylward and Freedman, 1992). Ceballos-Lascurain's, 1987 definition has been used by others (Boo, 1990: Stewart and Sekartjakrari</p><p>　　travelling to relatively und

11、isturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific objective of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifestations (both past and present

12、) found in these areas. In these terms, nature-oriented tourism implies a scientific, aesthetic or philosophical approach to travel although the ecological tourist need not be a professional scientist, artist or philosop

13、her. The main point is that the </p><p>　　Ziffer (1989) offered a definition which combined motivation, philosophy, conduct and economic benefit to conservation:</p><p>　　'Ecotourism: a form

14、 of tourism inspired primarily by the natural history of an area, including its indigenous cultures. The ecotourist visits relatively undeveloped areas in the spirit of appreciation, participation and sensitivity. The ec

15、otourist practices a non-consumptive use of wildlife and natural resources and contributes to the visited area through labor or financial means aimed at directly benefiting the conservation of the site and the economic w

16、ell-being of the local residents..'.</p><p>　　The American based Ecotourism Society was founded in 1990 'as a center for research,information and policies on developing ecologically sound tourism in

17、natural areas around the world.' The Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as:</p><p>　　"purposeful travel to natural areas to understand the culture and natural history of theenvironment, taking ca

18、re not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem, while producing economicopportunities that make the conservation of natural resources beneficial to local people"( Wood,1991 ).</p><p>　　These definitions

19、 are broadly drawn, seeking to combine ecological and cultural tourism activities, often within frameworks which address philosophy and motivation.</p><p>　　The US Office of Technology Assessment of the Amer

20、ican Congress concluded that:</p><p>　　'While some ecotour operators are out simply to make a profit with little consideration of environmental and social issues, others are sensitive to these issues and

21、 may actively contribute to conservation projects/goals' (U S OTA, 1993).</p><p>　　They pointed out that there is a:</p><p>　　'wealth of literature . .[which].. addresses the nature and

22、growth of ecotourism, its potential environmental and sociological impacts and planning and management issues ... no definition of ecotourism has been universally accepted, data are commonly questionable, and much inform

23、ation and study is needed to assess the impact of nature travel" (US OTA, 1993).</p><p>　　Ecotourism is often defined prescriptively. Consider for example the National Eco-tourism Strategy published in

24、1994 by the Mexican Secretariat of Tourism in cooperation with the World Conservation Union (Table 2). It has developed a long list of characteristics of ecotourism which constitute a highly prescriptive definition, ~ on

25、e which has been taken-up by the World Tourism Organization (WTO, 1995). It is interesting to note that there is only one reference to protected areas and that where ec</p><p>　　The World Tourism Organizatio

26、n (WTO) definition of ecotourism will be the one which is used to determine the volume of ecotourism and to measure its value world-wide. The emerging definition of ecotourism within the WTO and the one which will theref

27、ore prevail is derived from Australia. Australia's National Ecotourism Strategy defined ecotourism as 'Nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to

28、be ecologically sustainable" (Commonwea</p><p>　　Ecotourism rediscovered</p><p>　　Ecotourism is no panacea. A critical approach to ecotourism is essential if it is to be harnessed for the c

29、onservation of habitats and species. Ecotourism will not be significantly different from conventional tourism unless it is carefully managed and controlled (Cater,1993). Protected area managers and conservationists need

30、to take more control over thedefinition and use of the concept and over the supervision of its practise.</p><p>　　There is an urgent need to 'put the ecology back into ecotourism' (Valentine, 1993) i

31、n order to establish a symbiotic relationship between nature based tourism and</p><p>　　conservation. For governments and development agencies ecotourism has much to offer in diversifying rural economies in

32、LDCs in urgent need of foreign exchange. Tour operators will continue to use ecotourism as a marketing tool. It is difficult for consumers to get accurate information about the tours which they are offered and about the

33、operators who claim the mantle of ecotourism.</p><p>　　If ecotourism is to become a means of harnessing part of the tourism industry for</p><p>　　conservation of habitats and species, it is esse

34、ntial to focus on the activity rather than the motivation of the ecotourists. It is what they do, rather than what they say (or think) they do that impacts on conservation and ecosystems. It is easier to determine whethe

35、r individual activities and tours meet ecotourism criteria, by contributing directly or indirectly to conservation, than it is to determine whether or not individuals are ecotourists or not.</p><p>　　Only co

36、nservationists and protected area managers are in a position, or have the</p><p>　　expertise, to credibly assert a more useful definition of ecotourism. Ecologists and</p><p>　　conservationists

37、need to 'take control of the language being used in the name of</p><p>　　ecotourism' (Valentine, 1993) and to use it to benefit conservation and the maintenance of protected areas. It is protected ar

38、ea managers and conservationists, working with local people, who are best placed to manage nature tourism to ensure that its environmental impact does not jeopardise the integrity of the ecosystem and that both local peo

39、ple and the park gain significantly from ecotourism.</p><p>　　Nature tourism and ecotourism need to be distinguished. Nature tourism is concernedwith the enjoyment of nature, ecotourism additionally requires

40、 a contribution to conservation. Hence the following definition ~ of ecotourism is offered:</p><p>　　low impact nature tourism which contributes to the maintenance of species and habitats eitherdirectly thro

41、ugh a contribution to conservation and/or indirectly by providing revenue to thelocal community sufficient for local people to value, and therefore protect, their wildlife heritagearea as a source of income.</p>&

42、lt;p>　　According to this definition ecotourism makes a direct or indirect measurable contribution to the continued protection and management of natural habitats and their species.Generally this contribution is likely

43、to be financial but the work of commercial and "not-for-profit' organizations which enable tourists to make a practical contribution should not be ignored. However, their claims too need to be carefully and open

44、ly assessed by conservationists.</p><p>　　Ecotourism is too powerful a force, driven by producers and consumers in the world's largest industry, for conservationists and protected area managers to allow

45、it to bc controlled and developed by that industry. It is the form and impact of the nature tourism which must be managed to fulfil ecotourism criteria, it is essential that ecotourism is low impact and that this is ensu

46、red through careful extensive and intensive visitor management. Protected area managers and conservationists have an op</p><p>　　Ecotourism can demonstrate that good conservation is good economics, to local

47、people and to governments. Re-investment in the maintenance of ecosystems and the species which inhabit them is at the core of ecotourism. Ecotourism can bring money and jobs to local people and increased revenues to nat

48、ional treasuries to enable them to fund park management. Ecotourism serves conservation objectives only if it demonstrates to local people and to governments that they should stop poaching, logging, sla</p><p&

49、gt;<b>　　譯 文：</b></p><p><b>　　生態(tài)旅游的追求</b></p><p><b>　　生態(tài)旅游定義的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)</b></p><p>　　“生態(tài)旅游”這個(gè)詞，關(guān)于它的定義相對(duì)于已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造的含義，近期仍沒(méi)有達(dá)成共識(shí)。生態(tài)旅游的迅速蔓延，首先是因?yàn)樗写罅坎煌暮x，第二是因?yàn)?/p>

50、它已經(jīng)被廣泛應(yīng)用于市場(chǎng)投機(jī)，其中“生態(tài)”的標(biāo)記已經(jīng)成了消費(fèi)與責(zé)任的代名詞。旅游業(yè)已經(jīng)迅速開(kāi)拓了市場(chǎng)價(jià)值，更何況生態(tài)旅游因?yàn)槠浜x不明確，也沒(méi)有任何規(guī)定的，因此運(yùn)營(yíng)商可以隨意的做多改變的包裝。</p><p>　　生態(tài)旅游的各種不同的定義主要從游客的行為和哲學(xué)家的思考幾個(gè)方面來(lái)訴說(shuō)。從廣告來(lái)訴求和推廣這些方法。生態(tài)旅游是“對(duì)環(huán)保有興趣并且知道觀察自然環(huán)境的游客的一個(gè)小的市場(chǎng)?！?(Wheat, 1994)。根據(jù)St

51、eele（1993）的描述“生態(tài)旅游是以其中稀有和美麗的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)來(lái)吸引游客，并在國(guó)際上被銷售的經(jīng)濟(jì)過(guò)程?！盞elman說(shuō)“作為一個(gè)旅游廣告，環(huán)?？梢詾槟愕馁?gòu)物商店里的許多可疑的產(chǎn)品提供綠色包裝(Wight, 1994)?！?lt;/p><p>　　世界旅行和旅游環(huán)境研究中心在1993年世界旅游和環(huán)境審查中定義生態(tài)旅游為“生態(tài)旅游的具體動(dòng)機(jī)是享受自然的野生動(dòng)物或者幫助欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)?！?WTIERC, 1993)，不在生態(tài)

52、旅游與自然之間作區(qū)別。其他人也用生態(tài)旅游與自然旅游業(yè)的同義詞(Lindberg, 1991; Aylward and Freedman, 1992)。Ceballos - Lascurain1987年下的定義已被他人使用(Boo, 1990: Stewart and Sekartjakrarini, 1994)：</p><p>　　“....前往特定的和相對(duì)未受干擾或未受污染的自然區(qū)域客觀的研究和欣賞，并享受風(fēng)

53、景和野生動(dòng)植物，以及在這些地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)任何現(xiàn)有的文化表現(xiàn)形式（包括過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在）。在這些條件中，自然為導(dǎo)向的旅游意味著科學(xué)，以美學(xué)和哲學(xué)的方法去旅行的生態(tài)旅游不必是一個(gè)專業(yè)的科學(xué)家，藝術(shù)家或哲學(xué)家。主要的一點(diǎn)是，這些人對(duì)生態(tài)旅游的想法是，在城市環(huán)境中有浸泡他/她自己和展示自己的機(jī)會(huì)，而在自然環(huán)境中一般不會(huì)有?！?quoted in Boo, 1990)。</p><p>　　Ziffer（1989）提供了一個(gè)定義，合并

54、了動(dòng)機(jī)，理念，行為和經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的保護(hù)：</p><p>　　“生態(tài)旅游：主要由一個(gè)地區(qū)的自然歷史，包括由它的土著文化來(lái)啟發(fā)的旅游形式。相對(duì)欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)生態(tài)旅游參觀的具有欣賞，參與和靈敏度的精神。生態(tài)旅游實(shí)行對(duì)野生動(dòng)物和自然資源的非消費(fèi)性使用，并有助于參觀區(qū)通過(guò)勞動(dòng)或直接受益于該地區(qū)旨在保護(hù)金融經(jīng)濟(jì)和當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦慕?jīng)濟(jì)福祉…”。</p><p>　　美國(guó)的生態(tài)旅游學(xué)會(huì)成立于1990年?！白鳛橐粋€(gè)研究

55、，信息和生態(tài)健全的發(fā)展在世界各地的自然區(qū)域的旅游政策的中心?！鄙鷳B(tài)旅游協(xié)會(huì)的生態(tài)旅游定義為：</p><p>　　“有目的的前往自然地區(qū)了解當(dāng)?shù)氐奈幕妥匀粴v史環(huán)境，而且注意不改變生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的完整性，同時(shí)產(chǎn)生使自然資源的保護(hù)有利于當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣竦慕?jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)遇?！? Wood,1991 )。</p><p>　　從這些定義大致可以得出，生態(tài)旅游是往往尋求結(jié)合框架內(nèi)解決理念和動(dòng)機(jī)的生態(tài)和文化旅游活動(dòng)。&l

56、t;/p><p>　　美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)技術(shù)評(píng)估辦公室的結(jié)論是：</p><p>　　“雖然一些生態(tài)旅游經(jīng)營(yíng)者簡(jiǎn)單地進(jìn)行一個(gè)對(duì)環(huán)境和社會(huì)問(wèn)題幾乎沒(méi)有利潤(rùn)的活動(dòng)，然而其他人卻對(duì)這些問(wèn)題很敏感，并可能作出積極保護(hù)項(xiàng)目/目標(biāo)的貢獻(xiàn)?！?U S OTA, 1993)。</p><p>　　他們（美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)技術(shù)評(píng)估辦公室）指出：</p><p>　　“財(cái)富文學(xué)… 地域

57、的性質(zhì)和生態(tài)旅游的增長(zhǎng)，其潛在的環(huán)境和社會(huì)影響，以及規(guī)劃和管理問(wèn)題…沒(méi)有任何一個(gè)生態(tài)旅游的定義已被普遍接受，數(shù)據(jù)通常是值得懷疑的，以及大量自然旅游的影響的信息和學(xué)習(xí)是需要評(píng)估的?！?US OTA, 1993)。</p><p>　　可是生態(tài)旅游的定義通常又是被規(guī)定了的。例如，《國(guó)家考慮生態(tài)旅游戰(zhàn)略》在1994年由墨西哥旅游與世界自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟秘書處出版。它已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)出了一長(zhǎng)串的生態(tài)旅游特色，構(gòu)成一個(gè)高度規(guī)范，已被世界

58、旅游組織采取的定義(WTO, 1995)。有趣的是，如何讓保護(hù)區(qū)和生態(tài)旅游作為改善地方社區(qū)與保護(hù)區(qū)管理人員的聯(lián)系機(jī)制是確定合適的，世界上卻只有一個(gè)參考。這種性質(zhì)的定義是很難用以解析的。</p><p>　　世貿(mào)組織認(rèn)為生態(tài)旅游的定義之一將是用它來(lái)確定生態(tài)旅游容量，并衡量其在世界各地價(jià)值。在世貿(mào)組織內(nèi)一個(gè)將因此獲得勝利的是來(lái)自澳大利亞的新興生態(tài)旅游的定義。澳大利亞的國(guó)家生態(tài)旅游戰(zhàn)略的生態(tài)旅游定義為“自然旅游，涉及教

59、育和自然環(huán)境的解釋，并設(shè)法將生態(tài)可持續(xù)?！?(Commonwealth Department of Tourism, 1994)。報(bào)告指出，自然環(huán)境包括文化成分，同時(shí)又有“生態(tài)可持續(xù)”，并且對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)必須有一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)幕貓?bào)和對(duì)資源長(zhǎng)期保存的貢獻(xiàn)(WTO, 1995)。</p><p><b>　　生態(tài)旅游的重新發(fā)現(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　生態(tài)旅游是包治百病的靈丹妙

60、藥。生態(tài)旅游的一個(gè)必不可少的重要方面是必須保護(hù)棲息地和物種。生態(tài)旅游將無(wú)法從傳統(tǒng)的旅游中顯示出不同，除非它是經(jīng)過(guò)精心管理和控制(Cater,1993)。保護(hù)區(qū)管理人員和保育需要采取更多控制定義和概念的實(shí)施，并監(jiān)督它的實(shí)踐。</p><p>　　目前迫切需要“把生態(tài)旅游返回生態(tài)” (Valentine, 1993)，以便建立和保護(hù)與自然共生的旅游的關(guān)系。對(duì)各國(guó)政府和發(fā)展機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)說(shuō)生態(tài)旅游提供給外匯最不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的農(nóng)村經(jīng)

61、濟(jì)多樣化迫切需要有很大的關(guān)系。旅游經(jīng)營(yíng)者將繼續(xù)利用生態(tài)旅游作為一種營(yíng)銷手段。對(duì)消費(fèi)者來(lái)說(shuō)獲取有關(guān)他們所提供的旅行和有關(guān)經(jīng)營(yíng)者聲稱生態(tài)旅游的準(zhǔn)確信息是困難的。</p><p>　　如果生態(tài)旅游是成為旅游業(yè)利用的一部分保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境和物種的一種手段 ，那么必須把重點(diǎn)放在活動(dòng)上而不是在生態(tài)旅游者的動(dòng)機(jī)上。這就是他們做什么，而不是他們說(shuō)（或認(rèn)為）他們做這些對(duì)保護(hù)和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響。這是比較容易確定個(gè)人是否符合生態(tài)旅游活動(dòng)和旅

62、游活動(dòng)的準(zhǔn)則，通過(guò)對(duì)促進(jìn)生態(tài)旅游保護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)直接或間接的貢獻(xiàn)，確定是否是生態(tài)旅游者個(gè)人。</p><p>　　只有自然保護(hù)主義者和保護(hù)區(qū)管理人員站在一個(gè)位置上，或者有專業(yè)的技術(shù)，才能可靠地?cái)嘌陨鷳B(tài)旅游更有用的定義。生態(tài)學(xué)家和自然保護(hù)主義者“需要利用被控制的語(yǔ)言用在生態(tài)旅游命名上” (Valentine, 1993) 并用它來(lái)造福養(yǎng)護(hù)和維護(hù)保護(hù)區(qū)。這是保護(hù)區(qū)管理人員和環(huán)保主義者，與當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣?，誰(shuí)是來(lái)管理自然旅游的最佳人選

63、，以確保其對(duì)環(huán)境的影響不損害生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的完整性，并且使本地居民和公園因生態(tài)旅游的收益顯著。</p><p>　　自然旅游和生態(tài)旅游需要加以區(qū)別。自然旅游是對(duì)自然的享受而言，生態(tài)旅游則需要額外的對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)作出貢獻(xiàn)。因此，生態(tài)旅游提供了以下定義：</p><p>　　低沖擊自然旅游有助于維護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)匚锓N和棲息地，要么直接通過(guò)對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)的貢獻(xiàn)或著間接提供給當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣?huì)能讓當(dāng)?shù)鼐用褡銐蛑匾暤亩愂?，他們的野?/p>

64、動(dòng)物遺產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域作為收入來(lái)源。</p><p>　　根據(jù)這個(gè)定義生態(tài)旅游通過(guò)直接或間接來(lái)對(duì)繼續(xù)保護(hù)和管理他們的自然棲息地和物種作出貢獻(xiàn)。通常來(lái)說(shuō)，這個(gè)貢獻(xiàn)很可能是對(duì)金融的，但商業(yè)工作和不以營(yíng)利為目的組織使游客作出切實(shí)的貢獻(xiàn)的也是不容忽視的。但是他們的要求也需要自然保護(hù)主義者認(rèn)真和公開(kāi)的評(píng)估。生態(tài)旅游是很強(qiáng)大的力量，由世界上最大的行業(yè)的生產(chǎn)者和消費(fèi)者驅(qū)動(dòng)，自然保護(hù)主義者及保護(hù)區(qū)管理人員允許這些行業(yè)控制和發(fā)展生態(tài)旅游。必

65、須設(shè)法滿足生態(tài)旅游的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)這是自然旅游的形式和影響，至關(guān)重要的是生態(tài)旅游低的影響，是通過(guò)認(rèn)真廣泛和深入的游客管理的保證。保護(hù)區(qū)的管理者和自然主義保護(hù)者有機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)管理自然旅游和把生態(tài)旅游變?yōu)橄M(fèi)點(diǎn)，無(wú)論旅游動(dòng)機(jī)是什么。這是一種需要加以控制和保護(hù)使用的活動(dòng)。如果控制是不夠的，那么污染，棲息地的破壞，野生動(dòng)物的干擾和其他將造成負(fù)面的影響。承載能力分析和可接受的變化（LAC）的管理工具將被應(yīng)用如果旅游業(yè)需要保護(hù)利用。</p><