追求生態(tài)旅游【外文翻譯】

1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　In pursuit of ecotourism</p><p>　　Material Source: Biodiversity and Conservation 5, 277-291 (1996)</p&g

2、t;<p>　　Author: Harold Goodwin</p><p>　　Ecotourism is expected, by the tourism industry and academics, to grow rapidly over the next 20years. Much has been written about ecotourism, often with mission

3、ary zeal, but there is little consensus about its definition. It is argued here that conservationists and protected area managers should adopt a definition of ecotourism which contributes to the maintenance of biodiversi

4、ty and an appropriate definition is suggested.</p><p>　　Ecotourism is not merely an alternative to mass tourism, nor is it the only alternative. The literature on nature tourism and the environmental impacts

5、 of the industry dates back to the late 1970s. Tourism is now the world's largest industry and it has an increasing impact on protected areas. Our understanding of these mechanisms, their ecological impacts and our c

6、apacity to manage tourism in protected areas lags behind the growth of tourism to protected areas.</p><p>　　A rapid growth in nature tourism and tourism to protected areas has coincided with a shift in prote

7、cted area management strategies towards integrated development. Tourism is one means available to protected area managers seeking to increase the economic value of a protected area and to offer sustainable opportunities

8、for economic development to local people.</p><p>　　This paper argues that potentially conflicting commercial protected area and development interests all contribute to the emergence of ecotourism and have be

9、en doing so for many years. Ecotourism needs to be tightly defined if it is to benefit conservation. Protected area managers should consider how they can take control of nature tourism to the parks they manage and conver

10、t it into ecotourism for the benefit of conservation and the livelihoods of local people.</p><p>　　Keywords: ecotourism; nature tourism; protected areas.</p><p>　　Competing definitions of ecotou

11、rism</p><p>　　The word 'ecotourism' has been coined relatively recently and there remains no consensus about its meaning. 'Ecotourism' has spread rapidly first because it has a number of diff

12、erent meanings and second because it has been extensively used opportunistically in marketing, where the tag 'eco-' has come to be synonymous with responsible consumerism. The tourism industry has been quick to e

13、xploit the marketing value of ecotourism; the more so since its meaning is unclear and there is no requirement </p><p>　　The ecotourism has been variously defined in terms of visitor behavior and philosophy.

14、 The advertising appeals to and promotes these approaches. Ecotourism is 'a niche market for environmentally aware tourists who are interested in observing nature' (Wheat, 1994), described by Steele (1993) as 

15、9;an economic process where rare and beautiful ecosystems are marketed internationally to attract visitors'. Kerman put it bluntly 'a tour advertised as environmentally friendly can be just as suspect as ma</p

16、><p>　　Ecotourism is often defined prescriptively. Consider for example the National Eco-tourism Strategy published in 1994 by the Mexican Secretariat of Tourism in cooperation with the World Conservation Union

17、 (Table 2). It has developed a long list of characteristics of ecotourism which constitute a highly prescriptive definition, ~ one which has been taken-up by the World Tourism Organization (WTO, 1995). It is interesting

18、to note that there is only one reference to protected areas and that where ec</p><p>　　The World Tourism Organization (WTO) definition of ecotourism will be the one which is used to determine the volume of e

19、cotourism and to measure its value world-wide. The emerging definition of ecotourism within the WTO and the one which will therefore prevail is derived from Australia. Australia's National Ecotourism Strategy defined

20、 ecotourism as 'Nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable" (Commonwea</p><p>　　Alternatives to mass tou

21、rism</p><p>　　As foreign tourism became available in "package tours" at lower prices to a mass clientele, and the polluting effects of tourism became more evident, alternative forms of tourism were

22、 identified and promoted. There is a plethora of alternatives to mass tourism which are used in the marketing, and sometimes the design, of tourism products. Ecotourism is only one of many. Responsible tourism, science t

23、ourism, ethical tourism, soft-tourism. Environmentally-friendly travel, green tourism, sustainabl</p><p>　　Less-developed countries (LDCs) have particular advantages in attracting alternative tourists, they

24、have areas of undeveloped land often rich in landscape, habitat and wildlife interest and they have so far maintained their cultural diversity, although the impact of tourism may threaten its continuation. The concepts o

25、f appropriate tourism (Krippendorf, 1982; Richter, 1987) and alternative tourism (Gonsalves, 1987; Smith and Eadington, 1994) have considerable relevance in rural areas. Alternativ</p><p>　　Environmentally r

26、esponsible tourism</p><p>　　As long ago as 1982, Krippendorf argued that the landscape is the real raw material or tourism. Travel companies are merely a means to an end, and the tourist uses their services

27、in order to "consume the landscape and the countryside'. The landscape can lose its tourist value through its over-use by the tourist - 'tourism destroys tourism' - but it is the monetary value of touris

28、m which keeps the land productive. Tourism, 'the countryside devourer', is an extractive industry, it can consume land</p><p>　　Tourism is far from a smokeless industry. The tourism industry is incre

29、asingly being blamed for environmental and social/cultural damage. There is a long catalogue of literature documenting the environmental impacts of tourism encompassing all sectors of the industry: aircraft emissions and

30、 noise, hotel water consumption and waste, tourist litter and polluted beaches. Tourists destroy vegetation, cause trail erosion, degrade coral reefs and endanger traditional cultures (Beed, 1961; Pigram, 1980</p>

31、<p>　　Sustainable tourism</p><p>　　Tourism has been widely endorsed as one of the primary strategies for environmentally benign development. Farrell and McLellan (1987) argue that 'In terms of mode

32、rn thinking and ecodevelopment, if tourism is sustained significant steps have then been taken toward maintaining environmental integrity. A healthy environmental integrity means the possibility of successful tourism whi

33、ch, when managed properly, becomes a resource in its own right'. The logic of this argument is attractive. However, th</p><p>　　Sustainable tourism requires that the host population achieves rising livin

34、g standards, that the tourist 'guests' are satisfied with the product and continue to arrive each year. It also requires that the natural environment is maintained for the continued enjoyment of the hosts and gue

35、sts, all of which requires careful management. If nature-based tourism is to benefit conservation there must be a clear link between the tourist destination choice and locally protected nature (Valentine, 1992). L</p&

36、gt;<p>　　It must be clear to local people and the tourist industry that the protected or vulnerable area is one of the reasons that tourists are attracted to the area, only thus can it be accorded an economic valu

37、e.</p><p>　　The development goal is to attract 'visitors to natural areas and use the revenues to fund local conservation and economic development' (Ziffer, 1989). The impetus for ecotourism developm

38、ent often comes from outside and it behoves conservationists, development experts and the tourism industry to be aware of the conflicts between the immediate interests of the rich tourists and the local people. Eco-missi

39、onaries can expect to be accused of green imperialism and eco-colonialism. If tourism is to m</p><p>　　The World Tourism Organization, UNEP and UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere</p><p>　　Progra

40、mme jointly sponsored the first World Conference on Sustainable Tourism in April. 1995. The conference adopted a Charter on Sustainable Tourism which applies Agenda 21 to the industry. The Charter on Sustainable Tourism

41、establishes a set of imperatives for major changes in the tourism industry as a whole, applying the recommendations of the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (WTO, 1995). The Charter asserts that tourism

42、 development should be based on criteria of sustainabi</p><p>　　Tourism development, the World Tourism Organization asserts, 'must respect the</p><p>　　fragile balances that characterise man

43、y tourist destinations, in particular small islands and environmentally sensitive areas'.</p><p>　　Nature tourism</p><p>　　It is important to distinguish between ecotourism and nature touris

44、m. Nature, or nature-based, tourism encompasses all forms of tourism - mass tourism, adventure tourism, low-impact tourism, ecotourism - which use natural resources in a wild or undeveloped form- including species, habit

45、at, landscape, scenery and salt and fresh-water features. Nature tourism is travel for the purpose of enjoying undeveloped natural areas or wildlife.</p><p>　　Not all forms of nature tourism are compatible o

46、ne with another; trekking, mountain biking and white-water rafting may not be compatible with birdwatching or photo-safaris. Some forms of nature tourism may quickly transform the undeveloped and unspoilt nature of the a

47、reas in which they develop. Consider for example the transformation of the beaches of Goa, Bali and the Mediterranean.</p><p>　　Nature tourism involves the marketing of natural landscapes and wildlife to tou

48、rists. It has the potential to provide developing countries with the finance and motivation required to boost conservation efforts. National parks and protected areas are one of the primary resources for nature tourism,

49、which is of increasing economic importance, providing foreign exchange and an economic return for the preservation of natural habitats and their dependent species.</p><p>　　Nature tourism includes a wide ran

50、ge of activities from relatively passive scenery and wildlife viewing to physically exerting 'adventure tourism' activities (mountaineering or white-water rafting) often involving elements of risk. Nature tourism

51、 may be consumptive (sport hunting) or non-consumptive and it may or may not be sustainable. Nature tourism may be the primary focus of a tourism activity or part of a package of leisure, recreational or cultural tourism

52、 activities. However, only some fo</p><p>　　Conclusion</p><p>　　Ecotourism can benefit protected areas in three ways. First, ecotourism is one of the most important ways in which money can be ge

53、nerated to manage and protect the world's natural habitats and species. Ecotourism can contribute directly to conservation through park admission fees and payments for guiding, accommodation and interpretation center

54、s. Central to the definition of ecotourism is re-investment by the industry in the maintenance of habitats and species.</p><p>　　Second, ecotourism can enable local people to gain economically from the prote

55、cted area with which they live. Protected areas cannot co-exist in the long term with communities which are hostile to them. Local people are important stakeholders with whom protected area managers must cooperate. More

56、of the benefits of conservation need to be delivered to local people by enabling them to benefit from the protection of the park their use of which is now regulated. If local people secure a sustainable</p><p&

57、gt;　　Third, ecotourism can offer a means by which people's awareness of the importance of conservation and ecological literacy can be raised, whether those tourists are domestic or international. The clients on whom

58、the ecotourism section of the tourism industry depends are potential voters, taxpayers and leaders who may help to build constituencies of support to lobby for conservation (US OTA, 1993). However, as Aylward and Freeman

59、 (1992) cautioned: 'If the revenues of ecotourism do not accrue to na</p><p>　　The often voiced injunction to 'take only photographs and leave only footprints' is not enough. Ecotourism must ensu

60、re that nature tourists contribute financially to the maintenance of the biodiversity contained in protected areas.</p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p><b>　　追求生態(tài)旅游</b></p>&

61、lt;p>　　資料來源: 生物多樣性和保護5,277-291(1996)</p><p><b>　　作者：哈洛德古溫</b></p><p>　　在接下來的20年里，旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)和學術界人士意料之中的生態(tài)旅游將迅速增長。已經(jīng)有很多寫過生態(tài)旅游,但很少有輿論認為它定義。在這里,爭論的是區(qū)域經(jīng)濟和保護自然資源保護論者應采取適當?shù)亩x來促進生態(tài)旅游和維護生物多樣性是建議

62、。</p><p>　　生態(tài)旅游不僅是一種大眾旅游項目,也不是唯一的選擇。這文學對自然環(huán)境的影響和旅游業(yè)的行業(yè)可追溯到1970年代。旅游業(yè)是現(xiàn)在世界上最大的工業(yè)和它有產(chǎn)生越來越大的影響保護的區(qū)域。我們對這些機制，其生態(tài)影響和我們的管理能力的理解在保護區(qū)旅游業(yè)滯后于旅游業(yè)對保護區(qū)的增長。</p><p>　　以自然旅游和旅游業(yè)的迅速增長，保護區(qū)已與保護區(qū)管理向綜合發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略轉變相吻合。旅游業(yè)是

63、一個可利用的手段保護區(qū)管理人員尋求增加受保護地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟價值，并提供給當?shù)厝嗣竦慕?jīng)濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展的機會。</p><p>　　本文認為，可能有沖突的商業(yè)，保護區(qū)和發(fā)展利益都造成了生態(tài)旅游的興起，并已做了很多年。所以，生態(tài)旅游需要進行嚴格定義，如果它要效益的保護。保護區(qū)管理人員應考慮如何能夠利用自然旅游控制他們所管理的公園和生態(tài)旅游為轉換為保護地方利益和人民的生計了。</p><p>　　關鍵詞

64、:生態(tài)旅游；自然旅游；保護區(qū)</p><p><b>　　生態(tài)旅游的定義競爭</b></p><p>　　這個詞“生態(tài)旅游”已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造相對較近，關于有沒有它的意義仍然是共識。“生態(tài)旅游”的迅速蔓延，首先是因為它有一個和第二個號碼不同的含義，因為它已被廣泛應用于市場，那里的標記“生態(tài)”已經(jīng)到了必須以負責任的消費投機的代名詞。旅游業(yè)已經(jīng)迅速開發(fā)生態(tài)旅游的營銷價值，更何況，因

65、為其含義不明確，也沒有要求經(jīng)營者做更多的改變包裝。</p><p>　　生態(tài)旅游定義為訪問者的行為已不同程度地做了哲學思考。在廣告訴求和促進這些辦法。生態(tài)旅游是（小麥，1994）斯蒂爾介紹，“對環(huán)保意識的游客誰感興趣的觀察自然利基市場（1993）”的經(jīng)濟過程，其中珍貴和美麗的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是國際市場，以吸引游客。凱爾曼說穿了，一個旅游宣傳為環(huán)保只為可疑可作為許多產(chǎn)品開始與你的雜貨店綠色包裝注冊（懷特，1994）。<

66、;/p><p>　　生態(tài)旅游是經(jīng)常被定義規(guī)范地。例如，考慮國家生態(tài)旅游戰(zhàn)略的旅游發(fā)表于1994年在墨西哥的秘書處與世界自然保護聯(lián)盟的合作。它已經(jīng)開發(fā)出的生態(tài)旅游特色，構成一個高度規(guī)范的定義，以世界旅游組織（WTO，1995年）采取長的名單。有趣的是，世界上只有一個參考，如保護區(qū)和生態(tài)旅游作為改善地方社區(qū)與保護區(qū)管理人員的聯(lián)系機制，確定合適的。這種性質(zhì)的定義是很難用解析。</p><p>　　世

67、界旅游組織（WTO）將生態(tài)旅游定義的，用于確定生態(tài)旅游容量，并衡量其價值世界各地之一。在世貿(mào)組織內(nèi)和一個將因此獲得勝利是來自澳大利亞的新興生態(tài)旅游的定義。澳大利亞的國家生態(tài)旅游戰(zhàn)略的定義生態(tài)旅游為“自然旅游，涉及教育和自然環(huán)境的解釋，并設法將生態(tài)可持續(xù)發(fā)展”（英聯(lián)邦旅游，1994部）。報告承認，自然環(huán)境包括文化組件和為“生態(tài)可持續(xù)”，必須有一個適當?shù)幕貓螽數(shù)厣鐣?，以期資源（世貿(mào)組織，1995年）英國政府長期養(yǎng)護的貢獻。</p>

68、;<p><b>　　大眾旅游的替代方案</b></p><p>　　由于外國旅游成為“隨團”以較低的價格提供給客戶的質(zhì)量，以及旅游業(yè)的污染效應更加明顯，旅游其他形式被確定和推廣。有一個大眾旅游的市場營銷中使用，有時設計的旅游產(chǎn)品，替代品太多了。生態(tài)旅游只是其中之一。負責旅游，科技旅游，倫理旅游，軟旅游。環(huán)保旅游，綠色旅游，可持續(xù)旅游，探險旅游，低影響旅游只是用來形容這些“上級

69、的替代品”，市場營銷的一些術語。</p><p>　　欠發(fā)達國家（LDCs）擁有獨特的優(yōu)勢吸引游客的選擇，他們往往在未開發(fā)的土地景觀，棲息地和野生動植物資源豐富的地區(qū)的興趣，他們至今保持著他們的文化多樣性，但旅游業(yè)的影響可能威脅到其延續(xù)。和替代旅游（戈索爾夫斯，1987；史密斯和丁頓，1994）;適當?shù)穆糜危ɡ锸希?987 Krippendorf，1982）的概念有很大的相關性在農(nóng)村地區(qū)。另類旅游活動可

70、能是小規(guī)模，當?shù)氐牡托孤┖屠麧櫾龠M口國有投資在本地（戈索爾夫斯，1987；卡特，1993年）。在農(nóng)村地區(qū)旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展，有強烈的案件為另類旅游制成。另類旅游認識到，當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)是由旅游發(fā)展的影響，并設法給當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)在旅游業(yè)的形式對一些使用其環(huán)境有效的發(fā)言權。它還旨在確保了旅游業(yè)的收入和所得利潤的合理份額來幫助當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)。</p><p><b>　　可持續(xù)旅游</b></p><p

71、>　　旅游業(yè)已被廣泛認可為對環(huán)境良性發(fā)展的主要戰(zhàn)略之一。法約勒和麥克萊倫（1987）認為這是在現(xiàn)代思想和前衛(wèi)發(fā)展而言，如果旅游業(yè)是重要的步驟，然后持續(xù)一直采取對保持環(huán)境的完整性。一個健康的環(huán)境的完整性是指成功的旅游，當這種管理不善的可能性，真正在自己的權利的資源。這個論點的邏輯是有吸引力的。然而，還有其他的，可能更有利可圖，旅游發(fā)展模式的出現(xiàn)蓬勃發(fā)展的環(huán)境退化，目前尚不清楚，無管制的旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展將是可持續(xù)的。精心管理的旅游業(yè)可以為

72、保護區(qū)從低影響使用顯著的經(jīng)濟效益和可少侵蝕比一些其他土地用途。旅游對保護區(qū)，如果得到充分調(diào)節(jié)和控制，提供了最不損害經(jīng)濟用途之一。</p><p>　　可持續(xù)旅游要求主機人口達到提高生活標準，即旅游的客人是滿意的產(chǎn)品，并繼續(xù)每年到達。它還要求，自然環(huán)境是為主機和來賓，所有這些都需要認真管理繼續(xù)享受維護。如果自然為基礎的旅游業(yè)是受益保護之間必須有一個旅游目的地的選擇和當?shù)乇Ｗo自然（Valentine，1992年）明確

73、的聯(lián)系。當?shù)鼐用窈托袠I(yè)一定要珍惜作為旅游目的地的保護或脆弱的地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟價值。</p><p>　　它必須很清楚，當?shù)鼐用窈吐糜螛I(yè)內(nèi)人士認為，受保護的或脆弱的地區(qū)，是對外地游客被吸引到該地區(qū)，只有這樣才能給予經(jīng)濟價值的原因之一。</p><p>　　發(fā)展目標是吸引的訪問者使用自然地區(qū)和地方的收入資助保育與經(jīng)濟發(fā)展（Ziffer，1989）。在生態(tài)旅游發(fā)展的動力往往來自于外部，它理應保育，發(fā)展

74、專家和旅游業(yè)成為富人之間的游客的切身利益和當?shù)厝嗣竦拿苷J識。生態(tài)傳教士將可預期的綠色生態(tài)帝國主義和殖民主義的指責。如果旅游業(yè)是使任何非相對原始用地的發(fā)展它需要產(chǎn)生的收入預計將犧牲這些（卡特和洛曼，1994）潛在利益可觀的收入來源的適當補償。</p><p>　　世界旅游組織，聯(lián)合國環(huán)境規(guī)劃署和教科文組織人與生物圈計劃在四月聯(lián)合舉辦的第一屆世界可持續(xù)旅游大會。1995年，會議通過了關于可持續(xù)旅游憲章，適用于21世

75、紀議程的產(chǎn)業(yè)?？沙掷m(xù)旅游憲章確立了在旅游行業(yè)的主要變化，迫切需要成立一個整體，運用1992年里約環(huán)境與發(fā)展宣言（世貿(mào)組織，1995年）的建議。該憲章宣稱，旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展應建立在可持續(xù)發(fā)展的標準為基礎：“我們必須對生態(tài)無害的，從長遠來看，經(jīng)濟上可行，以及道德和社會公平為當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)”。</p><p>　　旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展，世界旅游組織稱，“必須尊重脆弱的平衡的特點很多旅游目的地，特別是小島嶼和環(huán)境敏感區(qū)”。</p&g

76、t;<p><b>　　自然旅游</b></p><p>　　重要的是要區(qū)分生態(tài)旅游和自然旅游。自然，或以自然為基礎，旅游囊括了所有的旅游形式 -大眾旅游，探險旅游，低影響的旅游，生態(tài)旅游- 這用在野生或天然資源未開發(fā)的形式，包括物種，生境，景觀，風景，鹽和新鮮水的功能。自然旅游是為了享受自然經(jīng)濟欠發(fā)達地區(qū)或野生動物的目的旅行。</p><p>　　不是

77、所有的自然旅游形式之一，另一個是兼容的，徒步旅行，山地自行車和激流可能無法與觀鳥或光狩獵兼容。自然旅游的形式可能會迅速改變了他們在哪些領域不發(fā)達，未受破壞的自然發(fā)展。例如，考慮了果阿，巴厘島和地中海海灘的轉變。</p><p>　　自然旅游涉及到自然景觀和野生動物的游客市場。它有可能為客戶提供融資，并要求提高發(fā)展中國家保護工作的動力。國家公園和保護區(qū)是對自然旅游，這是提高經(jīng)濟的重要性，提供外匯和一個自然棲息地和物

78、種保護他們的經(jīng)濟回報依賴的主要資源之一。</p><p>　　自然旅游包括從相對被動的風光和野生動物觀賞各式各樣的活動以物理發(fā)揮探險旅游的活動（登山或激流）經(jīng)常涉及的風險因素?？赡苁亲匀宦糜蜗M（狩獵）還是非消費性和它可能會或可能不會持續(xù)下去。自然旅游可能是一個旅游活動或休閑，娛樂和文化旅游活動的一攬子計劃的一部分的主要重點。然而，只有一些自然旅游形式作出積極貢獻的保護。這是大自然旅游這些形式構成生態(tài)旅游。<

79、;/p><p><b>　　結論</b></p><p>　　生態(tài)旅游可以在三個方面利益的保護區(qū)。首先，生態(tài)旅游是最重要的是金錢可以生成，管理和保護世界自然棲息地和物種的方法之一。生態(tài)旅游可以直接通過貢獻公園入場費和支付養(yǎng)護指導，住宿及解說中心。中央對生態(tài)旅游的定義是重新行業(yè)投資中的棲息地和物種的維護。</p><p>　　第二，生態(tài)旅游可以使當?shù)?/p>

80、人民從受保護的面積得到與他們的經(jīng)濟生活。保護區(qū)不能共存于同社區(qū)，是敵視他們長期的。當?shù)鼐用衽c他們保護區(qū)管理人員必須進行合作的重要利益相關者。對保護的好處必須送交使他們能夠受益于該使用的是現(xiàn)在規(guī)定的保護當?shù)厝嗣瘛Ｈ绻數(shù)厝嗣袢〉贸掷m(xù)的收入來自旅游業(yè)（有形的經(jīng)濟利益）這些保護區(qū)，他們將不太可能利用其他不可持續(xù)的方式加以-明顯的例子是過度捕撈，爆破偷獵或珊瑚。如果當?shù)厝嗣駨?，例如，珊瑚礁或野生動物獲得通過旅游業(yè)的可持續(xù)利用，他們會保護他們的資

81、產(chǎn)，并可能進一步投入資源。</p><p>　　第三，生態(tài)旅游可以提供，其中人們對文化的保護和生態(tài)重要性的認識，可以提高，無論是國內(nèi)的游客或國際的手段。該客戶在為誰而旅游業(yè)是潛在的生態(tài)旅游節(jié)取決于選民，納稅人和領導誰可以幫助建立選區(qū)的支持保護大廳（美國的OTA，1993）。然而，告誡艾爾沃德和弗里曼（1992）：“如果不產(chǎn)生生態(tài)旅游與國家公園系統(tǒng)或當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的收入，將有一點在保護活動的經(jīng)常性費用投資的經(jīng)濟激勵”。&