《雙城記》中修辭的應用【畢業(yè)論文】

1、<p><b>　?。?0_ _屆）</b></p><p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)設計</b></p><p><b>　　英語</b></p><p>　　《雙城記》中修辭的應用</p><p>　　1 Introduction </p><p&

2、gt;　　Charles Dickens（1812-1870）was born in a subordinate staff family, and he had many brothers. He liked reading when he was very young, so he accumulated a rich literary heritage. At the age of thirteen, he went to the

3、 refiners to be a child labor. The experience had a great impact on his childhood. We can say that he had drunken deep of life's experience when he was very young. (Noman, 1984:136) Dickens created 14 novels and many

4、 short stories in his whole life. His works described a wide range of</p><p>　　Many critics thought this creation was not like Dickens's other creation, and they didn't give it a tiny space (Gross, 1

5、981:275). But A Tale of Two Cities is still one of the most important creation of Dickens’s, with a clear political orientation. The historical background of the novel is the French revolution，but the social reality whic

6、h it reflects was the United Kingdom. </p><p>　　A Tale of Two Cities used French revolution to analogize today, which reflected the sharp class conflict and violent class struggle. Through the experience of

7、various figures and human analysis, we can see the reason of the revolution and madness of revenge. The author wants to promote the spirit of love and forgiveness to overcome hatred, and to change the hearts of those who

8、 have been distorted.</p><p>　　A Tale of Two Cities is a story about love and hatred of family. Doctor Mannet was caught and sent to the prison because of knowing a terrible secret. The secret was about the

9、Alfred brother. So he was sent to the Bastille—one of the most terrible prison in the world. In a Tale of Two Cities, the author took Mr. Mannet’s misfortune as the main line，interspersed in the story between aristocracy

10、 Darnay and the civilians Madame Defarge's, expressing the French social picture of 18th century. Dr. Ma</p><p>　　However, the god of destiny makes fools of the people. Darnay, Dr Mannet's daughter’s

11、 husband, was the descendant of Alfred family. Although Darnay had progressive ideas and he had already abandoned the noble status, but the surging waves of revolution, such as volcanic eruptions related to him ruthlessl

12、y. The angry people pushed him to the scaffold. At this time, Mr. Carlton, the lawyer，he was in love with Lucie. He decided to replace Lucie’s husband to be the prisoner, and without hesitation.</p><p>　　2 R

13、hetoric used to shape fiction figure </p><p>　　2.1 Symbolism</p><p>　　In this novel, the author had portrayed many different types of people. For example, Doctor Mannet is honest and kind but su

14、ffers the persecution; Lucie is beautiful and noble; Lory is upright and honest; Sydney is negative and indifferent, unconventional but also selfless and lofty; Miss Pross is loyal; Alfred brothers are cruel. The author

15、used different rhetoric to shape them. Everyone was vivid and visual. In the following, we will analyze the two main characters—Carlton Sydney and Madam Def</p><p>　　2.1.1 Carlton Sidney – the symbol of hero

16、</p><p>　　Dickens portrays Carlton Sidney as a humanitarian hero. Sidney worked in a law firm. He saw through the ugly world of the human nature, politics, public corruption and elite treachery. The life was

17、 scintillation. Although Sydney was talented, he had not been some successful. These all made him not see his future. He did not want to flatter others, so what he could do is only to indulge himself in alcohol, willing

18、to be exploited by the vulgar person. He fell in love with Lucie, but feared that h</p><p>　　(i) In Dickens’s writes, "Although Sidney Carlton could never be a lion, he was an amazingly good jackal, and

19、 that he rendered suit and service to striver in that humble capacity.”(Dickens, 2009:165).</p><p>　　(ii) “At length the jackal had got together a compact repast for the lion, and proceeded to offer it to hi

20、m. The lion took it with care and caution, made his selections from it, and his remarks upon it, and the jackal assisted both.”(Dickens, 2009:169)</p><p>　　In (i) and (ii), the author compared him as a jacka

21、l that although he is talented and ability to do will, he is willing to be used and have no complaints. Because of his hopeless attitude toward life that made him become idleness, cynicism and stoop. </p><p>

22、;　　2.2.2 Thales Defarge — the symbol of Goddess of fortune </p><p>　　Mrs. Defarge is a woman with piercing eyes, a strong face and a great calmness of manner. When the French revolution broke out, it was Mrs

23、. Defarge who let the women to cut off the head of prison governors. She had a strong fearless and a kind of beauty that called attention to her qualities. She grows up with a deep sense of wrong and a powerful hatred of

24、 the aristocracy. To her, Darnay must be destroyed, as well as his wife and child.</p><p>　　In the beginning of the article, Mr. Defarge and Mrs. Defarge appear as positive characters. They are the first rev

25、olution image appeared in Dickens’s story. Through their life and struggle showed that the revolution by the oppressed people is inevitable and Justice. Madam Defarge is a symbol of hatred in this book. As with the devel

26、opment of the plot, there are more and more hatred buried in her heart. (Ma Ying, 2001:05) Dickens put focus on her psychology of cold-blood violence and perversion.</p><p>　　In the novel, madam Defarge is a

27、 dazzling plump flesh and blood character.(Cong Juan,2004:07) The author also clearly reveals his attitude of fear and disgust on her. She was portrayed as a bloodthirsty killing of "Nemesis”. She ruined the happine

28、ss family of Dr. Manette’s, splitting up Lucie's happy family, and finally she wanted to kill Lucie’s whole family. At the end of the novel, Lucie's maid Pross killed Defarge. This action explains the author'

29、s humanitarian ideas and intransigence of the</p><p>　　(i) “Is that his child?” said madam Defarge, stopping in her work for the first time, and pointing her knitting-needle at Little Lucie as if it were the

30、 finger of fate.(Dickens, 2009:520）</p><p>　　(ii)The shadow attendant on Mr. Defarge and her party seemed to fall so threatening and dark on the child, that her mother instinctively kneeled on the ground bes

31、ide her, and held to her breast. (Dickens, 2009:521)</p><p>　　In these two sentences we can see that Mrs. Defarge in order to revenge that she can use all means. Even little Lucie who was innocence couldn

32、9;t escape. Dickens described her as Nemesis. This metaphor is very vivid and appropriate.</p><p>　　(i) Madame Defarge herself picked out the pattern on her sleeve with her toothpick, and saw and heard somet

33、hing inaudible and invisible a long way off.(Dickens, 2009:320）</p><p>　　(ii) It was additionally disconcerting to have madam knitting all the way there, in public conveyance; it was additionally disconcerti

34、ng yet, to have madam in the crowd in the afternoon, still with her knitting in her hands as the crowd waited to see the carriage of the king and Queen.(Dickens, 2009:337)</p><p>　　(iii) Her tied a knot with

35、 flashing eyes, as if it throttled a foe.(Dickens, 2009:347）</p><p>　　In (i) (ii) and (iii), Dickens used another symbol that was the action of knitting. Defarge weaved her own destiny and hatred in his own

36、Wool. This action of knitting along with the development of this story becomes more fanatical. Her hatred deepened her aversion to the society, destroying of human nature. She even weaved her life and death into her hatr

37、ed. At first Defarge's social position is at the bottom of oppressed people. She is also representative of the oppressed class in revolution. B</p><p><b>　　2 Irony</b></p><p>　　T

38、he author used irony to sneer at the dark society and the negative character. Through the whole novel, we can see the using of the irony is very common by which expressing the author's opinion well and truly. The aut

39、hor using the cutting remarks not only exposed the dirty trick of the negative characters but also showed his contempt for them. The following part, we will take the spy Barsad and servant Calais as examples. </p>

40、<p>　　(i) That the lofty example of this immaculate and unimpeachable witness for the Crown, to refer to whom however unworthy was an honor, had communicated itself to the prisoner's servant, and had engendered

41、 in him a holy determination to examine his master's table-drawers and pockets, and secret his papers.(Dickens, 2009:123)</p><p>　　(ii) ……patriot, Barsad, was a hired spy and traitor, an unblushing traff

42、icker in blood, and one of the greatest scoundrels upon earth since accursed Judas-which he certainly did look rather like.(Dickens, 2009:140)</p><p>　　When we read the chapter Ⅲ of the novel, two witness ap

43、peared--Barsad and Calais. At first, we may not know they are positive character or not, but after reading, we will aware of it. The author used many irony sentences to shape these two negative characters. So through the

44、 obvious meaning of the sentences that we can judge these two people are bad. In (i) (ii), the author used some commendatory terms to describe the spy, such as immaculate, unimpeachable and patriot. In fact, they all do

45、the b</p><p>　　The rhetoric used to construct the fiction structure </p><p>　　3.1 To create an atmosphere of gloom </p><p>　　Another feature of A Tale of Two Cities is its style. Th

46、e author used a lot of rhetoric to describe the environment of that time. The author used description of the environment to foil the atmosphere and the background of the story. We have to say that in the whole book there

47、 is a special mood: gloom. (Li Weiping, 2003:236) The special mood led people feel anxiety. This mood also became the basic mood of the story.</p><p>　　The author used a serious and indignant style to compla

48、in the imperious feudal nobility, describing the tragic fate of Manette. There were many profound thinking on social issues containing in the twists and turns plot. So that the whole work style was dignified as solemn. T

49、he plot of the story development was intricate. The changing fate of the characters was compelling, showing a sad mood depression.</p><p>　　(i) A stony business altogether, with heavy stone balustrades，and s

50、tone urns, and stone flowers, and stone faces of men, and stone heads of lions, in all directions. As if the Gorgon's head had surveyed it, but it was finished, two centuries ago. (Dickens, 2009:229）</p><p

51、>　　In (i), the author made a great efforts to describe the manor. The manor looks mass and solemn. We can see he used "stone" to describe everything in the manor. Even the flowers were regarded as the stone.

52、 The stone surroundings made us feel cold and gloom. Then, he used allusion to show us how the manor looks like He referred to the Greek myth of Medusa. (Gorgon is Medusa). Medusa's hairs were made up of snakes. As l

53、ong as people see her eyes, the people would become stones. This reference was r</p><p>　　3.2 To show the satire at reality</p><p>　　3.2.1 Repetition </p><p>　　Each word has its cle

54、ar idea to pave the way for the book, to lay a tone for the book. (Li Changbao, 2005: 336) The author used the bland language to place the timeless idea. He did not directly to criticize the dark society, but to put his

55、social criticism lightly into plain language. The author described that era by using the simple words to express the infinite meaning.</p><p>　　(i) It was the best of times, it was the worst of time, it was

56、the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of light, it was the season of darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of de

57、spair…… (Dickens, 2009:2)</p><p>　　Dickens is indeed a master of language application. Here, he unemotionally to express his love and hate. The passage is so attractive: the author used the simple words to e

58、xpress his complex feeling of the society. He did not directly call the decay of the society, but using such simple statements to state his discontent and criticized of the dark society. In (i), the author didn't set

59、 examples to show his criticized，he used these words: time, age, epoch, season to made up seven entirely contrar</p><p>　　3.2.2 Personification</p><p>　　Dickens’s works fully reflected his sense

60、 of humor and irony. He sneered at the ill of the society and prevalent custom. Some of his unique language skills were exaggerated and full of humorous. (Zuo Jinmei, 2004:158) He used them to relentless attacks the ugli

61、ness of the British society.</p><p>　　(i) Above all, one hideous figure grew as familiar as if it had been before the general gaze from the foundations of the world—figure of the sharp female called La Gui

62、llotine. (Dickens, 2009:553)</p><p>　　(ii) It was the popular theme for jests；it was the best cure for headache，it infallibly prevented the hair from turning grey, it imparted a peculiar delicacy to the comp

63、lexion, it was the National razor which shaved close: who kissed la guillotine，looked through the little window and sneezed into the sack.(Dickens, 2009:534）</p><p>　　These two sentences are the description

64、of the guillotine. The author regards it as a lady, giving her a beautiful name. Actually, the author doesn't like that, he just uses the irony approach to show his dissatisfied of the society and does not want to se

65、e the killing. In (ii), the author uses a humorous tone to attack the ugly of the society. He played a trick on the “l(fā)ady”. He said the ill people who kissed her would be cure. In fact the lady was a killer. You kissed

66、 her, your dead were cut</p><p>　　3.2.3 Contrast </p><p>　　In A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens also uses a lot of comparisons to structure the character, to describe the environment and to strength

67、 the authentic and artistic of the story. (Huang Ren, 2006:89) Following are some examples from the fiction：</p><p>　　(i) The village had its one poor street, with its poor brewery, poor tannery, poor tavern

68、, poor stable-yard for relays of post-horses, poor fountain, all usual poor appointments; All its people were poor, and many of them were sitting at their doors, shredding spare onions and the like for supper. (Dickens,

69、2009:244)</p><p>　　(ii) The fashion of the last Louis but one, of the line that was never to break-the fourteenth Louis-was conspicuous in their rich furniture. In a quarter of an hour Monseigneur was ready，

70、and sat down alone to his sumptuous and choice supper. (Dickens, 2009:238)</p><p>　　The contrast was between Alfred brothers and Dr. Mannet. The Alfred brothers are cruel and evil, but the Dr. Mannet is kind

71、 and tolerate. Another example is in the village (i) (ii), the contrast between the court’s luxury manor and the villager’s dilapidated hut; In the city, on the one side the readers can see the face of the slum children

72、and adults are deeply engraved with marks of hunger, on the other side the readers can see four servants with luxury cloth serving for the Nobel sir who is h</p><p>　　(iii)In the front of the guillotine, sea

73、ted in chair, as in a garden of public diversion, are a number of women, busily knitting. The second tumbril empties and moves on；the third comes up. Cash !—And the knitting-women, never faltering or pausing in their wor

74、k, count two.( Dickens, 2009:726)</p><p>　　(iv) “I am the resurrection and the life，said the lord：he that believed in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: and whosoever liveth and believeth in me shal

75、l never die."(Dickens, 2009:731)</p><p>　　In (iii) (iv), it is a contrast between the noble Carlton and the indifference of the lower class. The Van rumbling drives off everyday, sending the “fresh bloo

76、d” (prisoners) to the guillotine. The lower class becomes more and more cold. Guillotine old viewers, the knitting women who is indifference about the prisoners，they nearly have no time to care about the people who wil

77、l lost their lives. The women just busy knitting and counting the times of the guillotine falling，and then communicating</p><p>　　3.3 The rhetoric used to express the emotion of the character (Parallelism)&l

78、t;/p><p>　　(i) I see Barsad, and Dly, Defarge, The Vengeance, the Juryman, the judge long ranks of the new oppressors who have risen on the destruction of the old……I see the lives for which I lay down my life,

79、peaceful useful, prosperous, and happy, in that England which I shall see no more.(Dickens, 2009:727)</p><p>　　In this paragraph, Dickens uses his fluent writing skills. Before Carlton died, he predicts the

80、future life. The author used the sentence led by “I see” to express his love，hatred and hope, to express his unique understanding of the meaning of the life and a better version of humankind. “I see a beautiful city and

81、brilliant people rising from this abyss.” here, the author expressed his optimistic attitude of the future by Carlton’s mouth. For Carlton who died on the scaffold，although his flesh w</p><p>　　4 Conclusion

82、</p><p>　　This paper mainly discusses about the using of the rhetoric in the whole novel. It explores from several aspects: the sculpturing of the figures, the shaping of thought and behavior，description of

83、the environment，the creating of the atmosphere, the irony of the reality society. The author is definitely successful. The using of the rhetoric plays an important role which helps author to express his main theme and op

84、inion. The paper focuses on following aspects:</p><p>　　At first, the paper focuses on the characterizion of the figures who have distinct features. The main rhetoric in creating figures is symbolism. The au

85、thor regards Carlton as a hero and Mrs Defarge as the symbol of Goddess of fortune, the features of these two figures are quite obviously. The using of symbolism helps author to express his opinion vividly. Through the u

86、sing of the symbolism, we can analyze the features of characters easily. </p><p>　　Secondly, the mood of the novel is solemn, depressed and sad. The novel was written in a serious and indignant style. It com

87、plains the arrogant of the nobility. We have to say that there is a special atmosphere in the whole novel: gloom. This special atmosphere made people feel anxious. It was the basic tone of the whole novel, besides the fe

88、w halcyon days in Soho (this is an area-name). The role of rhetoric here is better to reflect the tension environment vividly. For example, the description </p><p>　　At last, Dicken’s novel fully expresses h

89、is humor and irony by using some rhetoric such as repetition, personification, parallelism, contrast, and from different aspects to express the author’s thoughts. There are many other rhetoric doesn't appear in this

90、paper. There is no doubt that the using of the rhetoric is the integral part of the novel, making the essay more vividly.</p><p>　　In Dickens's literary career, he always seriously reflects and discusses

91、 about human nature and society; He criticizes the injustice of human society, attacking the evils of human nature, promoting goodness and beauty of human nature. In Tale of Two Cities Dickens shows complete caring spiri

92、t and philosophy. A Tale of Two Cities embodies the full spirit of Dickens's love and human thoughts </p><p>　　In the aspect of art, the Tale of Two Cities won the readers with its beautiful language, vi

93、vid description of the personality, gripping plot, the symbolic image and far-reaching subtle and romantic realism style. (Wu Houkai, 1985:06) A variety of works of Dickens's are all with unity. All his creation can

94、be used as a vast human comedy. And his works is worth reading a hundred times. </p><p>　　Dickens is a representative of the British critic realistic novelist. Dickens moves the world and conquers the world,

95、 because of his artistic sensitivity and creative talents, and also due to his deep heart, conscience and compassion. Dickens's advantages and disadvantages are the reflection of the British character. The advantages

96、 and disadvantages fully expresses that Dickens is full of creative energy an expansive compassion. From these aspects, only Dickens can be compared with Shakespeare.</p><p>　　Rhetoric can make the writing v

97、ivid，and make the things be understood easily. In this fiction the rhetoric also plays a role to express author's view. Charles Dickens satirizes at the reality and tries his best to expose the ugly of the society. T